Brief Article
Copyright ©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2012; 18(40): 5759-5770
Published online Oct 28, 2012. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5759
Table 1 Subjects characteristics
ControlChronic hepatitisCirrhosis
Sex (male/female)12/1526/3325/49
Age (yr)65.9 ± 6.163.5 ± 10.168.3 ± 7.5b
Viral infection (HBV/HCV)-17/4211/63
Child-Pugh classification (A/B)--62/12
Diabetes mellitus-1111
Hypertension-2024
Hyperlipidemia-46
Table 2 Laboratory evaluations for the patients (mean ± SD)
Chronic hepatitisCirrhosis
WBC (× 100/μL)55.5 ± 19.237.9 ± 13.6a
RBC (× 102/μL)441 ± 57399 ± 47a
Hb (g/dL)13.8 ± 1.512.6 ± 1.6a
Ht (%)40.7 ± 3.937.2 ± 4.0a
Plt (× 102/μL)17.8 ± 3.88.6 ± 2.5a
PT (%)96.9 ± 11.283.4 ± 13.2a
TP (g/dL)7.2 ± 0.57.0 ± 0.7b
Alb (g/dL)4.0 ± 0.43.5 ± 0.5a
BUN (mg/dL)15.6 ± 6.115.5 ± 5.6
Cre (mg/dL)0.77 ± 0.270.73 ± 0.24
T-bil (mg/dL)0.9 ± 0.41.1 ± 0.5c
D-bil (mg/dL)0.3 ± 0.20.4 ± 0.3a
AST (IU/L)44 ± 2360 ± 39d
ALT (IU/L)41 ± 2753 ± 40
AST/ALT1.2 ± 0.41.3 ± 0.5
LAP (IU/L)59 ± 2063 ± 17e
γ-GTP (IU/L)51 ± 8551 ± 57
ALP (IU/L)299 ± 144356 ± 126f
ChE (IU/L)281 ± 89201 ± 81a
TG (mg/dL)102 ± 4487 ± 31
T-cho (mg/dL)182 ± 37155 ± 38a
HbA1c (%)5.9 ± 0.85.2 ± 0.9a
FBS (mg/dL)99.0 ± 14.199.6 ± 14.5
IRI (μU/mL)11.1 ± 8.212.1 ± 11.1
HOMA-IR2.7 ± 2.22.9 ± 2.5
BTR5.43 ± 1.543.90 ± 1.23a
BCAA (μmol/mL)425 ± 92387 ± 77g
Tyrosine (μmol/mL)82 ± 23107 ± 36a
Table 3 Anthropometric assessments of all subjects
ControlChronic hepatitisCirrhosis
Height (cm)1
Male168.2 ± 6.3168.0 ± 7.6165.8 ± 6.0
Female151.0 ± 3.5152.8 ± 4.1151.6 ± 6.5
Weight (kg)1
Male67.0 ± 8.567.5 ± 11.064.5 ± 9.0
Female54.5 ± 6.754.6 ± 9.450.8 ± 8.8
BMI (kg/m2)1
Male23.7 ± 3.123.9 ± 3.123.4 ± 2.6
Female23.9 ± 2.623.4 ± 4.022.1 ± 3.5
BMI (underweight/normal/obese)2
Male1/5/51/17/90/16/8
Female1/8/72/17/136/36/8h
Abdominal circumference (cm)1
Male86.3 ± 7.890.0 ± 8.087.7 ± 8.6
Female84.6 ± 10.086.0 ± 9.985.1 ± 9.2
%AC1108.1 ± 8.4107.4 ± 11.8103.9 ± 11.5
%TSF196.0 ± 37.0a129.0 ± 50.2116.5 ± 48.4
%AMC1111.9 ± 10.5be104.9 ± 10.7102.7 ± 10.8
%AMA1128.2 ± 25.1cf112.2 ± 22.9107.5 ± 22.5
Hand grip strength (%)192.1 ± 16.2dg74.4 ± 20.966.9 ± 17.6
Table 4 The dietary surveys of all subjects (mean ± SD)
ControlChronic hepatitisCirrhosis
Energy intake (kcal)1814 ± 4001768 ± 4701730 ± 468
Energy intake (kcal/BW)31.0 ± 7.530.0 ± 8.632.0 ± 9.0
Carbohydrate percentage (%)57.9 ± 7.159.1 ± 9.160.1 ± 8.9
Protein percentage (%)15.9 ± 2.916.2 ± 2.816.2 ± 3.0
Fat percentage (%)26.1 ± 7.124.8 ± 8.423.7 ± 8.8
Carbohydrate intake (g)248.9 ± 57.4254.9 ± 76.5251.2 ± 67.9
Protein intake (g)68.0 ± 17.168.3 ± 17.170.0 ± 19.5
Protein intake (g/BW)1.2 ± 0.31.2 ± 0.41.3 ± 0.4
Fat intake (g)50.5 ± 19.547.4 ± 21.446.7 ± 24.4
Calcium intake (mg)544 ± 198513 ± 170536 ± 216
Iron intake (mg)7.9 ± 2.77.4 ± 1.87.2 ± 2.5
Salt intake (g)8.7 ± 2.38.7 ± 2.98.5 ± 2.3
Vitamin A intake (μgRE)1015 ± 3911046 ± 512979 ± 478
Vitamin B1 intake (mg)0.8 ± 0.40.8 ± 0.30.9 ± 0.4
Vitamin B2 intake (mg)1.1 ± 0.31.2 ± 0.51.1 ± 0.4
Vitamin C intake (mg)114 ± 66148 ± 191118 ± 64
Dietary fiber intake (mg)14.3 ± 4.313.9 ± 4.114.0 ± 3.8
Grains (g)402.5 ± 111.2449.5 ± 173.4416.3 ± 133.0
Green and yellow vegetables (g)121.4 ± 76.1143.6 ± 170.7137.8 ± 96.8
Light-colored vegetables (g)187.1 ± 128.3165.8 ± 73.0167.1 ± 78.5
Tubers and roots (g)65.8 ± 68.138.1 ± 50.537.2 ± 44.0
Meat (g)51.9 ± 67.567.8 ± 67.266.8 ± 73.5
Seafood (g)97.4 ± 71.482.0 ± 56.073.3 ± 56.1
Egg (g)37.4 ± 36.240.0 ± 38.927.0 ± 26.7
Pulses (g)61.9 ± 64.157.0 ± 59.365.6 ± 72.3
Milk and daily product (g)124.9 ± 119.5130.1 ± 117.7142.3 ± 132.1
Fruit (g)114.5 ± 113.8109.2 ± 192.1129.1 ± 128.8
Oil and fat (g)11.3 ± 10.911.9 ± 11.69.4 ± 11.6
Table 5 The lifestyle surveys of all subjects
ControlChronic hepatitisCirrhosisP value
Drinking habit2< 0.001
Nothing10 (8.8)40 (67.8)63 (85.1)
Sometimes6 (22.2)11 (18.6)9 (12.2)
Daily11 (40.7)8 (13.6)2 (2.7)
Alcohol intake (g/d)113.7 ± 26.6a4.9 ± 14.21.6 ± 9.9
Stage model of alcohol drinking20.141
Maintenance4 (23.5)7 (36.8)4 (36.4)
Action1 (5.9)1 (5.3)0 (0)
Sometimes3 (17.6)6 (31.6)5 (45.5)
Preparation0 (0)1 (5.3)0 (0)
Contemplation9 (52.9)2 (10.5)1 (9.1)
Pre-contemplation0 (0)2 (10.5)1 (9.1)
Experience of dieting20.258
No21 (77.8)37 (62.7)59 (79.7)
Yes6 (22.2)22 (37.3)15 (20.3)
Stage model of dietary habit2
Maintenance6 (22.2)10 (16.9)12 (16.2)0.540
Action2 (7.4)1 (1.7)2 (2.7)
Preparation2 (7.4)13 (22)11 (14.9)
Contemplation9 (33.3)7 (11.9)19 (25.7)
Pre-contemplation8 (29.6)28 (47.5)30 (40.5)
Eating speed (eating lunch within 10 min)2
Fast8 (29.6)22 (37.3)20 (27)0.451
General or slow19 (70.4)37 (62.7)54 (73)
Eating and drinking
Prior to bedtime2
Yes6 (22.2)12 (20.3)16 (21.6)0.975
No21 (77.8)47 (79.7)58 (78.4)
Skipping a meal2
Yes4 (14.8)18 (30.5)14 (18.9)0.700
No23 (85.2)41 (69.5)60 (81.1)
Resting2
Enough9 (33.3)38 (64.4)49 (66.2)0.026
Almost enough9 (33.3)4 (6.8)11 (14.9)
A little shortage7 (25.9)14 (23.7)10 (13.5)
Shortage2 (22.2)3 (5.1)4 (5.4)
Sleeping time (h)16.7 ± 1.1b6.8 ± 1.5c7.6 ± 1.6
Perceived health status2< 0.001
Very healthy2 (7.4)4 (6.8)3 (4.1)
Almost healthy23 (85.2)32 (54.2)28 (37.8)
A little unhealthy2 (7.4)18 (30.5)34 (45.9)
Unhealthy0 (0)5 (8.5)9 (12.2)
Stage model of exercise20.630
Maintenance12 (44.4)23 (39)27 (36.5)
Action0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)
Preparation4 (14.8)5 (8.5)13 (17.6)
Contemplation10 (37)23 (39)25 (33.8)
Pre-contemplation1 (3.7)8 (13.6)9 (12.2)
Smoking custom20.140
Yes5 (18.5)13 (22)8 (10.8)
No22 (81.5)46 (78)66 (89.2)
Time to smoking cigarette first after it get out of bed20.555
Within 5 min2 (40)1 (7.1)1 (14.3)
From 6 to 30 min1 (20)1 (7.1)1 (14.3)
From 31 to 60 min2 (40)4 (28.6)4 (57.1)
More than 61 min0 (0)8 (57.1)1 (14.3)
Number of smoking cigarettes on a day20.584
Less than 10 cigarettes3 (60)3 (21.4)2 (28.6)
From 10 to 20 cigarettes2 (40)7 (50)5 (71.4)
From 21 to 30 cigarettes0 (0)3 (21.4)0 (0)
More than 31cigarettes0 (0)1 (7.1)0 (0)
Period of no smoking20.356
More than 10 yr3 (60)11 (61.1)16 (72.7)
From 3 to 10 yr0 (0)6 (33.3)4 (18.2)
From 1 to 3 yr1 (20)0 (0)1 (4.5)
From 6 mo to less than 1 yr1 (20)1 (5.6)1 (4.5)
Stage model of smoking20.481
Maintenance5 (50)19 (59.4)22 (71)
Action0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)
Preparation0 (0)0 (0)3 (9.7)
Contemplation4 (40)7 (21.9)3 (9.7)
Pre-contemplation1 (10)6 (18.8)
Table 6 The physical activity surveys of the subjects (mean ± SD)
ControlChronic hepatitisCirrhosis
n274353
TEE (kcal/d)1781 ± 272d1732 ± 305h1593 ± 220
Physical activity (kcal/d)210 ± 113ae151 ± 95125 ± 74
Number of steps (step/d)8070 ± 3027bf6011 ± 29525789 ± 3368
Ex (Ex/wk)12.4 ± 9.3cg7.6 ± 6.37.0 ± 7.7
Table 7 Logistic regression model of insulin resistance in patients with chronic liver disease
Control (n)Case (n)Univariate
Multivariate
Odds ratio (95% CI)P valueOdds ratio1 (95% CI)P value
Viral infection
HBV infection15310.055
HCV infection38283.684 (0.972-13.960)
Groups
Chronic hepatitis251410.859
Liver cirrhosis28171.084 (0.445-2.639)
The hepatocellular carcinoma
Absent441910.03010.290
Present9123.087 (1.115-8.544)0.311 (0.036-2.713)
Sex
Female351810.46610.700
Male18131.404 (0.564-3.496)0.712 (0.126-4.010)
Age (yr)
< 65231410.87510.366
≥ 6530170.931 (0.382-2.271)0.486 (0.102-2.324)
%AC
≥ 100332610.04210.091
< 1002050.317 (0.105-0.960)0.223 (0.039-1.271)
%TSF
≥ 100%312410.083
< 100%2270.411 (0.151-1.121)
%AMC
≥ 100%352210.641
< 100%1890.795 (0.304-2.081)
%AMA
≥ 100%382210.943
< 100%1591.036 (0.389-2.759)
Handgrip strength (%)
≥ 69.0221710.360
< 69.030131.526 (0.617-3.771)
Ex (Ex/wk)
≥ 4.029710.00310.024
< 4.010145.800 (1.823-18.455)6.809 (1.288-36.001)
Plt (× 102/μL)
≥ 10.0371510.054
< 10.016162.466 (0.986-6.168)
Alb (g/dL)
≥ 3.5432010.094
< 3.510112.365 (0.864-6.476)
BTR
≥ 4.41311110.02510.238
< 4.4117182.984 (1.148-7.756)2.770 (0.509-15.061)
Energy intake per BW (kcal/BW)
≤ 30212210.00710.602
> 303290.268 (0.104-0.695)0.689 (0.171-2.785)
Protein intake per BW (g/BW)
≤ 1.2241710.339
> 1.229140.682 (0.280-1.660)
Fat percentage (%)
≤ 25262310.02710.096
> 252780.335 (0.127-0.882)0.222 (0.038-1.307)