Rossi RE, Elvevi A, Gallo C, Palermo A, Invernizzi P, Massironi S. Endoscopic techniques for diagnosis and treatment of gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Where we are. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(26): 3258-3273 [PMID: 36051341 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3258]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Roberta Elisa Rossi, MD, PhD, Doctor, HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT, National Cancer Institute), Via G. Venezian 1, Milan 20133, Italy. robertaelisa.rossi@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Systematic Reviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 14, 2022; 28(26): 3258-3273 Published online Jul 14, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3258
Endoscopic techniques for diagnosis and treatment of gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Where we are
Roberta Elisa Rossi, Alessandra Elvevi, Camilla Gallo, Andrea Palermo, Pietro Invernizzi, Sara Massironi
Roberta Elisa Rossi, HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT, National Cancer Institute), Milan 20133, Italy
Alessandra Elvevi, Camilla Gallo, Andrea Palermo, Pietro Invernizzi, Sara Massironi, Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
Author contributions: Rossi RE designed the research; Rossi RE, Elvevi A, Gallo C, Palermo A, and Massironi S performed the literature search and wrote the first draft of the paper; Rossi RE, Invernizzi P and Massironi S reviewed for important intellectual content; Rossi RE and Massironi S wrote the final version of the paper; all the authors approved it.
Conflict-of-interest statement: None.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Roberta Elisa Rossi, MD, PhD, Doctor, HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT, National Cancer Institute), Via G. Venezian 1, Milan 20133, Italy. robertaelisa.rossi@gmail.com
Received: October 27, 2021 Peer-review started: October 27, 2021 First decision: December 27, 2021 Revised: January 4, 2022 Accepted: April 15, 2022 Article in press: April 15, 2022 Published online: July 14, 2022 Processing time: 258 Days and 15.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Standard axial endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) play a pivotal role in gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). Upper/lower gastrointestinal endoscopy is essential for the detection of gastrointestinal NENs. EUS represents the diagnostic gold standard for pancreatic NENs and the technique of choice for the locoregional staging of gastric, duodenal and rectal NENs. The diagnosis of small bowel NENs has been improved with the advent of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy, however, their use is limited in clinical practice. In selected localized GEP-NENs, endoscopic therapy is appropriate with radical intent. The multidisciplinary management and the referral to high-volume tertiary centers remain fundamental.
