Emerging molecular basis of hematogenous metastasis in gastric cancer

Table 1 Biomarkers identified as mediators of metastasis in gastric cancer

Biomarkers	Target gene(s)	Ref.
Growth factors
VEGF	CD34, CD11b, c-kit, and Sca-1	[14]
PDGF-B		[13]
EGF	EGFR	[46]
Chemokines
SDF-1	CXCR4	[30]
TNF-α	TNFR I/II	[31]
TGF-β	TSP1, SMAD4	[55,56]
EVs
Exosomes	HOXD10 and PTEN	[39]
ECM Proteases
E-cadherin		[45]
Rho GTPases: Rac1, RhoA and RhoC		[49,50]
MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 and MT1-MMP		[20-22]
VLA-4	VCAM-1	[18]
MicroRNAs
miR-200b	ZEB1 and ZEB2	[71]
miR-141	ZEB1	[72]
miR-375	JAK-2	[73,74]
miR-10b	HOXD10	[75]
miR-21	RECK, PTEN and PDCD4	[76-78]

SDF: Stromal derived factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TGF: Transforming growth factor; VLA: Very late antigen; PDGF-B: Platelet-derived growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; EVs: Extracellular vesicles.