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©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2009; 15(40): 5000-5009
Published online Oct 28, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.5000
Published online Oct 28, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.5000
Table 1 Causes of secondary achalasia
Malignancy, especially carcinoma |
Chagas’ disease |
Amyloidosis |
Sarcoidosis |
Neurofibromatosis |
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis |
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, type 2B |
Juvenile Sjögren’s syndrome with achalasia and gastric ypersecretion |
Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction |
Anderson-Fabry disease |
Table 2 Prevalence of symptoms in achalasia
Symptom | Percentage (%) |
Dysphagia to solids | 99 |
Dysphagia to liquids | 93 |
Active regurgitation | 84 |
Passive regurgitation | 68 |
Weight loss | 61 |
Chest pain | 59 |
Nocturnal cough | 45 |
Heartburn | 35 |
Nocturnal dyspnea | 20 |
Hiccup | 8 |
Table 3 Frequency of cardinal symptoms in achalasia
Symptom | Frequency (%) | |||
Each meal | Daily | Weekly | None | |
Dysphagia to solids | 84 | 13 | 2 | 1 |
Dysphagia to liquids | 60 | 25 | 8 | 7 |
Active regurgitation | 33 | 36 | 15 | 16 |
Daily | Weekly | Monthly | None | |
Passive regurgitation | 20 | 44 | 4 | 32 |
Chest pain | 12 | 39 | 8 | 41 |
Table 4 Scoring system for evaluation of clinical symptoms
Symptom | Score by frequency of symptoms | |||
Each meal | Daily | Weekly | None | |
Dysphagia to solids | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Dysphagia to liquids | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Active regurgitation | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Daily | Weekly | Monthly | None | |
Passive regurgitation | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Chest pain | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
- Citation: Mikaeli J, Islami F, Malekzadeh R. Achalasia: A review of Western and Iranian experiences. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(40): 5000-5009
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i40/5000.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.5000