Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 28, 2017; 23(44): 7849-7862
Published online Nov 28, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i44.7849
Table 1 Characteristics of the study groups
Groups of patientsAge (yr, mean ± SD)n (%)
Total70.74 ± 14.2285
Female71 (83.5)
Male14 (16.5)
Active CD
Newly diagnosed CD34.7 ± 14.97
Female5 (71.4)
Male2 (28.6)
Nontreated CD38.2 ± 10.722
Female18 (81.8)
Male4 (18.2)
Treated CD45.7 ± 16.131
Female28 (90.3)
Male3 (9.7)
Control38.5 ± 13.225
Female20 (80)
Male5 (20)
Table 2 Clinical characteristic of study groups n (%)
Groups of patientsIron deficiency/anemiaChronic abdominal painOsteopenia/osteoporosisMenstrual disordersAbnormal liver testsOthers
Active CD (n = 29)11 (37.9)7 (24.1)4 (13.8)1 (3.4)5 (17.2)1 (3.4)
Treated CD (n = 31)15 (48.4)4 (12.9)5 (16.1)-5 (16.1)2 (6.5)
Table 3 Human oligonucleotide primers for detection of mRNA by RT-PCR
GenePrimer sequencetPCR product
IL-1βForward 5’-ACA TCA GCA CCT CTC AAG -3’,60 °C141 bp
Reverse 5’-AGT CCA CAT TCA GCA CAG -3’
TNF-αForward 5’-GCC CAG GCA GTC AGA TCA TCT TC -3’,58 °C181 bp
Reverse 5-TGA GGT ACA GGC CCT CTG ATG G-3’
IL-10Forward 5’-AGC TAT CCC AGA GCC CCA GAT CCG ATT TTG G-3’,60 °C328 bp
Reverse 5’-AAG CTG AGA ACC AAG ACC CAG ACA TCA AGG CG-3’
HSP-70Forward: 5’-GCC CCA ACA GAT TGT TGT CTT-3’,59.5 °C111 bp
Reverse: 5’-CCA CCA AGC AGA CGC AGA T-3’
HIF-1αForward 5’-GGT TCT CAC AGA TGA TGG TG-3’,60 °C239 bp
Reverse 5’-TTC TTC CTC GGC TAG TTA GG-3’
SODForward: 5’-GAA GGT GGG AAG CAT TA-3’,57 °C300 bp
Reverse: 5’-ACC TTT GCC CAA GTC ATC TG-3’
BAXForward 5’-CGT CCA ACC CAC CCT GGT CT-3’,55 °C195 bp
Reverse 5’-TGG CAG CTG ACA TGT TTT CTG AC-3’
β-actinForward 5’-GGG TAC ATG GTG GTG CCG-3’,54 °C307 bp
Reverse 5’-AGC GGG AAA TCG TGC GTG-3’
Table 4 Blood test results in the study groups
Controls(n = 25)Active CD(n = 29)Treated CD(n = 31)
WBC (103/μL)5.69 ± 1.555.81 ± 1.585.36 ± 1.36
RBC (106 cells/μL)4.7 ± 0.374.49 ± 0.39a4.45 ± 0.42a
Hemoglobin (g/dL)13.4 ± 1.412.6 ± 1.8ac13.3 ± 1.1
Hematocrit (%)41.6 ± 9.637.6 ± 4.4ac39.5 ± 3.2
PLT (103/μL)248.52 ± 47.63267.18 ± 96.8252.52 ± 64.38
Vitamin D (ng/mL)29.7 ± 5.119.4 ± 9.0bc25.2 ± 11.2a
Total protein (g/L)73.2 ± 6.171.2 ± 7.971.6 ± 3.3
AST (U/L)18.0 ± 8.528.0 ± 19.3a23.2 ± 6.5a
ALT (U/L)22.0 ± 4.326.7 ± 20.124.2 ± 12.5
AP (U/L)59.6 ± 19.762.2 ± 29.159.2 ± 27.3
GGTP (U/L)24.4 ± 14.621.3 ± 13.621.3 ± 22.62
bilirubin (μmol/L)10.5 ± 4.18.2 ± 5.0a8.1 ± 3.3a
Uric acid (μmol/L)190.8 ± 23.0260.2 ± 53.7b261.7 ± 51.8b
Table 5 Clinical characteristics of the study groups: serum levels of celiac antibodies and the degree of intestinal mucosal damage n (%)
Control (n = 25)Treated CD (n = 31)Nontreated CD (n = 22)Newly diagnosed CD (n = 7)
Antibody titer
02530 (96.7)00
101 (3.3)9 (40.9)1 (14.3)
2003 (13.6)2 (28.6)
30010 (45.5)4 (57.1)
Antibody titer00.03 ± 0.22.0 ± 0.9bd2.4 ± 0.8bd
Degree of intestinal mucosal damage1
Normal mucosa 024 (96)13 (41.3)2 (9)1 (14.3)
Marsh 1 11 (4)5 (16.1)7 (31.8)0
Marsh 2 20000
Marsh 3a 305 (16.1)6 (27.3)1 (14.3)
Marsh 3b 407 (22.6)5 (22.7)3 (42.9)
Marsh 3c 501 (3.2)2 (9)2 (28.6)
Intestinal mucosal damage10.04 ± 0.21.7 ± 1.8b2.5 ± 1.6bc3.7 ± 1.4bc