Complementary medicines and ginseng for inflammatory bowel disease-rooted in science, but will it bear fruit?

Figure 1 Proposed therapeutic mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides in inflammatory bowel disease. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1: Interleukin-1; PAMPs: Pathogen associated molecular patterns; DAMPs: Danger associated molecular patterns; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MAP: Mitogen-activated protein; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-12: Interleukin-12; IL-23: Interleukin-23; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; Jak: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducers and activator of transcription; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Zo-1: Zonula occludens-1.