Factors affecting effectiveness of vaccination against hepatitis B virus in hemodialysis patients

Table 1 Factors that decrease hepatitis B virus vaccination efficacy in hemodialysis patients

Factors that decrease HBV vaccination efficacy in HD patients
Patient - associated factors
Acquired immunity disturbances[17,50-55]
Age[57]
Diabetes mellitus[59]
Malnutrition[61]
Stage of chronic kidney disease[64]
Dialysis - associated factors
Peritoneal dialysis[43,65]
Low-flux HD[66]
No treatment with rHuEpo[67,68]
Vitamin D deficiency[56]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HD: Hemodialysis.

Table 2 Protocols that increase hepatitis B virus vaccination efficacy in hemodialysis patients

Protocols that increase HBV vaccination efficacy in HD patients
Second generation vaccine administration
Double dose and an extra dose of the 2nd generation HBV vaccine[35]
Intradermal route of the 2nd generation HBV vaccine[76,77]
Immunostimulants
Levamisole[78]
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor[79]
Thymopentin[80]
Recombinant interferon–α2b[81]
New Vaccines
Adjuvanted vaccines (HB-AS04, HB-AS02)[85-88]
3rd generation vaccine (pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens)[89]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HD: Hemodialysis.