Stage-aware programmed death ligand 1 assessment in gastric cancer: Implications for perioperative immunotherapy

doi:10.3748/wjg.118672

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Sep 7, 2026; 32(33): 118672
Published online Sep 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.118672

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Figure 1 Stage-dependent variations in programmed death ligand 1 expression and immune cell composition. MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblasts.

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Figure 2 Framework for integrating programmed death ligand 1 assessment into perioperative trial design. MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; CPS: Combined positive score; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; MSI: Microsatellite instability; CIN: Chromosomal instability; GS: Genomic stability; TMB: Tumor mutational burden; pCR: Pathological complete response; EFS: Event-free survival; OS: Overall survival; Tx: Treatment.

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Figure 3 A proposed workflow that combines combined positive score evaluation, spatial profiling, multi-omics integration, microbiota analysis, and dynamic monitoring to guide adaptive immunotherapy strategies in gastric cancer. CPS: Combined positive score; IF: Immunofluorescence; TLS: Tertiary lymphoid structures; TMB: Tumor mutational burden; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; MSI: Microsatellite instability.

Citation: Tu HS, Chen ML, Hong J, Li S, He L. Stage-aware programmed death ligand 1 assessment in gastric cancer: Implications for perioperative immunotherapy. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(33): 118672
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i33/118672.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.118672

Tu HS, Chen ML, Hong J, Li S, He L. Stage-aware programmed death ligand 1 assessment in gastric cancer: Implications for perioperative immunotherapy. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(33): 118672 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.118672]

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