Update of endoscopy in liver disease: More than just treating varices

Figure 1 Endoscopic images of fundic gastric varices before (A), during (B, C) and after (D) thrombin injection.

Figure 2 Endoscopic image. A: Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) (diffuse type) with active bleeding prior to argon plasma coagulation (APC) treatment; B: GAVE (diffuse type) immediately after APC treatment.

Figure 3 Endoscopic image. A: Gastric antral vascular ectasia-induced symptomatic anemia; B: Endoscopic image of the same patient 2 years later, after several argon plasma coagulation sessions. The number of angioectatic lesions in the gastric outlet had dramatically decreased.

Figure 4 Endoscopic image of gastric irregular submucosal lesion. A: Gastric irregular submucosal lesion in a patient with portal hypertension; B: The same lesion examined under color Doppler endoscopic ultrasound. The submucosal lesion was hypervascular and represented a gastric varix.

Figure 5 Color doppler endoscopic ultrasound image of duodenal varices after thrombin injection. The absence of blood flow and the speckled appearances were suggestive of thrombus formation.

Figure 6 Small bowel capsule image of portal hypertensive enteropathy and stigmata of recent bleeding. Engorged small bowel villi and micro-hemorrhagic spots were visible.

Figure 7 Small bowel capsule image of portal hypertensive enteropathy with snake-skin-like appearance of the mucosa and red spots as stigmata of recent bleeding.

Figure 8 Endomicroscopy image. A: Image from Cellvizio^® bile duct endomicroscopy. The regular reticular pattern of thin dark structures with low signal (dark) characterized the normal bile duct (Image courtesy of http://www. cellvizio.net); B: Abnormal bile duct appearances in Cellvizio^® endomicroscopy; isolated blood vessels with very strong signal (with strands) suggestive of tumor neovascularization of cholangiocarcinoma (Image courtesy of http://http://http://www.cellvizio.net); C: Reticular pattern of dark bands and dark clumps or glands suggestive of cholangiocarcinoma (Image courtesy of http://http://http://www.cellvizio.net).