Inhibitory effects of emodin, baicalin, schizandrin and berberine on hefA gene: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori-induced multidrug resistance

Table 1 Resistance of multidrug resistance strains to the five antibiotics

No.	Levofloxacin	Amoxicillin	Clarithromycin	Tetracycline	Metronidazole
23	R	R	R	R	R
40	R	R	R	R	R
41	S	R	R	R	R
42	R	R	I	R	R

R: Resistant; S: Sensitive; I: Intermediate.

Table 2 Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the four Chinese medicines against multidrug resistance strains (mg/mL)

No.	Emodin	Berberine	Berberine	Schizandrin
23	12.5	50	200	50
40	12.5	100	100	100
41	12.5	100	100	100
42	12.5	25	100	50

Table 3 Minimum inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin against the four multidrug resistance strains after treatment with the four traditional Chinese medicines (μg/mL)

No.	Emodin	Berberine	Berberine	Schizandrin	Pantoprazole	NC
23	32	16	64	32	32	64
40	16	8	16	16	16	32
41	64	64	21	64	32	64
42	32	16	32	32	32	32

Pantoprazole was used as a positive control, and culture medium was used as a negative control. NC: Negative control.

Table 4 Minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline against the four multidrug resistance strains after treatment with the four traditional Chinese medicines (μg/mL)

No.	Emodin	Berberine	Berberine	Schizandrin	Pantoprazole	NC
23	64	32	64	64	32	64
40	16	16	32	32	32	32
41	32	32	32	64	16	32
42	32	16	32	32	32	32

NC: Negative control.

Table 5 Minimum inhibitory concentrations of metronidazole against the four multidrug resistance strains after treatment with the four traditional Chinese medicines (μg/mL)

No.	Emodin	Berberine	Berberine	Schizandrin	Pantoprazole	NC
23	128	128	128	128	64	128
40	64	64	64	64	32	64
41	64	64	64	64	32	64
42	64	64	64	64	64	64

NC: Negative control.

Table 6 Minimum inhibitory concentrations of clarithromycin against the four multidrug resistance strains after treatment with the four traditional Chinese medicines (μg/mL)

No.	Emodin	Berberine	Berberine	Schizandrin	Pantoprazole	NC
23	64	64	64	64	32	64
40	32	32	32	32	16	32
41	32	32	32	32	16	32
42	32	32	32	32	32	32

NC: Negative control.

Table 7 Minimum inhibitory concentrations of levofloxacin against the four multidrug resistance strains after treatment with the four traditional Chinese medicines (μg/mL)

No.	Emodin	Berberine	Berberine	Schizandrin	Pantoprazole	NC
23	64	64	64	64	32	64
40	32	32	32	32	16	32
41	32	32	32	32	16	32
42	64	64	64	64	64	64

NC: Negative control.

Table 8 Real-time PCR quantitative results for hefA gene expression in 16 sub-cultured strains with significantly changed minimum inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin

No.	hefA	16S rRNA	∆Ct	∆∆Ct	2-(∆∆Ct)
1	31.0933170	14.457372	16.63595	0	1
2	30.2871494	15.427569	14.85958	-1.77637	3.425620
3	29.8203506	16.133926	13.68642	-2.94952	7.724926
4	30.2641807	16.449774	13.81441	-2.82154	7.069158
5	33.8933296	15.226003	18.66733	2.031382	0.244621
6	32.0969762	15.256840	16.84014	0.204191	0.868025
7	29.9665985	15.307595	14.65900	-1.97694	3.936578
8	31.2955170	14.817378	16.47814	-0.15781	1.115590
9	31.6979313	14.758531	16.93940	0.303455	0.810309
10	30.7486935	14.488201	16.26049	-0.37545	1.297247
11	34.3626747	18.408577	15.95410	-0.68185	1.604193
12	36.2199669	18.414414	17.80555	1.169608	0.444542
13	33.9337616	17.102884	16.83088	0.194932	0.873614
14	31.4263000	14.820235	16.60606	-0.02988	1.020928
15	32.9468956	14.884178	18.06272	1.426772	0.371962
16	31.6464024	15.465043	16.18136	-0.45459	1.370390