Anti-tumor efficacy of Calculus bovis: Suppressing liver cancer by targeting tumor-associated macrophages

Core Tip

Core Tip: Calculus bovis, a traditional animal drug used in China, has been recognized for its therapeutic effects across various organ systems, including the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems. Recent studies have also suggested its anti-tumor potential. While previous studies have explored the mechanisms of action of its active compounds, this study provides novel insights into its anti-tumor potential using a liver cancer xenograft model. M2 macrophages are associated with tumor progression because they promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis while inhibiting effective anti-tumor immune responses. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that Calculus bovis modulates the tumor environment by governing M2-tumor-associated macrophages in a Wnt pathway-dependent manner, thereby suppressing tumor growth.