In vivo and ex vivo confocal endomicroscopy of pancreatic cystic lesions: A prospective study

Table 1 Comparison of confocal laser endomicroscopy probes and standard microscope

	Device	Channel size (mm)	Field of view (μm)	Resolution (μm)	Confocal depth (μm)
GastroflexTM UHD	Probe based	≥ 2.8	240	1.00	55-65
AQ-FlexTM 19	Needle based	≥ 0.91	325	3.50	40-70
CholangioflexTM	Probe based	≥ 1.0	325	3.50	40-70
Standard microscopy × 20	Microscope	NA	NA	0.70	NA
Standard microscopy × 40	Microscope	NA	NA	0.45	NA

UHD: Ultrahigh definition probe.

Table 2 Classification, description, and associated cyst type confocal laser endomicroscopy image patterns

Variable	Explanation of patterns	Cyst type where pattern is observed
Papillae	A papilla is a finger-like projection of variable length consisting of an overlying epithelium and underlying vascular core	IPMN
Epithelial bands	Epithelial bands are either single or multiple layers of epithelium without a papillary configuration. These bands demonstrated layering or a horizon-type configuration	MCN
Trabecular pattern	Nests of cells separated by blood vessels of fibrous bands	Cystic-NET
Fern pattern	A concentrated network of parallel vessels emanating from a central vessel similar to a fern-leaf	SCA

PCL: Pancreatic cystic lesion; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; MCN: Mucinous cystic neoplasm; Cystic-NET: Cystic neuroendocrine tumor; SCA: Serous cystadenoma.

Table 3 Pancreatic Cystic Lesion Characteristics: Demographics, clinical features, cyst imaging, fluid characteristics, and final diagnosis

Subject	Corresponding Figure	Gender	Age	Abdominal symptoms	Size (mm)	Location	MPD communication	MPD dilation	Cyst CEA(ng/dL)	Final diagnosis	Pathological features
1	1A-C	Female	67	Symptomatic	21	Head/uncinate	Yes	Yes	188	IPMN	Gastric subtype
											High grade dysplasia
2	1D-F	Male	71	Incidental	40	Head/uncinate	Yes	Yes	Very viscous	IPMN	Intestinal subtype
											High grade dysplasia
4	2A-C	Female	47	Incidental	28	Neck/body	No	No	6512	Mucinous	Low grade
										cystadenoma
3	2D-F	Female	51	Symptomatic	41	Neck/body	No	Yes	76	Mucinous	Low grade
										cystadenoma
5	2G-I	Female	45	Symptomatic	24	Neck/body	No	Yes	2400	Mucinous	Low to moderate grade
										cystadenoma
6	3A-C	Male	44	Symptomatic	57	Tail	No	No	1.5	Cystic-NET
7	3D-F	Male	30	Incidental	21	Tail	No	No	4.7	Cystic-NET
8	4A-C	Female	59	Incidental	60	Tail	No	No	0.5	Serous cystadenoma
9	5A-C	Male	52	Incidental	31	Tail	No	No	Pasty aspirate	Lymphoepithelial cyst
10	6A-D	Male	62	Incidental	25	Tail	No	No	2664	Epidermoid cyst

MPD: Main pancreatic duct; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; Cystic-NET: Cystic neuroendocrine tumor; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm