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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Meta-Anal. Jun 28, 2020; 8(3): 245-264
Published online Jun 28, 2020. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v8.i3.245
Published online Jun 28, 2020. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v8.i3.245
Exclusive cigar smoking in the United States and smoking-related diseases: A systematic review
Peter N Lee, Department of Statistics, P.N. Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd., Sutton, Surrey SM2 5DA, United Kingdom
Janette S Hamling, Department of Statistics, RoeLee Statistics Ltd., Sutton SM2 5DA, United Kingdom
Alison J Thornton, Independent Consultant, Okehampton, Devon EX20 1SG, United Kingdom
Author contributions: Lee PN designed the study; Hamling JS carried out the searches and the analyses; Hamling JS and Thornton AJ entered the data on the databases; Lee PN, Hamling JS and Thornton AJ checked the data entered and discussed changes needed; Lee PN and Hamling JS wrote the paper; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by the JT International SA , Assignment Schedule, No. 14 .
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interests.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The manuscript was revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Peter N Lee, MA, Director, Senior Statistician, Consultant Medical Statistician, Department of Statistics, P.N. Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd., 17 Cedar Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5DA, United Kingdom. peterlee@pnlee.co.uk
Received: February 13, 2020
Peer-review started: February 13, 2020
First decision: February 26, 2020
Revised: May 15, 2020
Accepted: June 10, 2020
Article in press: June 10, 2020
Published online: June 28, 2020
Processing time: 144 Days and 19.9 Hours
Peer-review started: February 13, 2020
First decision: February 26, 2020
Revised: May 15, 2020
Accepted: June 10, 2020
Article in press: June 10, 2020
Published online: June 28, 2020
Processing time: 144 Days and 19.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Thirteen studies in the United States presented evidence relating exclusive cigar smoking to risk of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or circulatory disease. Compared to never smokers, current exclusive cigar smoking increased risk of lung cancer about three-fold, COPD by about 40% and heart disease by about 10% but did not increase risk of stroke. These increases are much lower than those for cigarette smoking.