Review
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World J Gastroenterol. Jul 14, 2022; 28(26): 3008-3026
Published online Jul 14, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3008
Advances in the imaging of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Anupama Ramachandran, Kumble Seetharama Madhusudhan
Anupama Ramachandran, Kumble Seetharama Madhusudhan, Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Author contributions: Ramachandran A contributed to initial draft and revision; Madhusudhan KS contributed to review of draft and revision.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interests.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Kumble Seetharama Madhusudhan, MD, Additional Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India. drmadhuks@gmail.com
Received: October 11, 2021
Peer-review started: October 11, 2021
First decision: November 15, 2021
Revised: November 30, 2021
Accepted: June 19, 2022
Article in press: June 19, 2022
Published online: July 14, 2022
Processing time: 275 Days and 2.7 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: The prognosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEPNENs) depends on the stage of the disease and tumor grade. Traditional imaging techniques like multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography perform well at disease staging. For tumor grading, histopathological examination, with determination of number of mitoses and Ki-67 index is considered optimal. Advances in imaging techniques have enabled detection of smaller neuroendocrine neoplasms (< 2 cm). By analysing functional information like diffusion, perfusion and tumor heterogeneity, quantitative imaging is currently focused on noninvasive prediction of the grade of GEPNENs preoperatively.