Implication of neurohormonal-coupled mechanisms of gastric emptying and pancreatic secretory function in diabetic gastroparesis

Figure 1 Vasovagal model and the dual, excitatory and inhibitory, pathways from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus to the pancreas and stomach. AP: Area postrema; DMV: Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; NTS: Nucleus of solitary tract.

Figure 2 Postprandial events upon gastric emptying that are involved in secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and coupled control of pancreatic secretion and gastric emptying. CCK: Cholecystokinin; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; GLP: Glucagon-like peptide.