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©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2012; 18(40): 5759-5770
Published online Oct 28, 2012. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5759
Published online Oct 28, 2012. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5759
Table 1 Subjects characteristics
Control | Chronic hepatitis | Cirrhosis | |
Sex (male/female) | 12/15 | 26/33 | 25/49 |
Age (yr) | 65.9 ± 6.1 | 63.5 ± 10.1 | 68.3 ± 7.5b |
Viral infection (HBV/HCV) | - | 17/42 | 11/63 |
Child-Pugh classification (A/B) | - | - | 62/12 |
Diabetes mellitus | - | 11 | 11 |
Hypertension | - | 20 | 24 |
Hyperlipidemia | - | 4 | 6 |
Table 2 Laboratory evaluations for the patients (mean ± SD)
Chronic hepatitis | Cirrhosis | |
WBC (× 100/μL) | 55.5 ± 19.2 | 37.9 ± 13.6a |
RBC (× 102/μL) | 441 ± 57 | 399 ± 47a |
Hb (g/dL) | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 12.6 ± 1.6a |
Ht (%) | 40.7 ± 3.9 | 37.2 ± 4.0a |
Plt (× 102/μL) | 17.8 ± 3.8 | 8.6 ± 2.5a |
PT (%) | 96.9 ± 11.2 | 83.4 ± 13.2a |
TP (g/dL) | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 7.0 ± 0.7b |
Alb (g/dL) | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.5a |
BUN (mg/dL) | 15.6 ± 6.1 | 15.5 ± 5.6 |
Cre (mg/dL) | 0.77 ± 0.27 | 0.73 ± 0.24 |
T-bil (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.5c |
D-bil (mg/dL) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3a |
AST (IU/L) | 44 ± 23 | 60 ± 39d |
ALT (IU/L) | 41 ± 27 | 53 ± 40 |
AST/ALT | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
LAP (IU/L) | 59 ± 20 | 63 ± 17e |
γ-GTP (IU/L) | 51 ± 85 | 51 ± 57 |
ALP (IU/L) | 299 ± 144 | 356 ± 126f |
ChE (IU/L) | 281 ± 89 | 201 ± 81a |
TG (mg/dL) | 102 ± 44 | 87 ± 31 |
T-cho (mg/dL) | 182 ± 37 | 155 ± 38a |
HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.9a |
FBS (mg/dL) | 99.0 ± 14.1 | 99.6 ± 14.5 |
IRI (μU/mL) | 11.1 ± 8.2 | 12.1 ± 11.1 |
HOMA-IR | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 2.5 |
BTR | 5.43 ± 1.54 | 3.90 ± 1.23a |
BCAA (μmol/mL) | 425 ± 92 | 387 ± 77g |
Tyrosine (μmol/mL) | 82 ± 23 | 107 ± 36a |
Table 3 Anthropometric assessments of all subjects
Control | Chronic hepatitis | Cirrhosis | |
Height (cm)1 | |||
Male | 168.2 ± 6.3 | 168.0 ± 7.6 | 165.8 ± 6.0 |
Female | 151.0 ± 3.5 | 152.8 ± 4.1 | 151.6 ± 6.5 |
Weight (kg)1 | |||
Male | 67.0 ± 8.5 | 67.5 ± 11.0 | 64.5 ± 9.0 |
Female | 54.5 ± 6.7 | 54.6 ± 9.4 | 50.8 ± 8.8 |
BMI (kg/m2)1 | |||
Male | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 23.4 ± 2.6 |
Female | 23.9 ± 2.6 | 23.4 ± 4.0 | 22.1 ± 3.5 |
BMI (underweight/normal/obese)2 | |||
Male | 1/5/5 | 1/17/9 | 0/16/8 |
Female | 1/8/7 | 2/17/13 | 6/36/8h |
Abdominal circumference (cm)1 | |||
Male | 86.3 ± 7.8 | 90.0 ± 8.0 | 87.7 ± 8.6 |
Female | 84.6 ± 10.0 | 86.0 ± 9.9 | 85.1 ± 9.2 |
%AC1 | 108.1 ± 8.4 | 107.4 ± 11.8 | 103.9 ± 11.5 |
%TSF1 | 96.0 ± 37.0a | 129.0 ± 50.2 | 116.5 ± 48.4 |
%AMC1 | 111.9 ± 10.5be | 104.9 ± 10.7 | 102.7 ± 10.8 |
%AMA1 | 128.2 ± 25.1cf | 112.2 ± 22.9 | 107.5 ± 22.5 |
Hand grip strength (%)1 | 92.1 ± 16.2dg | 74.4 ± 20.9 | 66.9 ± 17.6 |
Table 4 The dietary surveys of all subjects (mean ± SD)
Control | Chronic hepatitis | Cirrhosis | |
Energy intake (kcal) | 1814 ± 400 | 1768 ± 470 | 1730 ± 468 |
Energy intake (kcal/BW) | 31.0 ± 7.5 | 30.0 ± 8.6 | 32.0 ± 9.0 |
Carbohydrate percentage (%) | 57.9 ± 7.1 | 59.1 ± 9.1 | 60.1 ± 8.9 |
Protein percentage (%) | 15.9 ± 2.9 | 16.2 ± 2.8 | 16.2 ± 3.0 |
Fat percentage (%) | 26.1 ± 7.1 | 24.8 ± 8.4 | 23.7 ± 8.8 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 248.9 ± 57.4 | 254.9 ± 76.5 | 251.2 ± 67.9 |
Protein intake (g) | 68.0 ± 17.1 | 68.3 ± 17.1 | 70.0 ± 19.5 |
Protein intake (g/BW) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
Fat intake (g) | 50.5 ± 19.5 | 47.4 ± 21.4 | 46.7 ± 24.4 |
Calcium intake (mg) | 544 ± 198 | 513 ± 170 | 536 ± 216 |
Iron intake (mg) | 7.9 ± 2.7 | 7.4 ± 1.8 | 7.2 ± 2.5 |
Salt intake (g) | 8.7 ± 2.3 | 8.7 ± 2.9 | 8.5 ± 2.3 |
Vitamin A intake (μgRE) | 1015 ± 391 | 1046 ± 512 | 979 ± 478 |
Vitamin B1 intake (mg) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 |
Vitamin B2 intake (mg) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.4 |
Vitamin C intake (mg) | 114 ± 66 | 148 ± 191 | 118 ± 64 |
Dietary fiber intake (mg) | 14.3 ± 4.3 | 13.9 ± 4.1 | 14.0 ± 3.8 |
Grains (g) | 402.5 ± 111.2 | 449.5 ± 173.4 | 416.3 ± 133.0 |
Green and yellow vegetables (g) | 121.4 ± 76.1 | 143.6 ± 170.7 | 137.8 ± 96.8 |
Light-colored vegetables (g) | 187.1 ± 128.3 | 165.8 ± 73.0 | 167.1 ± 78.5 |
Tubers and roots (g) | 65.8 ± 68.1 | 38.1 ± 50.5 | 37.2 ± 44.0 |
Meat (g) | 51.9 ± 67.5 | 67.8 ± 67.2 | 66.8 ± 73.5 |
Seafood (g) | 97.4 ± 71.4 | 82.0 ± 56.0 | 73.3 ± 56.1 |
Egg (g) | 37.4 ± 36.2 | 40.0 ± 38.9 | 27.0 ± 26.7 |
Pulses (g) | 61.9 ± 64.1 | 57.0 ± 59.3 | 65.6 ± 72.3 |
Milk and daily product (g) | 124.9 ± 119.5 | 130.1 ± 117.7 | 142.3 ± 132.1 |
Fruit (g) | 114.5 ± 113.8 | 109.2 ± 192.1 | 129.1 ± 128.8 |
Oil and fat (g) | 11.3 ± 10.9 | 11.9 ± 11.6 | 9.4 ± 11.6 |
Table 5 The lifestyle surveys of all subjects
Control | Chronic hepatitis | Cirrhosis | P value | |
Drinking habit2 | < 0.001 | |||
Nothing | 10 (8.8) | 40 (67.8) | 63 (85.1) | |
Sometimes | 6 (22.2) | 11 (18.6) | 9 (12.2) | |
Daily | 11 (40.7) | 8 (13.6) | 2 (2.7) | |
Alcohol intake (g/d)1 | 13.7 ± 26.6a | 4.9 ± 14.2 | 1.6 ± 9.9 | |
Stage model of alcohol drinking2 | 0.141 | |||
Maintenance | 4 (23.5) | 7 (36.8) | 4 (36.4) | |
Action | 1 (5.9) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | |
Sometimes | 3 (17.6) | 6 (31.6) | 5 (45.5) | |
Preparation | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | |
Contemplation | 9 (52.9) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (9.1) | |
Pre-contemplation | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (9.1) | |
Experience of dieting2 | 0.258 | |||
No | 21 (77.8) | 37 (62.7) | 59 (79.7) | |
Yes | 6 (22.2) | 22 (37.3) | 15 (20.3) | |
Stage model of dietary habit2 | ||||
Maintenance | 6 (22.2) | 10 (16.9) | 12 (16.2) | 0.540 |
Action | 2 (7.4) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (2.7) | |
Preparation | 2 (7.4) | 13 (22) | 11 (14.9) | |
Contemplation | 9 (33.3) | 7 (11.9) | 19 (25.7) | |
Pre-contemplation | 8 (29.6) | 28 (47.5) | 30 (40.5) | |
Eating speed (eating lunch within 10 min)2 | ||||
Fast | 8 (29.6) | 22 (37.3) | 20 (27) | 0.451 |
General or slow | 19 (70.4) | 37 (62.7) | 54 (73) | |
Eating and drinking | ||||
Prior to bedtime2 | ||||
Yes | 6 (22.2) | 12 (20.3) | 16 (21.6) | 0.975 |
No | 21 (77.8) | 47 (79.7) | 58 (78.4) | |
Skipping a meal2 | ||||
Yes | 4 (14.8) | 18 (30.5) | 14 (18.9) | 0.700 |
No | 23 (85.2) | 41 (69.5) | 60 (81.1) | |
Resting2 | ||||
Enough | 9 (33.3) | 38 (64.4) | 49 (66.2) | 0.026 |
Almost enough | 9 (33.3) | 4 (6.8) | 11 (14.9) | |
A little shortage | 7 (25.9) | 14 (23.7) | 10 (13.5) | |
Shortage | 2 (22.2) | 3 (5.1) | 4 (5.4) | |
Sleeping time (h)1 | 6.7 ± 1.1b | 6.8 ± 1.5c | 7.6 ± 1.6 | |
Perceived health status2 | < 0.001 | |||
Very healthy | 2 (7.4) | 4 (6.8) | 3 (4.1) | |
Almost healthy | 23 (85.2) | 32 (54.2) | 28 (37.8) | |
A little unhealthy | 2 (7.4) | 18 (30.5) | 34 (45.9) | |
Unhealthy | 0 (0) | 5 (8.5) | 9 (12.2) | |
Stage model of exercise2 | 0.630 | |||
Maintenance | 12 (44.4) | 23 (39) | 27 (36.5) | |
Action | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Preparation | 4 (14.8) | 5 (8.5) | 13 (17.6) | |
Contemplation | 10 (37) | 23 (39) | 25 (33.8) | |
Pre-contemplation | 1 (3.7) | 8 (13.6) | 9 (12.2) | |
Smoking custom2 | 0.140 | |||
Yes | 5 (18.5) | 13 (22) | 8 (10.8) | |
No | 22 (81.5) | 46 (78) | 66 (89.2) | |
Time to smoking cigarette first after it get out of bed2 | 0.555 | |||
Within 5 min | 2 (40) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (14.3) | |
From 6 to 30 min | 1 (20) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (14.3) | |
From 31 to 60 min | 2 (40) | 4 (28.6) | 4 (57.1) | |
More than 61 min | 0 (0) | 8 (57.1) | 1 (14.3) | |
Number of smoking cigarettes on a day2 | 0.584 | |||
Less than 10 cigarettes | 3 (60) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (28.6) | |
From 10 to 20 cigarettes | 2 (40) | 7 (50) | 5 (71.4) | |
From 21 to 30 cigarettes | 0 (0) | 3 (21.4) | 0 (0) | |
More than 31cigarettes | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0) | |
Period of no smoking2 | 0.356 | |||
More than 10 yr | 3 (60) | 11 (61.1) | 16 (72.7) | |
From 3 to 10 yr | 0 (0) | 6 (33.3) | 4 (18.2) | |
From 1 to 3 yr | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.5) | |
From 6 mo to less than 1 yr | 1 (20) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (4.5) | |
Stage model of smoking2 | 0.481 | |||
Maintenance | 5 (50) | 19 (59.4) | 22 (71) | |
Action | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Preparation | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (9.7) | |
Contemplation | 4 (40) | 7 (21.9) | 3 (9.7) | |
Pre-contemplation | 1 (10) | 6 (18.8) |
Table 6 The physical activity surveys of the subjects (mean ± SD)
Table 7 Logistic regression model of insulin resistance in patients with chronic liver disease
Control (n) | Case (n) | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio1 (95% CI) | P value | |||
Viral infection | ||||||
HBV infection | 15 | 3 | 1 | 0.055 | ||
HCV infection | 38 | 28 | 3.684 (0.972-13.960) | |||
Groups | ||||||
Chronic hepatitis | 25 | 14 | 1 | 0.859 | ||
Liver cirrhosis | 28 | 17 | 1.084 (0.445-2.639) | |||
The hepatocellular carcinoma | ||||||
Absent | 44 | 19 | 1 | 0.030 | 1 | 0.290 |
Present | 9 | 12 | 3.087 (1.115-8.544) | 0.311 (0.036-2.713) | ||
Sex | ||||||
Female | 35 | 18 | 1 | 0.466 | 1 | 0.700 |
Male | 18 | 13 | 1.404 (0.564-3.496) | 0.712 (0.126-4.010) | ||
Age (yr) | ||||||
< 65 | 23 | 14 | 1 | 0.875 | 1 | 0.366 |
≥ 65 | 30 | 17 | 0.931 (0.382-2.271) | 0.486 (0.102-2.324) | ||
%AC | ||||||
≥ 100 | 33 | 26 | 1 | 0.042 | 1 | 0.091 |
< 100 | 20 | 5 | 0.317 (0.105-0.960) | 0.223 (0.039-1.271) | ||
%TSF | ||||||
≥ 100% | 31 | 24 | 1 | 0.083 | ||
< 100% | 22 | 7 | 0.411 (0.151-1.121) | |||
%AMC | ||||||
≥ 100% | 35 | 22 | 1 | 0.641 | ||
< 100% | 18 | 9 | 0.795 (0.304-2.081) | |||
%AMA | ||||||
≥ 100% | 38 | 22 | 1 | 0.943 | ||
< 100% | 15 | 9 | 1.036 (0.389-2.759) | |||
Handgrip strength (%) | ||||||
≥ 69.0 | 22 | 17 | 1 | 0.360 | ||
< 69.0 | 30 | 13 | 1.526 (0.617-3.771) | |||
Ex (Ex/wk) | ||||||
≥ 4.0 | 29 | 7 | 1 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.024 |
< 4.0 | 10 | 14 | 5.800 (1.823-18.455) | 6.809 (1.288-36.001) | ||
Plt (× 102/μL) | ||||||
≥ 10.0 | 37 | 15 | 1 | 0.054 | ||
< 10.0 | 16 | 16 | 2.466 (0.986-6.168) | |||
Alb (g/dL) | ||||||
≥ 3.5 | 43 | 20 | 1 | 0.094 | ||
< 3.5 | 10 | 11 | 2.365 (0.864-6.476) | |||
BTR | ||||||
≥ 4.41 | 31 | 11 | 1 | 0.025 | 1 | 0.238 |
< 4.41 | 17 | 18 | 2.984 (1.148-7.756) | 2.770 (0.509-15.061) | ||
Energy intake per BW (kcal/BW) | ||||||
≤ 30 | 21 | 22 | 1 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.602 |
> 30 | 32 | 9 | 0.268 (0.104-0.695) | 0.689 (0.171-2.785) | ||
Protein intake per BW (g/BW) | ||||||
≤ 1.2 | 24 | 17 | 1 | 0.339 | ||
> 1.2 | 29 | 14 | 0.682 (0.280-1.660) | |||
Fat percentage (%) | ||||||
≤ 25 | 26 | 23 | 1 | 0.027 | 1 | 0.096 |
> 25 | 27 | 8 | 0.335 (0.127-0.882) | 0.222 (0.038-1.307) |
- Citation: Hayashi F, Momoki C, Yuikawa M, Simotani Y, Kawamura E, Hagihara A, Fujii H, Kobayashi S, Iwai S, Morikawa H, Enomoto M, Tamori A, Kawada N, Ohfuji S, Fukusima W, Habu D. Nutritional status in relation to lifestyle in patients with compensated viral cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(40): 5759-5770
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i40/5759.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5759