One hundred and one over-the-scope-clip applications for severe gastrointestinal bleeding, leaks and fistulas

Table 1 Overview on patient characteristics, indications and overall success rates

Patients, n	84
Sex	50 males
	34 females
Age (yr), median	71 (2-98)
Clip type
12/6T	77
14/6T	24
OTSCs (n total)	101
Indication for OTSC placement
Upper GI bleeding	41
Lower GI bleeding	3
Gastrointestinal perforation	7
Fistula	3
Bleeding prevention	12
Perforation prevention	18
Technical success	78/84 (92.85%)
Clinical success	75/84 (89.28%)

GI: Gastrointestinal; OTSC: Over-the-scope-clip.

Table 2 Indications and succes of over-the-scope-clip placement

Indication	n	Technical success	Need for surgery	Death due to relapse	Death due to other cause
Perforation closure
Incomplete perforation (laceration of mucosa/inner muscle layer)
After mechanical stress at the level of the rectosigmoid	3	3	No	No	No
After balloon dilation of pyloric stenosis	1	1	Yes	No	No
Perforation
After colonic EMR	1	1	Yes	No	No
Due to colonic methane gas explosion	1	1	Yes	No	No
Intraoperative during cholecystectomy; perforation of a large duodenal diverticulum	1	1	No	No	No
Prevention of secondary perforation after resective techniques
EMR
Esophageal EMR	2	2	No	No	No
Gastric EMR	2	2	No	No	No
Duodenal EMR	2	2	No	No	No
Cecal EMR	2	2	No	No	No
EMR ascending colon	1	1	No	No	No
Sigmoid EMR	1	1	No	No	No
ESD
Esophageal ESD	3	3	No	No	No
Rectal ESD	5	5	No	No	No
Hemostasis severe bleeding
Upper GI bleeding
Acute ulcer bleeding
Forrest Ia	9	4	4	4	1
Forrest Ib	3	3	No	No	No
Forrest IIa	23	23	No	No	4
Forrest IIb	3	2	1	1	1
Severe bleeding at GE junction after balloon dilation for achalasia	1	1	No	No	No
Gastric adenocarcinoma	1	1	1	No	No
Gastric lymphoma	1	1	No	No	No
Lower GI bleeding
Severe bleeding from rectal ulcer
Forrest Ia	2	2	No	No	No
Forrest IIb	1	1	No	No	No
Prevention of secondary bleeding after resective techniques
EMR
Gastric EMR	1	1	No	No	No
Duodenal EMR	3	3	No	No	No
Colorectal EMR	3	3	No	No	No
ESD
Esophageal ESD	1	1	No	No	No
Rectal ESD	4	4	No	No	No
Fistula closure
After PEG removal	2	2	No	No	No
After dilation of pseudocyst access, false tract	1	1	No	No	No

EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; GI: Gastrointestinal.