Review of idiopathic pancreatitis

Table 1 Etiologies of acute or acute recurrent pancreatitis

Category	Agent/Diagnosis
Vascular	Atheroembolism
	Intraoperative hypotension
	Hemorrhagic shock
	Vasculitis (systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa)
Infectious	Viral
	Mumps
	Coxsackievirus type B
	Hepatitis B
	Cytomegalovirus
	Herpes simplex
	Varicella-zoster
	HIV
	Rubella (probable)
	Bacterial
	Legionella
	Leptospira
	Salmonella
	Mycoplasma
	Brucella
	Mycoplasma
	Salmonella typhi
	Fungal
	Aspergillus
	Parasites
	Toxoplasma
	Cryptosporidium
	Ascaris lumbricoides
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating abdominal injury
	Post-ERCP pancreatitis
	ERCP sphincterotomy
	Manometry of sphincter of Oddi
	Iatrogenic operative complication
Metabolic	Hypertriglyceridemia (typesI, IV, V)
	Hypercalcemia
	Hyperparathyroidism
Toxins	Ethyl alcohol
	Scorpion venom
	Methyl alcohol
	Organophosphorous insecticides
Medications The following drugs were definitely associated with pancreatitis	Antimicrobial agents
	Metronidazole, Stibogluconate, Sulfonamides, Tetracycline, Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Isoniazid
	HIV Therapy
	Didanosine, Pentamidine
	Diuretics
	Furosemide, Thiazides
	Commonly used Gastroenterology Medications
	5-ASA, Sulphasalazine, Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Mercaptopurine, Proton pump inhibitors
	Cardiac Agents
	Procainamide
	Immunosuppressives or Chemotherapeutics
	L-asparaginase, Azathioprine, Cytosine arabinoside, Dexamethasone
	Neuropsychiatric Agents
Mechanical	Valproic Acid, αMethyl Dopa
	Other Commonly Used
	Acetaminophen, Salicylates, Sulindac, Calcium, Ethinylestradiol, Norethindrone
	Gallstones
	Microlithiasis and Biliary Sludge.
	Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
	Pancreas divisum
	Annular pancreas
	Autoimmune pancreatitis
	Pancreatobiliary Tumours
	Cholodochocele
	Duodenal stricture or obstruction
Miscellaneous	Ascariasis
	Post ERCP
	Renal transplant
Genetic	Hyper IgG4 disease
	CFTR
	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 mutation
	Cationic trypsinogen gene PRSS1 mutation
Autoimmune	Sjogren’s syndrome
	Primary biliary cirrhosis
	Renal tubular acidosis

Table 2 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (Geenen and Hogan Classification)

Biliary type	Pancreatic type
TypeI	TypeI
Biliary-type pain	Pancreatic-type pain
LFT elevation	Amylase/lipase elevation
CBD dilation	PD dilation
Delayed drainage	Delayed drainage
Type II	Type II
Biliary-type pain	Pancreatic-type pain
One or two of above criteria	One or two of above criteria
Type III	Type III
Biliary-type pain only	Pancreatic-type pain only

CBD: Common bile duct; LFT: Liver function tests; PD: Pancreatic duct.