Faecal microbiota transplantation enhances efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy against cancer

Abstract

Even though immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective on multiple cancer types, there are still many non-responding patients. A possible factor put forward that may influence the efficacy of ICIs is the gut microbiota. Additionally, faecal microbiota transplantation may enhance efficacy of ICIs. Nevertheless, the data available in this field are insufficient, and relevant scientific work has just commenced. As a result, the current work reviewed the latest research on the association of gut microbiota with ICI treatments based on anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody and anti- cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 antibody and explored the therapeutic potential of faecal microbiota transplantation in combination with ICI therapy in the future.

Keywords: Gut microbiome; Immunotherapy; Programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein ligand 1; Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; Immune checkpoint inhibitors resistance; Faecal microbiota transplantation

Core Tip: Gut microbiota composition is closely associated with the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Specific species among the intestinal commensal bacteria may play a key role in the efficacy of ICIs against cancer. Faecal microbiota transplantation may enhance efficacy of ICIs.