Diagnosing gastrointestinal illnesses using fecal headspace volatile organic compounds

Table 1 Diagnosis of colorectal cancer by fecal volatile organic compounds detection

Ref.	Year	Category	Disease (:control)	AUC	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	Sample No.	Control No.
de Meij et al[41]	2014	Colorectal cancer	Advanced adenomas	0.79	-	62%	86%	60	57
de Meij et al[41]	2014	Colorectal cancer	Colorectal cancer	0.92	-	85%	87%	40	57
de Meij et al[41]	2014	Colorectal cancer	Colorectal cancer: Advanced Adenomas	0.92	-	75%	73%	40	57
de Meij et al[41]	2014	Colorectal cancer	Advanced adenomas + colorectal cancer	0.92	-	85%	68%	40	57
Colorectal cancer pooled mean:				0.89	-	77%	79%	-	-

If no control is specified, the comparison is against a healthy control.

Table 2 Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease by fecal volatile organic compounds detection

Ref.	Year	Category	Disease (:control)	AUC	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	Sample No.	Control No.
Shepherd et al[56]	2014	IBD	IBD:IBS	-	-	76%	88%	102	135
Shepherd et al[56]	2014	IBD	IBD	-	-	79%	-	135	138
Cauchi et al[58]	2014	IBD	Crohn disease	0.97	85%	93%	78%	24	20
Cauchi et al[58]	2014	IBD	Ulcerative colitis	0.54	58%	43%	69%	19	20
de Meij et al[45]	2014	IBD	Crohn disease, active	0.85	-	86%	67%	29	28
de Meij et al[45]	2014	IBD	Crohn disease, remission	0.94	-	94%	94%	29	28
de Meij et al[45]	2014	IBD	Ulcerative colitis, active	1.00	-	100%	100%	26	28
de Meij et al[45]	2014	IBD	Ulcerative colitis, remission	0.94	-	94%	94%	26	28
de Meij et al[45]	2014	IBD	Crohn disease, active:ulcerative colitis, active	0.96	-	97%	92%	29	26
de Meij et al[45]	2014	IBD	Crohn disease, remission:ulcerative colitis, remission	0.81	-	88%	72%	29	26
Walton et al[59]	2013	IBD	Crohn disease	-	-	-	-	22	19
Walton et al[59]	2013	IBD	Ulcerative colitis	-	-	-	-	20	19
de Meij et al[69]	2013	IBD	Crohn disease	0.98	-	92%	100%	9	10
de Meij et al[69]	2013	IBD	Ulcerative colitis	0.75	-	75%	77%	10	10
De Preter et al[70]	2011	IBD	IBD	-	-	-	-	11	11
Garner et al[61]	2007	IBD	Ulcerative colitis	-	-	96%	-	18	30
IBD pooled mean:				0.87	72%	86%	85%	-	-

If no control is specified, the comparison is against a healthy control. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; AUC: Area under the curve.

Table 3 Diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome by fecal volatile organic compounds detection

Ref.	Year	Category	Disease (:control)	AUC	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	Sample No.	Control No.
Shepherd et al[56]	2014	IBS	IBS	-	-	54%	-	104	137
Cauchi et al[58]	2014	IBS	IBS	0.63	61%	51%	71%	28	20
Ahmed et al[57]	2013	IBS	IBS-D:Crohn disease	0.97	-	94%	82%	62	30
Ahmed et al[57]	2013	IBS	IBS-D:ulcerative colitis	0.96	-	96%	80%	48	30
Ahmed et al[57]	2013	IBS	IBS-D:active IBD	0.98	-	96%	80%	30	110
Ahmed et al[57]	2013	IBS	IBS-D	0.94	-	90%	80%	30	109
Walton et al[59]	2013	IBS	IBS	-	-	-	-	26	19
Irritable bowel syndrome pooled mean:				0.90	61%	80%	79%	-	-

If no control is specified, the comparison is against a healthy control. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; D: Diarrhea predominant; AUC: Area under the curve.

Table 4 Diagnosis of infectious diarrhea by fecal volatile organic compounds detection

Ref.	Year	Category	Disease (:control)	AUC	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	Sample No.	Control No.
McGuire et al[63]	2014	Diarrhea	Clostridium difficile	-	83%	85%	80%	50	50
Tait et al[62]	2013	Diarrhea	Clostridium difficile	-	-	83%	100%	77	23
Al-Kateb et al[71]	2012	Diarrhea	Rotavirus	-	-	-	-	27	53
Garner et al[72]	2009	Diarrhea	Vibrio cholera	-	-	-	-	6	3
Garner et al[61]	2007	Diarrhea	Clostridium difficile	-	-	96%	-	22	30
Garner et al[61]	2007	Diarrhea	Campylobacter jejuni	-	-	96%	-	31	30
Probert et al[60]	2004	Diarrhea	Clostridium difficile	-	-	83%	97%	6	6
Probert et al[60]	2004	Diarrhea	Campylobacter	-	-	100%	92%	5	6
Probert et al[60]	2004	Diarrhea	Rotavirus	-	-	100%	97%	5	6
Probert et al[60]	2004	Diarrhea	Non-Rota enteritis	-	-	63%	96%	19	6
Diarrhea pooled mean:				-	83%	88%	94%	-	-

If no control is specified, the comparison is against a healthy control. AUC: Area under the curve.

Table 5 Diagnosis of other gastroenterological conditions by fecal volatile organic compounds detection

Ref.	Year	Category	Disease (:control)	AUC	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	Sample No.	Control No.
Di Cagno et al[46]	2009	Celiac disease	Treated celiac disease	-	-	-	-	7	7
Di Cagno et al[46]	2009	Celiac disease	Untreated celiac disease	-	-	-	-	7	7
Di Cagno et al[46]	2009	Celiac disease	Treated:Untreated celiac disease	-	-	-	-	7	7
Garner et al[73]	2009	Enterocolitis	Necrotizing enterocolitis	-	-	-	-	6	7
Raman et al[74]	2013	Liver disease	NAFLD	-	-	-	-	30	30
Bjarnason et al[75]	2009	Liver disease	NAFLD	-	-	-	-	7	9
Covington et al[76]	2012	Radiation toxicity	Low GI pelvic radiation toxicity	-	90%	-	-	10	11
Covington et al[76]	2012	Radiation toxicity	High GI pelvic radiation toxicity	-	90%	-	-	11	12
Covington et al[76]	2012	Radiation toxicity	Low GI pelvic radiation toxicity	-	80%	-	-	8	11
Covington et al[76]	2012	Radiation toxicity	High GI pelvic radiation toxicity	-	80%	-	-	10	12

If no control is specified, the comparison is against a healthy control. NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; AUC: Area under the curve; GI: Gastrointestinal.