Risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Current evidence and future perspectives

doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i27.3410

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2022; 28(27): 3410-3421
Published online Jul 21, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i27.3410

Risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Current evidence and future perspectives

Masayuki Ueno, Haruhiko Takeda, Atsushi Takai, Hiroshi Seno

Masayuki Ueno, Haruhiko Takeda, Atsushi Takai, Hiroshi Seno, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan

Author contributions: Ueno M drafted the manuscript and prepared the tables; Takeda H and Takai A designed the outline and coordinated the writing of the manuscript; Seno H supervised data interpretation and revised the manuscript.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Corresponding author: Atsushi Takai, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan. atsushit@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Received: February 2, 2022
Peer-review started: February 2, 2022
First decision: April 10, 2022
Revised: April 24, 2022
Accepted: June 15, 2022
Article in press: June 15, 2022
Published online: July 21, 2022
Processing time: 165 Days and 22.3 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: This review summarizes the risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The highlighted risk factors include liver fibrosis, diabetes, age, sex, race, alcohol intake, elevated liver enzymes, and specific genetic variants. Currently available diagnostic biomarkers include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), des-carboxyprothrombin, and the AFP isoform L3. The combined use of these biomarkers may increase the diagnostic sensitivity of NAFLD-HCC detection. However, more discussion will be necessary on the cost-effectiveness of these approaches. This review also summarizes emerging means of discovering novel biomarkers using omics techniques. A better understanding of these risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers will facilitate the effective surveillance of NAFLD-HCC.