Epidemiology of esophageal cancer

Table 1 Stage distribution and 5-year relative survival by stage at diagnosis for 1998-2009, all races, both sexes

Stage at diagnosis	Stage distribution	5-year relative survival
Localized (confined to primary site)	22%	37.80%
Regional (spread to regional lymphnodes)	30%	19.80%
Distant (cancer has metastasized)	35%	3.40%
Unknown (unstaged)	13%	10.50%

Table 2 Esophageal cancer risk factors[5,80-87]

Risk factor		Squmous-cell carcinoma	Adenocarcinoma
First or second hand smoke		+++	++
Alcohol consumption		+++	-
Consumption of red meat		+	+
Barrett’s esophagus		-	++++
Reflux symptoms		-	+++
Being overweight		-	++
Poverty		++	-
Caustic injury to the esophagus		++++	-
History of head and neck cancer		++++	-
History with radiotherapy		+++	+++
Frequent consumption of extremely hot drinks		+	-
Polymorphism	Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism	-	+
	p53	+	-
	polymorphism
	TERT A279T polymorphism	+	+

-: No effect; +: Suspicious effect; ++: Positive effect; +++, ++++: Strong positive effect.