Brief Article
Copyright ©2010 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 14, 2010; 16(34): 4297-4304
Published online Sep 14, 2010. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i34.4297
Table 1 Demographic and clinical features of inflammatory bowel disease cases and healthy controls
CasesControls
(n = 83)(n = 160)
Sex (M/F)49/3497/63
Age (mean ± SD)37.5 ± 15.240.4 ± 14.6
Social status, n (%)
Unmarried50 (60.3)83 (51.9)
Married26 (31.3)69 (43.1)
Divorced/widowed7 (8.4)8 (5.0)
Years of education (mean-SD)12.4-3.511.5-4.2
Body mass index, kg2/cm (mean-SD)26.1-9.329.1-10.8
Smoking habit, n (%)
Never32 (38.6)80 (50.0)
Smokers29 (34.9)41 (35.6)
Ex-smokers22 (26.5)39 (24.4)
No. cigarettes/d (smokers) mean (range)13.4 (3-50)14.7 (5-30)
Disease location (Crohn’s disease) n = 42
Ileum, n (%)18 (42.9)
Ileum and colon13 (31.0)/
Colon11 (26.2)
Disease location (ulcerative colitis) n = 41
Proctitis5 (12.2)
Left sided colitis22 (53.7)/
Pancolitis14 (34.1)
Disease behaviour (Crohn’s disease)
Inflammatory (B1)27 (64.3)
Stricturing (B2)8 (19.0)/
Penetrating (B3)7 (16.7)
Table 2 Association between changes in pre-illness dietary habits and symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Changes in diet
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
No (26)Yes (15)No (25)Yes (17)
Duration of symptoms
Short ( ≤ 3 mo)14 (53.85)4 (26.67)8 (32.00)4 (23.53)
Intermediate (4-10 mo)7 (26.92)4 (26.67)13 (52.00)4 (23.53)
Long (> 10 mo)5 (19.23)7 (46.66)4 (16.00)9 (52.94)a
Median, range (mo)3 (1-15)7 (1-84)5 (1-30)12 (1-48)a
Weight loss
Absent/low (< 2 kg)12 (46.15)4 (26.67)8 (32.00)3 (16.65)
Moderate (2-6 kg)8 (30.77)3 (20.00)11 (44.00)8 (47.06)
Severe (> 6 kg)6 (23.08)8 (53.33)6 (24.00)6 (35.29)
Abdominal pain
No9 (34.61)3 (20.00)4 (16.00)1 (5.88)
Yes17 (65.39)12 (80.00)21 (84.00)16 (94.12)
Diarrhoea
No5 (19.23)1 (6.67)4 (16.00)1 (5.88)
Yes21 (80.77)14 (93.33)21 (84.00)16 (94.12)
Rectal bleeding
No9 (34.62)5 (33.33)13 (52.00)12 (70.59)
Yes17 (65.38)10 (66.67)12 (48.00)5 (29.41)
Table 3 Association between pre-illness intake of foods and beverages and risk of ulcerative colitis in patients who did not modify the diet before diagnosis
Controls
Ulcerative colitis
n (%)n (%)OR1 (95% CI)
Pasta and/or rice
Low67 (41.88)7 (26.92)2
Moderate68 (42.50)12 (46.15)1.89 (0.66-5.41)
High25 (15.63)7 (26.92)3.38 (0.99-11.47)
Bread
Low60 (37.50)6 (23.08)2
Moderate55 (34.38)9 (34.62)1.31 (0.42-4.13)
High45 (28.13)11 (42.31)2.40 (0.80-7.26)
Sweets and cakes
Low52 (32.50)10 (38.46)2
Moderate49 (30.63)4 (15.38)0.37 (0.10-1.33)
High59 (36.88)12 (46.15)0.96 (0.36-2.51)
Red meat
Low73 (45.63)12 (46.15)2
Moderate38 (23.75)8 (30.77)1.22 (0.45-3.32)
High49 (30.63)6 (23.08)0.63 (0.20-1.94)
White meat
Low45 (28.13)5 (19.23)2
Moderate70 (43.75)17 (65.38)2.04 (0.69-6.05)
High45 (28.13)4 (15.38)0.75 (0.19-3.04)
Tuna fish
Low37 (23.13)10 (38.46)2
Moderate48 (30.00)6 (23.08)0.43 (0.13-1.37)
High75 (46.88)10 (38.46)0.49 (0.18-1.36)
Fish
Low61 (38.13)17 (65.38)2
Moderate39 (24.38)3 (11.54)0.33 (0.09-1.26)
High60 (37.50)6 (23.08)0.33 (0.11-0.92)
Processed meat
Low50 (31.25)9 (34.62)2
Moderate57 (35.63)10 (38.46)0.82 (0.28-2.36)
High53 (33.13)7 (26.92)0.63 (0.21-1.91)
Milk
Low45 (28.13)13 (50.00)2
Moderate36 (22.50)3 (11.54)0.30 (0.08-1.19)
High79 (49.38)10 (38.46)0.55 (0.21-1.40)
Cheese
Low43 (26.88)8 (30.77)2
Moderate70 (43.75)11 (42.31)0.93 (0.33-2.63)
High47 (29.38)7 (26.92)0.98 (0.31-3.12)
Eggs
Low44 (27.50)11 (42.31)2
Moderate51 (31.88)11 (42.31)0.78 (0.30-2.06)
High65 (40.63)4 (15.38)0.21 (0.06-0.73)
Potatoes
Low25 (15.63)10 (38.46)2
Moderate78 (48.75)11 (42.31)0.39 (0.14-1.09)
High57 (35.63)5 (19.23)0.24 (0.09-0.83)
Vegetables
Low44 (27.67)11 (42.31)2
Moderate67 (42.14)10 (38.46)0.49 (0.18-1.35)
High48 (30.19)5 (19.23)0.37 (0.11-1.21)
Fruits
Low48 (30.00)9 (34.62)2
Moderate61 (38.13)11 (42.31)1.12 (0.42-3.01)
High51 (31.88)6 (23.08)0.41 (0.13-1.35)
Refined sugar
Low57 (35.63)9 (34.62)2
Moderate45 (28.13)12 (46.15)1.52 (0.57-4.09)
High58 (36.25)5 (19.23)0.57 (0.17-1.87)
Butter
Low28 (17.50)1 (3.85)2
Moderate88 (55.00)18 (69.23)6.02 (0.75-47.97)
High44 (27.50)7 (26.92)5.18 (0.58-46.20)
Margarine
Low57 (35.63)1 (3.85)2
Moderate84 (52.50)19 (73.08)11.80 (1.51-91.99)
High19 (11.88)6 (23.08)21.37 (2.32-196.6)
Olive oil
Low47 (29.38)6 (23.08)2
Moderate88 (55.00)16 (61.54)1.40 (0.50-3.93)
High25 (15.63)4 (15.38)1.16 (0.29-4.63)
Seed oil
Low33 (20.63)1 (3.85)2
Moderate97 (60.63)22 (84.62)7.26 (0.93-56.53)
High30 (18.75)3 (11.54)3.82 (0.36-40.14)
Table 4 Association between pre-illness intake of foods and beverages and risk of Crohn's disease in patients who did not modify the diet before diagnosis
Controls
Crohn’s disease
n (%)n (%)OR1 (95% CI)
Pasta and/or rice
Low67 (41.88)8 (32.00)2
Moderate68 (42.50)14 (56.00)1.59 (0.61-4.17)
High25 (15.63)3 (12.00)1.01 (0.24-4.34)
Bread
Low60 (37.50)6 (24.00)2
Moderate55 (34.38)8 (32.00)1.25 (0.38-4.04)
High45 (28.13)11 (44.00)2.47 (0.81-7.56)
Sweets and cakes
Low52 (32.50)8 (32.00)2
Moderate49 (30.63)4 (16.00)0.43 (0.11-1.63)
High59 (36.88)13 (52.00)1.21 (0.44-3.29)
Red meat
Low73 (45.63)8 (32.00)2
Moderate38 (23.75)6 (24.00)1.25 (0.38-4.07)
High49 (30.63)11 (44.00)2.42 (0.85-6.85)
White meat
Low45 (28.13)8 (32.00)2
Moderate70 (43.75)15 (60.00)1.33 (0.50-3.52)
High45 (28.13)2 (8.00)0.25 (0.05-1.27)
Tuna fish
Low37 (23.13)13 (52.00)2
Moderate48 (30.00)6 (24.00)1.31 (0.35-4.87)
High75 (46.88)6 (24.00)0.25 (0.08-0.77)
Fish
Low61 (38.13)16 (64.00)2
Moderate39 (24.38)6 (24.00)0.57 (0.19-1.72)
High60 (37.50)3 (12.00)0.18 (0.05-0.67)
Processed meat
Low50 (31.25)2 (8.00)2
Moderate57 (35.63)18 (72.00)7.80 (1.61-37.89)
High53 (33.13)5 (20.00)1.97 (0.35-11.03)
Milk
Low45 (28.13)7 (28.00)2
Moderate36 (22.50)2 (8.00)0.41 (0.07-2.18)
High79 (49.38)16 (64.00)1.55 (0.57-4.19)
Cheese
Low43 (26.88)5 (20.00)2
Moderate70 (43.75)5 (20.00)0.54 (0.14-2.06)
High47 (29.38)15 (60.00)3.70 (1.14-12.01)
Eggs
Low44 (27.50)10 (40.00)2
Moderate51 (31.88)9 (36.00)0.85 (0.30-2.40)
High65 (40.63)6 (24.00)0.42 (0.14-1.29)
Potatoes
Low25 (15.63)7 (28.00)2
Moderate78 (48.75)13 (52.00)0.60 (0.19-1.83)
High57 (35.63)5 (20.00)0.24 (0.06-0.91)
Vegetables
Low44 (27.67)14 (56.00)2
Moderate67 (42.14)7 (28.00)0.26 (0.09-0.78)
High48 (30.19)4 (16.00)0.21 (0.05-0.78)
Fruits
Low48 (30.00)9 (36.00)2
Moderate61 (38.13)8 (32.00)0.78 (0.26-2.30)
High51 (31.88)8 (32.00)0.76 (0.26-2.21)
Refined sugar
Low57 (35.63)8 (32.00)2
Moderate45 (28.13)12 (48.00)1.61 (0.58-4.42)
High58 (36.25)5 (20.00)0.58 (0.17-1.97)
Butter
Low28 (17.50)1 (4.00)2
Moderate88 (55.00)20 (80.00)6.07 (0.75-49.20)
High44 (27.50)4 (16.00)1.84 (0.18-18.19)
Margarine
Low57 (35.63)8 (32.00)2
Moderate84 (52.50)13 (52.00)1.07 (0.40-2.84)
High19 (11.88)4 (16.00)1.17 (0.29-4.74)
Olive oil
Low47 (29.38)10 (40.00)2
Moderate88 (55.00)10 (40.00)0.60 (0.22-1.61)
High25 (15.63)5 (20.00)0.98 (0.29-3.35)
Seed oil
Low33 (20.63)6 (24.00)2
Moderate97 (60.63)15 (60.00)0.84 (0.29-2.43)
High30 (18.75)4 (16.00)0.66 (0.16-2.76)
Table 5 Odds ratios1 and corresponding 95% CI for pre-illness intake of foods according to the disease location for Crohn’s disease patients
Small bowelColon
Pasta and/or rice1.44 (0.71-2.92)0.65 (0.20-2.13)
Bread2.61 (1.26-5.41)20.27 (0.06-1.10)
Sweets and cakes1.17 (0.64-2.14)1.39 (0.53-3.63)
Red meat1.58 (0.88-2.82)1.23 (0.49-3.12)
White meat0.74 (0.38-1.46)0.40 (0.12-1.29)
Tuna fish0.48 (0.26-0.91)20.33 (0.11-0.98)2
Fish0.48 (0.24-0.93)20.41 (0.13-1.29)
Processed meat1.31 (0.67-2.58)0.74 (0.27-2.01)
Milk1.30 (0.71-2.36)1.13 (0.46-2.78)
Cheese2.61 (1.26-5.41)21.94 (0.62-6.09)
Eggs0.67 (0.36-1.23)0.69 (0.27-1.80)
Potatoes0.50 (0.23-1.07)0.46 (0.15-1.41)
Vegetables0.43 (0.21-0.88)20.60 (0.20-1.83)
Fruits0.82 (0.42-1.58)0.83 (0.29-2.36)
Refined sugar0.80 (0.44-1.46)0.77 (0.31-1.95)
Butter0.83 (0.39-1.79)1.44 (0.41-5.12)
Margarine1.10 (0.51-2.36)1.83 (0.58-5.76)
Olive oil1.20 (0.58-2.51)0.24 (0.06-1.00)2
Seed oil0.81 (0.37-1.79)1.05 (0.32-3.42)
Table 6 Food group loadings for 3 dietary patterns extracted by factor analyses
Factor 1Factor 2Factor 3
Pasta and/or rice0.30-0.250.32
Bread-0.01-0.400.51
Soft, sweets and cakes0.45-0.280.09
Red meat0.570.300.23
White meat0.450.49-0.02
Tuna fish0.430.60-0.11
Fish0.330.58-0.12
Processed meat0.460.04-0.02
Milk0.03-0.330.04
Cheese0.020.190.56
Eggs-0.050.690.08
Potatoes0.090.580.01
Vegetables-0.520.220.32
Fruit-0.53-0.010.25
Refined sugar-0.01-0.030.60
Butter0.470.200.27
Margarine0.460.29-0.02
Olive oil-0.17-0.320.44
Seed oil0.390.130.07
RefinedPrudentHealthy
OR (95% CI)OR1 (95% CI)OR (95% CI)
Ulcerative colitis
Low2131313
Moderate2.29 (0.70-7.32)0.32 (0.11-0.90)0.80 (0.28-2.28)
High2.46 (0.77-7.83)0.15 (0.04-0.51)0.95 (0.33-2.76)
Crohn’s disease
Low131313
Moderate1.51 (0.45-4.99)0.47 (0.17-1.27)0.57 (0.18-1.78)
High2.15 (0.67-6.87)0.13 (0.03-0.51)1.39 (0.49-3.95)