Viral hepatitis: A narrative review of hepatitis A–E

Abstract

Viral hepatitis continues to be a major health concern leading to hepatic decompensation ranging from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations are not only debilitating but also associated with a significant economic burden. Over the last two decades, the field of virology has made significant breakthroughs leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of viral hepatitis, which in turn has led to new therapeutic options. The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents changed the landscape of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy, and new drugs are in the pipeline for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment. There has also been a significant emphasis on screening and surveillance programs, widespread availability of vaccines, and linkage of care. Despite these efforts, significant gaps persist in care, and there is a pressing need for increased collaboration and teamwork across the globe to achieve a reduction of disease burden and elimination of HBV and HCV.

Keywords: Viral hepatitis; Recent advances; Novel therapies; Barriers to cure; Future direction

Core tip: Viral hepatitis is an important etiology for acute and chronic hepatic dysfunction with significant mortality and morbidity. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the field and to focus on new novel therapeutic approaches as well as highlighting the barriers to achieving a complete cure. We also focus on preventive measures and strategies to optimize care.