Cavernous hemangioma of adult pancreas: A case report and literature review

Abstract

Pancreatic hemangioma is a rare type of benign vascular tumor. Low clinical suspicion and inability of current cross sectional imaging techniques to differentiate it from other pancreatic lesions, contribute to the difficulty in making the correct diagnosis. Without a definitive diagnosis, and due to concern for malignancy, in many instances, surgery is performed. We report a case of pancreas cavernous hemangioma in an 18-year-old female. The patient presented with three-month history of epigastric pain. Physical examination and routine blood tests were normal. Abdominal Computed Tomography scan revealed a 5 cm × 6 cm complex non-enhancing cystic mass in the head of pancreas. Magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS guided fine needle aspiration cytology were non-diagnostic. Because of uncontrolled symptoms, the patient underwent surgical resection. Histopathology and Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of pancreas.

Key Words: Hemangioma; Endoscopic ultrasound; Endoscopic ultrasonography; Fine needle aspiration; Pancreas

Core tip: Pancreas hemangioma is a very rare pathological finding in adulthood. It may mimic other more common pancreatic lesions. Diagnosis is difficult, due to its rarity, and the absence of typical radiological findings of hemangioma. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic, mixed and solid pancreatic lesions. Surgical resection is the effective treatment in symptomatic cases, while providing a final diagnosis, however, surgery may not be necessary at all.

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic cavernous hemangioma in adulthood is a very rare condition. To date, only 20 cases have been reported in the literature. Hemangioma mimics common pancreatic lesions, and modern imaging may not adequately characterize this benign condition. The following case is that of an 18-year-old female who underwent surgical resection of a large head of pancreas lesion, with a final diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma. A review of clinicopathological and radiographic features of all cases reported in the English literature to date is included.

CASE REPORT

An 18-year-old Hispanic female was referred to our Institution by her primary care physician, for the evaluation of a “pancreatic cystic lesion” found on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan, after she presented with complaints of worsening epigastric pain for three months. The pain was described as stabbing and severe, radiating to the back, occurring postprandial. Nausea and emesis were associated with pain. Analgesia was only partially achieved with the use of prescription oral narcotics.

The patient’s medical history included childhood treated pulmonary tuberculosis. There was no history of acute pancreatitis or abdominal trauma. Patient had no prior surgeries. She was on no medications, particularly has never been prescribed oral contraceptives, nor did she ever use over the counter drugs. Family history was non-contributory. Physical examination was normal. Complete blood counts, complete metabolic panel, serum amylase and lipase, coagulation panel, fasting lipid profile, serum CA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were normal.

CT revealed a well-defined cystic mass with solid components in the head of pancreas. The lesion did not show contrast enhancement (Figure 1). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without intravenous gadolinium showed a 5.3 cm × 6.2 cm, heterogeneous, multi-septated, predominantly cystic mass in the head and uncinate process of the pancreas, with variable T1 and T2 signal intensity (Figure 2). Foci of T1 hyperintensity were thought to be due to hemorrhagic or proteinaceous contents. The mass exhibited septal enhancement with maximum septal wall thickness of 2 mm. Post-contrast dynamic images showed peripheral hyperintensity with some indication of progressive centripetal enhancement. There was no ductal, vascular or nodal involvement. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) demonstrated no ductal dilation (Figure 3).

Figure 1 Contrast computed tomography scan showed a non-enhancing cystic lesion in the head of the pancreas.

Figure 2 Magnetic resonance imaging. Variable intensity in T1 weighted (A) and T2 weighted (B) imaging. Overall, the hemangioma had hypo-intensity in T1W and hyper-intensity in T2W imaging. Peripheral enhancement after gadolinium injection with gradual centripetal filling-in (C, D: Arterial phase; E: Venous; and F: Delayed venous phase) was noticed. Intensity was parallel to that of aorta. A central cystic area remained hypo-intense.

Figure 3 Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography demonstrated no ductal dilation.

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed a well-circumscribed complex structure with fluid and solid components arising from the uncinate process and extending to the head of pancreas (Figure 4). The lesion was devoid of Doppler signal. The surrounding parenchyma appeared normal. There was no ductal or vascular involvement. No peri-pancreatic lymph nodes were seen. The liver, gall bladder, spleen, left adrenal and kidneys appeared normal. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) using a 22G ProCore Cook Needle (Cook Medical Inc., Winston-Salem, NC, United States) was performed, and a total of five passes with adequate sampling was obtained in the presence of a cytopathologist. No bleeding occurred during or after the procedure, and patient had an uneventful post-procedure recovery.

Figure 4 Endoscopic ultrasound: Complex cyst at the head of pancreas, devoid of Doppler signals, with normal surrounding parenchyma and without any ductal or vascular abnormality.

Microscopy of the direct smear from FNA showed abundant red blood cells and a few clusters of cells that had a cohesive nature, but no atypia (Figure 5). Some areas had increased lymphocytes, suggesting an inflammatory process. The cell block showed clusters of histiocytes, some of which had light brown material in their cytoplasm, suggestive of hemosiderin deposition. Focal fibrotic fragments of tissue were seen, without distinct vascular structures being identified. No granulomatous features were seen. Cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was < 0.5 ng/mL, and amylase level was 13 U/L. Gram stain, acid-fast bacilli, and alpha 1 antitrypsin stains were negative. CAM 5.2 was negative. Vimentin was positive in macrophages, but no epithelioid cells were identified. Overall, the fine needle aspiration findings suggested a benign process most consistent with an inflammatory benign cyst. Due to the presence of a few cohesive clusters of cells, a neoplastic cystic lesion (serous cystadenoma or solid cystic papillary tumor) could not entirely be ruled out.

Figure 5 Fine needle aspiration cytology. Direct smear showed few clusters of cells without atypia (A, B) and increased lymphocytes (C); Cell block showed clusters of histiocytes, some of which had light brown material in their cytoplasm, suggestive of hemosiderin (D).

The case was reviewed in the multidisciplinary Pancreatic Tumor Board. A recommendation was made to continue close clinical monitoring, and a consensus from pathologists, radiologists, gastroenterologists, and surgeons reiterated the benign etiology of the lesion. Over the next few weeks, the patient experienced worsening nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, refractory to narcotics and antiemetics. Subsequently, the patient limited her oral intake and lost 20 pounds of body weight. The patient was eventually taken to surgery. Intra-operatively, the pancreatic lesion was found to be inseparable from the duodenum. Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with cholecystectomy and resection of 17 lymph nodes were performed.

The gross pathology revealed a pink-brown, partly hemorrhagic, multi-loculated cystic mass, 6 cm × 4 cm × 3.5 cm in size, with intracystic hemorrhage and no mucinous component (Figure 6). On microscopic examination (Figure 7), a single layer of flattened cells lined the blood filled cystic spaces, and had uniform nuclei and no atypia. The vessels lumina contained macrophages, some with hemosiderin within. Aggregates of chronic inflammatory cells were present in the surrounding fibrous tissue. One vessel had an organizing thrombus, also containing fibrin and foamy macrophages. On immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, the lining was positive for CD31, focally positive for CD34, and negative for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) supporting the diagnosis of hemangioma. All 17 lymph nodes had normal histology.

Figure 6 Gross pathology showing head of pancreas lesion (A) and cystic lesion with thick septa and recent hemorrhage evident on cross section (B).

Figure 7 Histopathology. A: The hemangioma displaced the exocrine pancreas; B: It had blood filled ectatic vessels with thin endothelium lining large cavernous spaces and aggregates of chronic inflammatory cells in the surrounding fibrous tissue; C: The lumina of the vessels contained macrophages, some containing hemosiderin; D: One vessel with organizing thrombus containing fibrin and foamy macrophages.

Postoperatively, the patient was monitored in the Intensive Care unit for two days. By second day, she was tolerating oral intake of liquids. She was discharged home on the 3^rd post-operative day. Six months after surgery, she remained symptom free.

DISCUSSION

Vascular tumors (hemangioma, lymphangioma, hemolymphangioma, hemangioendothelioma, hemangiopericytoma, hemangioblastoma and angiosarcoma) constitute only 0.1% of the pancreatic tumors[1]. Hemangiomas are vascular tumors composed of blood vessels lined by endothelial cells. Visceral hemangiomas can be found in various organs including the brain, parotid, thorax, liver, spleen, adrenal, retroperitoneum and gastrointestinal tract, in isolation, or with synchronous cutaneous lesions[2]. Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver, however, pancreas hemangiomas are extremely rare, both in adult and pediatric population.

A PubMed and Google Scholar search of the literature using the keywords “pancreas hemangioma” was performed, and pertinent articles and their references were reviewed. Since 1960, a total of twenty-one cases have been reported in nineteen articles (Table 1)[3-19]. Mundinger et al[20] in their 2009 article, stated that a number of nine cases have been described in the medical literature prior to 1939. In our review, cases of hemolymphangioma, lymphangioma and vascular malformations were excluded. Hemangiomas with retroperitoneal origin involving the pancreas were also excluded. The aim of the present review is to provide a summary of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this rare tumor.

Table 1 Previously reported pancreas hemangiomas in literature.

No.	Year	Country	Author	Age (yr)/sex	Site/size (cm)	Preoperative diagnosis	Treatment	Follow up
1	1939	-	Ranstrom	61/F	Head/7	Found at autopsy	-
2	1960	France	Ringoir	-	-	-	Surgery
3	1961	France	Ringoir	71/F	Head/15	-	Retrocolic gastroenterostomy, vagotomy
4	1972	France	Colardyn	42/F	Body tail/-	-	Fat free diet, anticholinergic1
5	1985	France	Mangin	62/F	Head to tail/20	Multicystic heterogenous structure	Laparotomy with observation1
6	1991	Japan	Kobayashi	30/M	Head/20	Cavernous hemangioma suggested on US/MRI	Pancreatoduodenectomy
7	1991	Germany	Dageforde	79/F	Body tail/6		Observation1
8	2003	Taiwan	Chang	70/F	Body tail/4	Heterogenous hypervascular solid mass. Serous/cystic adenoma/adenocarcinoma?	Subtotal pancreatectomy	Healthy at 14 mo
9	2006	Austria	Plank	36/M	Head/3	Hypervascular mass. Nonfunctioning neuroendocrine tumor	Hemangioma suspected during laparotomy, confirmed by intraoperative US. Not resected1
10	2008	China	Xu	-	-	Three cases reported	-
11	2009	United States	Mundinger	45/F	Head/5.5	Hypodensity mass in CT. Benign (duplication cyst, paraganglioma, cystic GIST) cyst	Frozen section: benign cyst. PPPD performed
12	2010	-	Jarboui	60/F	-	-	-
13	2011	Israel	Weidenfeld	73/F	Head/5	Cyst with solid part	Whipple’s procedure
14	2011	Malaysia	Lee	49/F	Neck/5	Non-enhancing septated cyst. Mucious cyst with malignant features	Central partial pancreatectomy and gastrostomy	Symptom free at 6 mo
15	2012	Germany	Kersting	53/M	Head/8	Non-enhancing mass. Adenocarcinoma?	Extirpation of the tumor
16	2013	China	Zhi-hua	23/F	Head/5.4	Non enhancing multilocular cyst with fluid fluid levels	Subtotal pancreatectomy	Healthy, no recurrence at 1 yr
17	2013	United Kingdom	Malik	70/F	Head/8	Giant hemangioma suggested on CT	PPPD	Fine at 6 wk
18	2014	United Kingdom	Williamson	78/F	Head/4	Hemangioma per EUS	Observation1
19	2014	Japan	Naito	40/F	Body tail/10	Multilocular septated cystic mass	Pancreatectomy	No recurrence at 6 yr
20	2015	United States	Mondal	18/F	Head/6	Benign cyst	PPPD	Fine at 6 mo

¹Cases that were preoperatively suspected to be hemangioma and/conservatively managed. PPPD: Pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.

The average age of the patients at diagnosis is 48.3 years (range: 18-79 years). Our patient is the youngest adult case reported. Infantile hemangiomas of pancreas are very rare, but they involute by early childhood[21]. Male to female ratio is 1:3. Other pancreatic tumors e.g., mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) also show female predominance. Male to female ratio of 1:5 is reported in cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Although an association between the proliferation of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas and increased levels of estrogen (from contraceptives, pregnancy) is reported, no definite causal relationship has been proven[22].

The most common presenting symptom is epigastic pain (47%). Nausea, abdominal distention, jaundice, fever, episodic dizziness and palpitations and gastrointestinal bleeding may be associated to pain. No reported case had episodes of pancreatitis or family history of pancreas diseases. Rarely, especially in young patients, cavernous hemangiomas of the pancreas may be observed in the setting of von Hippel-Lindau disease[23]. Abnormalities of the serum liver tests and thrombocytopenia may be present but no correlation between the size or of the lesions location and symptomatology was noted. In fact, these tumors can be as large as 20 cm and arising from the head of pancreas, yet they do not cause much pain or obstructive features. On the contrary, two of the smallest reported lesions, presented with obstructive jaundice (No. 8, 9). Average reported tumor size is 8.9 cm (range: 3-20 cm), with the majority (70%) involving the head of the pancreas. Hemangiomas are indolent (No. 13, 14) and do not have malignant potential. Why our patient presented with rather short duration of symptoms is unknown. Whether hemorrhage, thrombosis or necrosis within the cyst occurred and led to symptoms is not known.

Ultrasonography

Transabdominal ultrasonography (US) is reported to detect hemangiomas in 9 cases. All these lesions were more than 5 cm in size. Lesions were well demarcated, appeared overall hyper- or iso-echogenic to rest of the pancreas, and had mixed echogenicity. A 20 cm mass in the head of pancreas was diagnosed as a giant hemangioma on US (No. 6). The absence of a fine speckled internal echo pattern may suggest a vascular tumor as opposed to a mucinous cystic tumor[24]. Intra-operative US was helpful in diagnosing pancreatic hemangioma in one case and prevented pancreatectomy (No. 9). Our Endoscopic ultrasound findings were similar to those described by Lee (No. 14). We identified a cystic mass with thick septations and solid components. Doppler signal was absent within the lesion. The overall sonographic appearance was suggestive of an inflammatory or mucinous cyst. Willamson (No. 18) made a diagnosis of pancreas hemangioma based on endosonographic characteristics, which allowed a conservative approach to the management of his reported case, and surgery was avoided. Hemorrhage, thrombosis, necrosis, shunting and vascularity of the solid component within, may account for poor Doppler signal in most pancreatic hemangiomas[9].

CT scan

Typically, hemangiomas are strongly contrast enhancing in the arterial phase of conventional contrast-enhanced CT imaging[7]. Peripheral irregular enhancement with central non-enhancement in venous phase, and progressive filling-in during the delayed phases of dynamic CT scan is typically described in hepatic hemangiomas. Based on these features, preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic giant hemangioma was suggested only in one case (No. 17). A non-enhancing three-phase contrast CT scan does not exclude hemangioma. Of the cases that reported pre-contrast CT findings, five lesions (No. 8, 9, 11, 17, 19) were heterogeneous (with both, high and low attenuation), multi-loculated cysts and five (No. 13, 14, 16, 18, 20) were hypo-attenuating “cysts” with solid components and peripheral micro- or speckled calcifications. Post-contrast CT showed poorly enhanced or unenhanced, hypo-vascular, multi-loculated, cystic tumors in some cases (No. 6, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20) and hyper-enhancement in others (No. 8, 9, 13, 17, 18, 19).

MRI

Hemangioma on MRI appears as a lobulated, hypo-intense mass in T1 -weighted images, and shows moderate hyperintensity signal in T2 -weighted images, while after intravenous gadolinium administration, there is marked enhancement[25,26]. Four articles (No. 6, 9, 16, 19) reported MRI findings of pancreas hemangiomas. Low T1W signal attenuation in (No. 6, 9, 16) and high T2W signal attenuation in (No. 16, 19) were seen on non-contrast MRI. MRI was able to diagnose a giant hemangioma of pancreas (No. 6) without further work-up. In our case, in the post-contrast dynamic imaging, there was some evidence of centripetal filling-in. No dilatation of the pancreatic and the common bile ducts was seen on MRCP in our patient.

Fine needle aspiration cytology

Since radiological imaging cannot characterize these lesions, almost all complex cystic lesions of the pancreas undergo endoscopic or per-cutaneous fine needle aspiration (FNA) to establish a diagnosis. Hemangiomas can be highly vascular. Fatality related to biopsy of hepatic hemangioma has been reported[27], therefore concern regarding FNA sampling of these lesions should rise. If the radiographic characteristics of hemangioma are absent on imaging, the risk of bleeding remains concerning following lesion sampling or during surgery. On the other hand, the article reporting 38 patients with sampled hepatic hemangiomas, along with several other small series, revealed needle biopsy to be safe[28]. FNA was performed in pancreas hemangiomas (No. 14, 17, 18), and there was no reported bleeding. We performed EUS guided FNA using a 22G ProCore Cook Needle (Cook Medical Inc., Winston-Salem, NC, United States) with 5 passes without associated bleeding.

Other imaging methods

Angiography performed in cases of pancreatic hemangiomas showed either a poorly vascular (No. 6) or a hypervascular (No. 8) tumor without encasement of surrounding vascular structures. Arteriography does not provide additional useful information beyond CT/MRI, and is not routinely performed, unless selective embolization of feeding vessels is being considered as treatment. Technetium (Tc)-99 isotope study and positron-emission tomography (PET) scan have been found useful in diagnosing hemangiomas in other organs, but none has been reported in pancreas hemangioma cases.

Differential diagnoses

As hemangiomas are essentially benign tumors, correct preoperative differentiation from other tumors could prevent surgical resection. On imaging, hemangiomas elicit characteristics that overlap with radiographic phenotypes of other common lesions of the pancreas. The list of radiological differential diagnoses for cystic-solid and cystic pancreatic lesions is broad (Table 2). Most cases proceeded to surgery without confirmatory diagnosis. The correct pre-operative or intra-operative diagnosis of hemangioma was made only in 5 out of 20 cases (No. 4, 5, 7, 9, 18), thus avoiding need for surgical resection.

Table 2 Differential diagnoses of cystic and cystic-solid lesions of pancreas.

Cystic lesions	Sex/age/size/site	Imaging, cytology features
Pseudocysts	Any	Unilocular
Serous cystic neoplasms	F/60s/large/body or tail	Serous and mucinous cystadenoma similar on CT
		Central fibrous scar with calcification
		Septation
		Multiple cysts lined by glycogen-rich epithelial cells that are positive for periodic acid Schiff and express cytokeratins
Mucinous cystic neoplasms	F/50-60s/> 10 cm/body or tail	Single multilocular cysts that do not communicate with the ductal system
		Smooth shape, even wall, with or without (fine) septa with potential small nodules
		Peripheral egg shell calcification
		Cyst lined by columnar mucin-producing epithelial cells set within an ovarian-like stroma
		Dysplasia and malignant potential
		Express keratin, carcinoembryonic antigen and CA19-9, while CK20 and CDX2 (markers of intestinal differentiation) are negative
IPMN	M = F/70-80s/head	Intraductal proliferation of mucinous cells usually showing papillary projections
		Dysplasia, invasion and malignant potential
		The epithelium of IPMNs expresses keratins, CEA and CA19-9, with variable expression of MUC
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms	Young F/> 10 cm/tail, head	Solid or cystic-solid hypervascular tumors, solid part enhances
		Show pseudopapillae and pseudocysts
		Stain for vimentin and beta catenin with partial reactivity to keratin
		CD56 and synaptophysin stains may be positive, chromogranin negative
Cystic change of solid tumors	PDAC is rare < 50, M = F	Recognition of adjacent solid lesion (carcinoma) is the key to correct diagnosis of ductal adenocarcinoma
		PDAC are fibrotic, hypo-vascular, ill defined border, early infiltration in peri-pancreatic fat, invasion of vascular structures and ducts
		NET and Islet cell tumors are hyper-vascular and hyper-enhancing with positive staining for chromogranin and synaptophysin
Lymphoepithelial cysts	M/50-60s/ body or tail	Lined by squamous epithelium and surrounded by dense lymphoid tissue, possibly showing germinal centers
Vascular tumors (Lymphangiomas, hemangiomas, hemolymphangioma, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma	F > M/large	Cystic-solid, encapsulated, multi-loculated, micro-cystic portions appear solid and enhancing
		Vascular markers CD31, CD34 and factor VIII are positive in endothelial cells
		Cytokeratins neg
		Lymphatic marker D2-40 neg in hemangioma, positive in lymphangioma
		Angiosarcomas, highly aggressive, a vascular channel lined by variably atypical endothelial cells
Metastatic from renal cell cancer		Hypervascular, invasive
Accessory splenic tissue	Tail	hypervascular
Others		Rare solid tumors of the pancreas also include: mature teratoma, hamartoma, sarcoidosis, yolk sac tumor, acinar cell carcinoma, lymphoplasmatic sclerosing pancreatitis, primary pancreatic lymphoma., duodenal tumor, duplication cysts, paraganglioma, cystic GIST, glomus tumor, etc.

IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Histopathology

Microscopically, hemangiomas are composed of an increased number of blood-filled ectatic capillaries lined by flat endothelium and separated by scant fibrous connective tissue stroma. Depending on the size of vascular spaces, they can be capillary or cavernous type. Vascular endothelial marker (CD31, CD34 and factor VIII-related antigen) positivity, along with negative results for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3, D2-40, CAM 5.2, MNF 116) immunohistochemical staining indicates hemangioma, lymphangioma and other benign vascular tumors. Lymphangioma may be easily excluded, as they consist of lymphatics (instead of blood vessels) filled or infiltrated with lymphocytes. Using electron microscopy (EM), lymphangioma was diagnosed in a resected pancreas tumor[29], however, EM has not been described in hemangioma. A precise histopathological diagnosis of hemangioma is very important, as other vascular tumors may require wider surgical margin at resection, adjunctive therapy and closer post-resection follow up. For instance, in hemolymphangioma, 10%-27% and 50%-100% recurrences are reported after complete and partial resection, respectively[30].

Treatment of hemangioma

Unlike pediatric hemangiomas that mostly involute, adult pancreatic hemangiomas do not. The natural history of adult pancreas hemangiomas is unknown. They appear to be very slow growing and have no malignant potential. Over a 7 years period, a hemangioma grew from 2 cm to 5 cm (No. 14). Pancreatic hemangiomas, even when large, rarely obstruct or infiltrate adjacent structures. Although the possibility of future complications (spontaneous or traumatic rupture, bleeding, pancreatitis, infection, etc.) is present, a conservative approach can be considered, if confident diagnosis is made preoperatively. Five cases are reported to be managed by observation strategy. However, details regarding surveillance and outcomes are not known. Propranolol, corticosteroid, interferon alpha, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and radiotherapy have been used to successfully treat infantile hemangiomas, but their role in adult hemangioma treatment is not known.

Surgical excision seems to be a reasonable strategy for large hemangiomas when diagnostic uncertainty remains, for uncontrolled symptoms with failed conservative management, or to address complications from mass effect. All resected pancreas hemangioma cases had good outcome, with resolution of symptoms and no tumor recurrence. Naito (No. 19) reported surgical removal of a giant pancreatic hemangioma without recurrence at 6-year follow up. Preoperative suspicion, use of intra-operative ultrasound and frozen sections may help in determining the best surgical method, e.g., enucleation, other more conservative surgical techniques or an extensive resection.

Current imaging techniques cannot reliably diagnose pancreas hemangioma from other cystic neoplasm. Newer techniques like contrast enhanced US, PET scan, elastography, etc. may be tried in future. Early suspicion by clinicians and radiologists is crucial. Although rare, pancreatic hemangioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

COMMENTS

Case characteristics

An 18-year-old female with nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain for 3 mo and a 5 cm x 6 cm non-enhancing cystic mass in the head of pancreas on computed tomography scan.

Clinical diagnosis

Epigastric tenderness but no mass on examination.

Differential diagnosis

Pancreatic neoplasm, pancreatic cyst

Laboratory diagnosis

Complete blood counts, complete metabolic panel, serum amylase and lipase, coagulation panel, fasting lipid profile, serum CA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen levels were normal.

Imaging diagnosis

Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 5.3 cm x 6.2 cm, heterogeneous, multi-septated, predominantly cystic mass in the head of the pancreas, with variable T1W and T2W signal intensity and differential diagnoses included: serous cystadenoma, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, inflammatory cyst and mucinous cyst.

Pathological diagnosis

Endoscopic ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration cytology was negative for malignancy; post resection histopathology (blood-filled cavernous spaces lined by flat endothelium) and immunohistochemistry (CD31, CD34 positive and AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2 negative) confirmed the diagnosis of hemangioma.

Treatment

Pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.

Related reports

Cavernous hemangioma of pancreas is a rare condition and preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Cases reported in English literature were reviewed to identify clinicopathological and radiological characteristics of these tumors.

Experiences and lessons

Pancreas hemangiomas are rare benign tumors that mimic other more common lesions of pancreas. Confident preoperative diagnosis is challenging. Symptomatic patients need resection that also establishes the diagnosis.

Peer-review

This article describes the clinical, radiological and pathological features of a case of cavernous hemangioma of pancreas and also provides a literature review of the reported cases.