Case Control Study
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World J Gastroenterol. Aug 14, 2014; 20(30): 10470-10477
Published online Aug 14, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10470
Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms
Hong-Tan Chen, Guo-Qiang Xu, Xiao-Dong Teng, Yi-Peng Chen, Li-Hua Chen, You-Ming Li
Hong-Tan Chen, Guo-Qiang Xu, Yi-Peng Chen, Li-Hua Chen, You-Ming Li, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
Xiao-Dong Teng, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
Author contributions: Chen HT, Xu GQ and Li YM designed the research; Chen HT, Teng XD and Chen YP performed the research; Chen HT, Teng XD and Chen LH analyzed the data; Chen HT wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Guo-Qiang Xu, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China. xgqcht@163.com
Telephone: +86-571-87236718 Fax: +86-571-87236628
Received: February 15, 2014
Revised: May 8, 2014
Accepted: May 25, 2014
Published online: August 14, 2014
Processing time: 184 Days and 16.2 Hours
Abstract

AIM: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and the differential diagnosis of rectal NENs from other subepithelial lesions (SELs).

METHODS: The study group consisted of 36 consecutive patients with rectal NENs histopathologically diagnosed using biopsy and/or resected specimens. The control group consisted of 31 patients with homochronous rectal non-NEN SELs confirmed by pathology. Epithelial lesions such as cancer and adenoma were excluded from this study. One EUS expert blinded to the histological results reviewed the ultrasonic images. The size, original layer, echoic intensity and homogeneity of the lesions and the perifocal structures were investigated. The single EUS diagnosis recorded by the EUS expert was compared with the histological results.

RESULTS: All NENs were located at the rectum 2-10 cm from the anus and appeared as nodular (n = 12), round (n = 19) or egg-shaped (n = 5) lesions with a hypoechoic (n = 7) or intermediate (n = 29) echo pattern and a distinct border. Tumors ranged in size from 2.3 to 13.7 mm, with an average size of 6.8 mm. Homogeneous echogenicity was seen in all tumors except three. Apart from three patients (stage T2 in two and stage T3 in one), the tumors were located in the second and/or third wall layer without involvement of the fourth and fifth layers. In the patients with stage T1 disease, the tumors were located in the second wall layer only in seven cases, the third wall layer only in two cases, and both the second and third wall layers in 27 cases. Approximately 94.4% (34/36) of rectal NENs were diagnosed correctly by EUS, and 74.2% (23/31) of other rectal SELs were classified correctly as non-NENs. Eight cases of other SELs were misdiagnosed as NENs, including two cases of inflammatory lesions and one case each of gastrointestinal tumor, endometriosis, metastatic tumor, lymphoma, neurilemmoma, and hemangioma. The positive predictive value of EUS for rectal NENs was 80.9% (34/42), the negative predictive value was 92.0% (23/25), and the diagnostic accuracy was 85.1%.

CONCLUSION: EUS has satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for rectal NENs with good sensitivity, but unfavorable specificity, making the differential diagnosis of NENs from other SELs challenging.

Keywords: Rectum; Neuroendocrine neoplasms; Endoscopic ultrasonography; Diagnosis

Core tip: Distinguishing other subepithelial lesions (SELs) from neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is important for appropriate clinical management of the disease. In this study, the typical endoscopic ultrasonographic (EUS) characteristics of rectal NENs are round or nodular homogeneous medium-echoic lesions located in both the second and third wall layers clearly demarcated from the surrounding tissue. Approximately 94.4% of rectal NENs were correctly diagnosed by EUS, but 25.8% of other rectal SELs were misdiagnosed as NENs. EUS has satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for rectal NEN with good sensitivity, but unfavorable specificity, making the differential diagnosis of NENs from other SELs challenging.