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©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co. , Limited. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2012; 18(40): 5759-5770
Published online Oct 28, 2012. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5759
Table 1 Subjects characteristics
Control Chronic hepatitis Cirrhosis Sex (male/female) 12/15 26/33 25/49 Age (yr) 65.9 ± 6.1 63.5 ± 10.1 68.3 ± 7.5b Viral infection (HBV/HCV) - 17/42 11/63 Child-Pugh classification (A/B) - - 62/12 Diabetes mellitus - 11 11 Hypertension - 20 24 Hyperlipidemia - 4 6
Table 2 Laboratory evaluations for the patients (mean ± SD)
Chronic hepatitis Cirrhosis WBC (× 100/μL) 55.5 ± 19.2 37.9 ± 13.6a RBC (× 102 /μL) 441 ± 57 399 ± 47a Hb (g/dL) 13.8 ± 1.5 12.6 ± 1.6a Ht (%) 40.7 ± 3.9 37.2 ± 4.0a Plt (× 102 /μL) 17.8 ± 3.8 8.6 ± 2.5a PT (%) 96.9 ± 11.2 83.4 ± 13.2a TP (g/dL) 7.2 ± 0.5 7.0 ± 0.7b Alb (g/dL) 4.0 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 0.5a BUN (mg/dL) 15.6 ± 6.1 15.5 ± 5.6 Cre (mg/dL) 0.77 ± 0.27 0.73 ± 0.24 T-bil (mg/dL) 0.9 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.5c D-bil (mg/dL) 0.3 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.3a AST (IU/L) 44 ± 23 60 ± 39d ALT (IU/L) 41 ± 27 53 ± 40 AST/ALT 1.2 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.5 LAP (IU/L) 59 ± 20 63 ± 17e γ-GTP (IU/L) 51 ± 85 51 ± 57 ALP (IU/L) 299 ± 144 356 ± 126f ChE (IU/L) 281 ± 89 201 ± 81a TG (mg/dL) 102 ± 44 87 ± 31 T-cho (mg/dL) 182 ± 37 155 ± 38a HbA1c (%) 5.9 ± 0.8 5.2 ± 0.9a FBS (mg/dL) 99.0 ± 14.1 99.6 ± 14.5 IRI (μU/mL) 11.1 ± 8.2 12.1 ± 11.1 HOMA-IR 2.7 ± 2.2 2.9 ± 2.5 BTR 5.43 ± 1.54 3.90 ± 1.23a BCAA (μmol/mL) 425 ± 92 387 ± 77g Tyrosine (μmol/mL) 82 ± 23 107 ± 36a
Table 3 Anthropometric assessments of all subjects
Control Chronic hepatitis Cirrhosis Height (cm)1 Male 168.2 ± 6.3 168.0 ± 7.6 165.8 ± 6.0 Female 151.0 ± 3.5 152.8 ± 4.1 151.6 ± 6.5 Weight (kg)1 Male 67.0 ± 8.5 67.5 ± 11.0 64.5 ± 9.0 Female 54.5 ± 6.7 54.6 ± 9.4 50.8 ± 8.8 BMI (kg/m2 )1 Male 23.7 ± 3.1 23.9 ± 3.1 23.4 ± 2.6 Female 23.9 ± 2.6 23.4 ± 4.0 22.1 ± 3.5 BMI (underweight/normal/obese)2 Male 1/5/5 1/17/9 0/16/8 Female 1/8/7 2/17/13 6/36/8h Abdominal circumference (cm)1 Male 86.3 ± 7.8 90.0 ± 8.0 87.7 ± 8.6 Female 84.6 ± 10.0 86.0 ± 9.9 85.1 ± 9.2 %AC1 108.1 ± 8.4 107.4 ± 11.8 103.9 ± 11.5 %TSF1 96.0 ± 37.0a 129.0 ± 50.2 116.5 ± 48.4 %AMC1 111.9 ± 10.5b e 104.9 ± 10.7 102.7 ± 10.8 %AMA1 128.2 ± 25.1c f 112.2 ± 22.9 107.5 ± 22.5 Hand grip strength (%)1 92.1 ± 16.2d g 74.4 ± 20.9 66.9 ± 17.6
Table 4 The dietary surveys of all subjects (mean ± SD)
Control Chronic hepatitis Cirrhosis Energy intake (kcal) 1814 ± 400 1768 ± 470 1730 ± 468 Energy intake (kcal/BW) 31.0 ± 7.5 30.0 ± 8.6 32.0 ± 9.0 Carbohydrate percentage (%) 57.9 ± 7.1 59.1 ± 9.1 60.1 ± 8.9 Protein percentage (%) 15.9 ± 2.9 16.2 ± 2.8 16.2 ± 3.0 Fat percentage (%) 26.1 ± 7.1 24.8 ± 8.4 23.7 ± 8.8 Carbohydrate intake (g) 248.9 ± 57.4 254.9 ± 76.5 251.2 ± 67.9 Protein intake (g) 68.0 ± 17.1 68.3 ± 17.1 70.0 ± 19.5 Protein intake (g/BW) 1.2 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.4 Fat intake (g) 50.5 ± 19.5 47.4 ± 21.4 46.7 ± 24.4 Calcium intake (mg) 544 ± 198 513 ± 170 536 ± 216 Iron intake (mg) 7.9 ± 2.7 7.4 ± 1.8 7.2 ± 2.5 Salt intake (g) 8.7 ± 2.3 8.7 ± 2.9 8.5 ± 2.3 Vitamin A intake (μgRE) 1015 ± 391 1046 ± 512 979 ± 478 Vitamin B1 intake (mg) 0.8 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.3 0.9 ± 0.4 Vitamin B2 intake (mg) 1.1 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0.4 Vitamin C intake (mg) 114 ± 66 148 ± 191 118 ± 64 Dietary fiber intake (mg) 14.3 ± 4.3 13.9 ± 4.1 14.0 ± 3.8 Grains (g) 402.5 ± 111.2 449.5 ± 173.4 416.3 ± 133.0 Green and yellow vegetables (g) 121.4 ± 76.1 143.6 ± 170.7 137.8 ± 96.8 Light-colored vegetables (g) 187.1 ± 128.3 165.8 ± 73.0 167.1 ± 78.5 Tubers and roots (g) 65.8 ± 68.1 38.1 ± 50.5 37.2 ± 44.0 Meat (g) 51.9 ± 67.5 67.8 ± 67.2 66.8 ± 73.5 Seafood (g) 97.4 ± 71.4 82.0 ± 56.0 73.3 ± 56.1 Egg (g) 37.4 ± 36.2 40.0 ± 38.9 27.0 ± 26.7 Pulses (g) 61.9 ± 64.1 57.0 ± 59.3 65.6 ± 72.3 Milk and daily product (g) 124.9 ± 119.5 130.1 ± 117.7 142.3 ± 132.1 Fruit (g) 114.5 ± 113.8 109.2 ± 192.1 129.1 ± 128.8 Oil and fat (g) 11.3 ± 10.9 11.9 ± 11.6 9.4 ± 11.6
Table 5 The lifestyle surveys of all subjects
Control Chronic hepatitis Cirrhosis P valueDrinking habit2 < 0.001 Nothing 10 (8.8) 40 (67.8) 63 (85.1) Sometimes 6 (22.2) 11 (18.6) 9 (12.2) Daily 11 (40.7) 8 (13.6) 2 (2.7) Alcohol intake (g/d)1 13.7 ± 26.6a 4.9 ± 14.2 1.6 ± 9.9 Stage model of alcohol drinking2 0.141 Maintenance 4 (23.5) 7 (36.8) 4 (36.4) Action 1 (5.9) 1 (5.3) 0 (0) Sometimes 3 (17.6) 6 (31.6) 5 (45.5) Preparation 0 (0) 1 (5.3) 0 (0) Contemplation 9 (52.9) 2 (10.5) 1 (9.1) Pre-contemplation 0 (0) 2 (10.5) 1 (9.1) Experience of dieting2 0.258 No 21 (77.8) 37 (62.7) 59 (79.7) Yes 6 (22.2) 22 (37.3) 15 (20.3) Stage model of dietary habit2 Maintenance 6 (22.2) 10 (16.9) 12 (16.2) 0.540 Action 2 (7.4) 1 (1.7) 2 (2.7) Preparation 2 (7.4) 13 (22) 11 (14.9) Contemplation 9 (33.3) 7 (11.9) 19 (25.7) Pre-contemplation 8 (29.6) 28 (47.5) 30 (40.5) Eating speed (eating lunch within 10 min)2 Fast 8 (29.6) 22 (37.3) 20 (27) 0.451 General or slow 19 (70.4) 37 (62.7) 54 (73) Eating and drinking Prior to bedtime2 Yes 6 (22.2) 12 (20.3) 16 (21.6) 0.975 No 21 (77.8) 47 (79.7) 58 (78.4) Skipping a meal2 Yes 4 (14.8) 18 (30.5) 14 (18.9) 0.700 No 23 (85.2) 41 (69.5) 60 (81.1) Resting2 Enough 9 (33.3) 38 (64.4) 49 (66.2) 0.026 Almost enough 9 (33.3) 4 (6.8) 11 (14.9) A little shortage 7 (25.9) 14 (23.7) 10 (13.5) Shortage 2 (22.2) 3 (5.1) 4 (5.4) Sleeping time (h)1 6.7 ± 1.1b 6.8 ± 1.5c 7.6 ± 1.6 Perceived health status2 < 0.001 Very healthy 2 (7.4) 4 (6.8) 3 (4.1) Almost healthy 23 (85.2) 32 (54.2) 28 (37.8) A little unhealthy 2 (7.4) 18 (30.5) 34 (45.9) Unhealthy 0 (0) 5 (8.5) 9 (12.2) Stage model of exercise2 0.630 Maintenance 12 (44.4) 23 (39) 27 (36.5) Action 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Preparation 4 (14.8) 5 (8.5) 13 (17.6) Contemplation 10 (37) 23 (39) 25 (33.8) Pre-contemplation 1 (3.7) 8 (13.6) 9 (12.2) Smoking custom2 0.140 Yes 5 (18.5) 13 (22) 8 (10.8) No 22 (81.5) 46 (78) 66 (89.2) Time to smoking cigarette first after it get out of bed2 0.555 Within 5 min 2 (40) 1 (7.1) 1 (14.3) From 6 to 30 min 1 (20) 1 (7.1) 1 (14.3) From 31 to 60 min 2 (40) 4 (28.6) 4 (57.1) More than 61 min 0 (0) 8 (57.1) 1 (14.3) Number of smoking cigarettes on a day2 0.584 Less than 10 cigarettes 3 (60) 3 (21.4) 2 (28.6) From 10 to 20 cigarettes 2 (40) 7 (50) 5 (71.4) From 21 to 30 cigarettes 0 (0) 3 (21.4) 0 (0) More than 31cigarettes 0 (0) 1 (7.1) 0 (0) Period of no smoking2 0.356 More than 10 yr 3 (60) 11 (61.1) 16 (72.7) From 3 to 10 yr 0 (0) 6 (33.3) 4 (18.2) From 1 to 3 yr 1 (20) 0 (0) 1 (4.5) From 6 mo to less than 1 yr 1 (20) 1 (5.6) 1 (4.5) Stage model of smoking2 0.481 Maintenance 5 (50) 19 (59.4) 22 (71) Action 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Preparation 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (9.7) Contemplation 4 (40) 7 (21.9) 3 (9.7) Pre-contemplation 1 (10) 6 (18.8)
Table 6 The physical activity surveys of the subjects (mean ± SD)
Control Chronic hepatitis Cirrhosis n 27 43 53 TEE (kcal/d) 1781 ± 272d 1732 ± 305h 1593 ± 220 Physical activity (kcal/d) 210 ± 113a e 151 ± 95 125 ± 74 Number of steps (step/d) 8070 ± 3027b f 6011 ± 2952 5789 ± 3368 Ex (Ex/wk) 12.4 ± 9.3c g 7.6 ± 6.3 7.0 ± 7.7
Table 7 Logistic regression model of insulin resistance in patients with chronic liver disease
Control (n ) Case (n ) Univariate Multivariate Odds ratio (95% CI) P valueOdds ratio1 (95% CI) P valueViral infection HBV infection 15 3 1 0.055 HCV infection 38 28 3.684 (0.972-13.960) Groups Chronic hepatitis 25 14 1 0.859 Liver cirrhosis 28 17 1.084 (0.445-2.639) The hepatocellular carcinoma Absent 44 19 1 0.030 1 0.290 Present 9 12 3.087 (1.115-8.544) 0.311 (0.036-2.713) Sex Female 35 18 1 0.466 1 0.700 Male 18 13 1.404 (0.564-3.496) 0.712 (0.126-4.010) Age (yr) < 65 23 14 1 0.875 1 0.366 ≥ 65 30 17 0.931 (0.382-2.271) 0.486 (0.102-2.324) %AC ≥ 100 33 26 1 0.042 1 0.091 < 100 20 5 0.317 (0.105-0.960) 0.223 (0.039-1.271) %TSF ≥ 100% 31 24 1 0.083 < 100% 22 7 0.411 (0.151-1.121) %AMC ≥ 100% 35 22 1 0.641 < 100% 18 9 0.795 (0.304-2.081) %AMA ≥ 100% 38 22 1 0.943 < 100% 15 9 1.036 (0.389-2.759) Handgrip strength (%) ≥ 69.0 22 17 1 0.360 < 69.0 30 13 1.526 (0.617-3.771) Ex (Ex/wk) ≥ 4.0 29 7 1 0.003 1 0.024 < 4.0 10 14 5.800 (1.823-18.455) 6.809 (1.288-36.001) Plt (× 102 /μL) ≥ 10.0 37 15 1 0.054 < 10.0 16 16 2.466 (0.986-6.168) Alb (g/dL) ≥ 3.5 43 20 1 0.094 < 3.5 10 11 2.365 (0.864-6.476) BTR ≥ 4.41 31 11 1 0.025 1 0.238 < 4.41 17 18 2.984 (1.148-7.756) 2.770 (0.509-15.061) Energy intake per BW (kcal/BW) ≤ 30 21 22 1 0.007 1 0.602 > 30 32 9 0.268 (0.104-0.695) 0.689 (0.171-2.785) Protein intake per BW (g/BW) ≤ 1.2 24 17 1 0.339 > 1.2 29 14 0.682 (0.280-1.660) Fat percentage (%) ≤ 25 26 23 1 0.027 1 0.096 > 25 27 8 0.335 (0.127-0.882) 0.222 (0.038-1.307)
Citation: Hayashi F, Momoki C, Yuikawa M, Simotani Y, Kawamura E, Hagihara A, Fujii H, Kobayashi S, Iwai S, Morikawa H, Enomoto M, Tamori A, Kawada N, Ohfuji S, Fukusima W, Habu D. Nutritional status in relation to lifestyle in patients with compensated viral cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(40): 5759-5770
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i40/5759.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5759