• Cigarette smoking
• Dose–response relationship
• Gastric cancer
• Helicobacter pylori
• Meta-analysis
• Stomach cancer

• Humans
• Cigarette Smoking/adverse effects
• Cigarette Smoking/epidemiology
• Risk Factors
• Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Stomach Neoplasms/etiology

• MFAG 2021 - ID. 25840 Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
• Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori

• breast cancer
• meta-analysis
• risk
• systematic review
• tobacco smoking

• Humans
• Female
• Risk Factors
• Cigarette Smoking
• Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Breast Neoplasms/etiology
• Japan
• Cohort Studies

More recent data are required relating to disease risk for use of various smoked products and of other products containing nicotine. Earlier we published meta-analyses of recent results for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer on the relative risk (RR) of current compared to never product use for cigarettes, cigars and pipes based on evidence from North America, Europe and Japan. We now report corresponding up-to-date evidence for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke.

To estimate, using recent data, AMI, IHD and stroke RRs by region for current smoking of cigarettes, cigars and pipes.

Publications in English from 2015 to 2020 were considered that, based on epidemiological studies in the three regions, estimated the current smoking RR of AMI, IHD or stroke for one or more of the three products. The studies should involve at least 100 cases of stroke or cardiovascular disease (CVD), not be restricted to populations with specific medical conditions, and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials. A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, examining titles and abstracts initially, and then full texts. Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers, reviews and meta-analyses. For each study identified, we entered the most recent available data on current smoking of each product, as well as the characteristics of the study and the RR estimates. Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis for stroke and, in the case of CVD, separately for IHD and AMI. For cigarette smoking, where far more data were available, heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors. For cigar and pipe smoking, a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out. A more limited assessment of variation in risk by daily number of cigarettes smoked was also conducted. Results were compared with those from previous meta-analyses published since 2000.

Current cigarette smoking: Ten studies gave a random-effects RR for AMI of 2.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.40-3.08], derived from 13 estimates between 1.47 and 4.72. Twenty-three studies gave an IHD RR of 2.01 (95%CI: 1.84-2.21), using 28 estimates between 0.81 and 4.30. Thirty-one studies gave a stroke RR of 1.62 (95%CI: 1.48-1.77), using 37 estimates from 0.66 to 2.91. Though heterogeneous, only two of the overall 78 RRs were below 1.0, 71 significantly (P < 0.05) exceeding 1.0. The heterogeneity was only partly explicable by the factors studied. Estimates were generally higher for females and for later-starting studies. They were significantly higher for North America than Europe for AMI, but not the other diseases. For stroke, the only endpoint with multiple Japanese studies, RRs were lower there than for Western studies. Adjustment for multiple factors tended to increase RRs. Our RR estimates and the variations by sex and region are consistent with earlier meta-analyses. RRs generally increased with amount smoked. Current cigar and pipe smoking: No AMI data were available. One North American study reported reduced IHD risk for non-exclusive cigar or pipe smoking, but considered few cases. Two North American studies found no increased stroke risk with exclusive cigar smoking, one reporting reduced risk for exclusive pipe smoking (RR 0.24, 95%CI: 0.06-0.91). The cigar results agree with an earlier review showing no clear risk increase for IHD or stroke.

Current cigarette smoking increases risk of AMI, IHD and stroke, RRs being 2.72, 2.01 and 1.62. The stroke risk is lower in Japan, no increase was seen for cigars/pipes.

• Cigarettes
• Cigars
• Pipes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Stroke
• Meta-analysis
• Review

• Big data
• Disability
• Disparity
• Korea
• Smoking behavior

• Male
• Adult
• Humans
• Aged
• Health Promotion
• Cigarette Smoking
• Prevalence
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Disabled Persons/psychology

• Female
• Humans
• Cigarette Smoking/adverse effects
• Cigarette Smoking/epidemiology
• Risk Factors
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology
• Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology
• Tobacco Products

To quantify the association of cigarette smoking, including cigarettes per day and quitting duration, with the risk of different types of stroke morbidity and mortality in the general population, and to clarify the shape of the dose-response relations.

Prospective cohort studies and reported on the association between smoking, quitting and the incidence or mortality of stroke were included.

All available data were converted uniformly to odds ratios (ORs) and were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis with inverse variance weighting. A dose-response meta-analysis was performed to explore the quantitative relationship between different smoking characteristics and the risk of different pathologic types of stroke incidence.

Twenty-five studies with 3,734,216 individuals were included. Compared to never smokers, the pooled ORs of stroke morbidity and mortality were 1.45 (1.24–1.70) and 1.44 (1.23–1.67) among ever smokers and 1.90 (1.55–2.34) and 1.70 (1.45–1.98) among current smokers. The risk of different pathologic types of stroke was also increased among ever and current smokers. There was a significant non-linear dose-response association between the number of cigarette smoking and the risk of stroke incidence. Comparing no smoking, the ORs for smoking five and 35 cigarettes per day were 1.44 (1.35–1.53) and 1.86 (1.71–2.02). Other pathologic types of stroke have a similar dose-response relationship. There was also non-linear dose-response association between the length of time since quitting and risk of stroke. The risk of stroke decreased significantly after quitting for 3 years [OR = 0.56 (0.42–0.74)].

The risk of different types of stroke among smokers is remarkably high. Our findings revealed a more detailed dose-response relationship and have important implications for developing smoking control strategies for stroke prevention.

https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2020-6-0062/, identifier: INPLASY202060062.

• UL1 TR001863 NCATS NIH HHS
• Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province

The effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on cardiovascular risks is unclear. We aimed to prospectively investigate the association of weight gain following smoking cessation with the trajectory of estimated risks of coronary heart disease (CHD).

In a cohort of 18 562 Japanese male employees aged 30–64 years and initially free of cardiovascular diseases, participants were exclusively grouped into sustained smokers, quitters with weight gain (body weight increase ≥5%), quitters without weight gain (body weight increase <5% or weight loss), and never smokers. Global 10-year CHD risk was annually estimated by using a well-validated prediction model for the Japanese population. Linear mixed models and piecewise linear mixed models were used to compare changes in the estimated 10-year CHD risk by smoking status and weight change following smoking cessation.

During a maximum of 8-year follow-up, both quitters with and without weight gain had a substantially decreased level of estimated 10-year CHD risk after quitting smoking, compared with sustained smokers (all ps for mean differences < .001). The estimated 10-year CHD risk within the first year after cessation decreased more rapidly in quitters without weight gain than in quitters with weight gain (change rate [95% confidence interval, CI] −0.90 [−1.04 to −0.75] vs. −0.40 [−0.60 to −0.19] % per year, p < .0001). Thereafter, the estimated 10-year CHD risk in both groups increased at similar rates (change rate [95% CI] −0.07 [−0.21 to 0.07] vs. 0.11 [−0.09 to 0.30] % per year, p = .16, from year 1 to year 2; and 0.10 [0.05 to 0.15] vs. 0.11 [0.04 to 0.18] % per year, p = .80, from year 2 to year 8).

In this population of middle-aged, Japanese male workers, smoking cessation greatly reduces the estimated 10-year risk of CHD. However, weight gain weakens the beneficial effect of quitting smoking in a temporary and limited fashion.

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on the trajectory of the absolute risk of CHD. Our data imply that the benefits of cessation for reducing the absolute risk of CHD outweigh the potential risk increase due to weight gain, and suggest that in order to maximize the beneficial effects of quitting smoking, interventions to control post-cessation weight gain might be warranted.

• coronary heart disease
• epidemiology
• public health

• Adult
• Aged
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Prospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Sri Lanka/epidemiology
• Urban Population

• National Center for Global Health and Medicine
• Ministry of Higher Education, Sri Lanka
• Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan

• Dose–response relationship
• Histotypes
• Invasiveness
• Meta-analysis
• Ovarian cancer
• Tobacco smoking

Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking has declined in Western countries over the past few decades, a comparable decline among males has not been observed in Asian countries, especially in South Korea, where approximately 40%–50% of men and 4%–8% of women have been identified as smokers, and there is a pressing need to understand the background of cigarette smoking in these populations. The present study is a narrative review of the research literature on cigarette smoking in South Korea. First, we describe the social, economic, and cultural factors that impact cigarette smoking in South Korea. The paper also reviews the available peer-reviewed literature comprising observational studies and interventional studies, including randomized controlled trials. The extant literature on smoking in Korean Americans is also reviewed. Cigarette smoking in South Korea has been relatively understudied, and this review identifies priority areas for future research, including the use of mobile interventions.

• Asia
• Cigarette Smoking
• Republic of Korea
• Smoking

• Dose–response relationship
• Epidemiology
• Meta-analysis
• Pancreatic cancer
• Prevention
• Tobacco smoking

• Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
• Case-Control Studies
• Cigarette Smoking/adverse effects
• Cohort Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/etiology
• Pancreatitis/epidemiology
• Risk Factors
• Smoking Cessation
• Socioeconomic Factors

Aim: We investigated whether 2 types of personalized health guidance (repeated and single counseling) in the Japanese nationwide cardiovascular prevention system promoted smoking cessation among smokers.

Methods: The study included 47,745 Japanese smokers aged 40 to 74 years classified into 2 personalized health guidance schemes. After a 1-year follow-up, we compared the rates of smoking cessation between individuals who had received counseling (“supported”) and those who had not received counseling (“unsupported”). Using propensity score matching analysis, we estimated the average treatment effect (ATE) of each approach on smoking cessation after balancing out the characteristics between the supported and unsupported groups. The propensity score regression model included age, medical insurance type, weight gain since the age of 20 years, exercise, eating habits, alcohol intake, quality of sleep, readiness to modify lifestyle, willingness to receive support, and body mass index.

Results: In the repeated counseling scheme, the age-adjusted rates of smoking cessation in the supported and unsupported groups were 8.8% and 6.3% for males, and 9.8% and 9.1% for females respectively. In the single counseling scheme, the corresponding rates were 8.4% and 7.3% for supported and unsupported males, and 11.0% and 11.7% for supported and unsupported females respectively. The ATE of repeated counseling was + 2.64% (95% confidence interval: + 1.51% to + 3.77%) for males and + 3.11% (−1.85% to +8.07%) for females. The ATE of single counseling was +0.61% (−1.17% to +2.38%) for males and −1.06% (−5.96% to +3.85%) for females.

Conclusions: In the Japanese cardiovascular prevention system, repeated counseling may promote smoking cessation among male smokers.

• Average treatment effect
• Health guidance
• Obesity
• Propensity score matching analysis
• Smoking cessation

• COPD
• Smoking
• heart disease
• lung cancer
• stroke

• Cigarette Smoking/adverse effects
• Humans
• Japan
• Lung Neoplasms/etiology
• Myocardial Ischemia/etiology
• Prognosis
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology
• Risk Factors
• Stroke/etiology

• Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
• Cambodia
• Diabetes mellitus
• HIV
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hypertension
• Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
• People living with HIV

• Adult
• Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
• Cambodia/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Developing Countries
• Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology
• Diet
• Exercise
• Female
• HIV Infections/complications
• Humans
• Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Life Style
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Overweight/complications
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Risk Factors
• Risk-Taking
• Sex Factors
• Smoking/epidemiology

• Gray matter
• Meta-analysis
• Nicotine dependence
• Seed-based d mapping
• Smoking
• Voxel-based morphometry

• China Kadoorie Biobank
• Mainland China
• airflow obstruction
• chronic respiratory diseases
• smoking cessation

• Chinese
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• cohort study
• quitting
• smoking
• tobacco-related mortality

• Adult
• Aged
• Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
• Behavior
• Blood Pressure
• Body Weights and Measures
• Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality
• China/epidemiology
• Coronary Disease/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Lipids/blood
• Middle Aged
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality
• Risk Assessment
• Smoking/epidemiology
• Smoking/mortality
• Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Stroke/epidemiology
• Time Factors

• Biological ageing
• cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
• cumulative oxidative stress
• inflammation
• non-hydrolyzed carnosine and carcinine
• predictor of survival and therapeutic treatment requirement associated with smoking
• telomere attrition (expressed in white blood cells)
• telomere length
• therapeutic nutrition formulas
• tobacco smoking
• ‘safer cigarettes’

• Carnosine/administration & dosage
• Carnosine/analogs & derivatives
• Carnosine/pharmacokinetics
• Carnosine/therapeutic use
• Dietary Supplements
• Free Radical Scavengers
• Health
• Humans
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology
• Smoke/analysis
• Smoking/adverse effects
• Smoking/drug therapy
• Smoking/epidemiology
• Telomere Shortening/drug effects
• Tobacco Products

• Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
• Chronic Disease/epidemiology
• Cost of Illness
• Diet
• Exercise
• Female
• Global Health/trends
• Health Behavior
• Health Status
• Humans
• Male
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Risk Factors
• Smoking/trends

• adolescents
• caries
• tobacco use
• socio-economy
• prevention

• Adolescent
• Cohort Studies
• DMF Index
• Dental Caries/epidemiology
• Dental Caries/etiology
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• Longitudinal Studies
• Male
• Poverty
• Residence Characteristics
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Sweden/epidemiology
• Young Adult
• Tobacco Products

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Brazil/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Depression/diagnosis
• Depression/epidemiology
• Depression/psychology
• Depressive Disorder/diagnosis
• Depressive Disorder/epidemiology
• Depressive Disorder/psychology
• Female
• Health Surveys
• Humans
• Logistic Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Sex Factors
• Young Adult

Nearly all smokers in high-income Western countries report that they regret smoking (Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., Laux, F. L., Zanna, M. P., Cummings, M. K., Borland, R., & Ross, H. [2004]. The near-universal experience of regret among smokers in four countries: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, S341–S351. doi:10.1080/14622200412331320743), but no research to date has examined the prevalence of regret among smokers in non-Western, low- and middle-income countries.

Data were from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Surveys of smokers in 4 Asian countries (China, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand); N = 9,738. Regret was measured with the statement: “If you had to do it over again, you would not have started smoking.”

Prevalence of regret in 3 countries (South Korea = 87%, Malaysia = 77%, and China = 74%) was lower than that found by Fong et al. in the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (89%–90%); but was higher in Thailand (93%). These significant country differences in regret corresponded with differences in tobacco control and norms regarding smoking. The predictors of regret in the Asian countries were very similar to those in the 4 Western countries: Regret was more likely to be experienced by smokers who smoked fewer cigarettes per day, perceived greater benefits of quitting and higher financial costs of smoking, had more prior quit attempts, worried that smoking would damage their health, and felt that their loved ones and society disapproved of smoking. Regret was also positively associated with intentions to quit (r = 0.23, p < .001).

Across the Asian countries and high-income Western countries, the prevalence of regret varies, but the factors predicting regret are quite consistent. Regret may be an important indicator of tobacco control and is related to factors associated with future quitting.

Given the lack of economic studies evaluating the outcomes of smoking cessation programs from the viewpoint of program sponsors, we conducted a case study to provide relevant information for worksites. The present study was carried out between 2006 and 2008 at a manufacturing factory in the Toyama Prefecture of Japan and included subjects who voluntarily entered a smoking cessation program. The program included face-to-face counselling followed by weekly contact to provide encouragement over six months using e-mail or inter-office mail. Nicotine patches were available if required. All 151 participants stopped smoking immediately. Over the 24-month study period, self-report showed 49.7% abstained continuously from smoking. The rate of 24-month consecutive abstinence was higher in participants with lower Fagerström Test scores for Nicotine Dependence at baseline than in those with higher scores (63.6% for 0–2 points vs. 46.5% for 3–6 points vs. 43.8% for 7–10 points; chi-square test p = 0.19). A logistic regression model showed a significant linear trend for the association between the score and abstinence status after adjustment for possible confounding factors (p = 0.03). The crude incremental cost for one individual to successfully quit smoking due to the support program was ¥46,379 (i.e., ¥100 = $1.28, £0.83, or €1.03 at foreign exchange rates). The corresponding costs for the three categories of the Fagerström Test score for Nicotine Dependence were ¥31,953, ¥47,450 and ¥64,956, respectively. When a sensitivity analysis was conducted based on the 95% confidence interval of the success rate, the variance in the corresponding costs was ¥25,514–45,034 for 0–2 points, ¥38,344–61,824 for 3–6 points, and ¥45,698–108,260 for 7–10 points. The degree of nicotine dependence may therefore be an important determinant of the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation programs.

• Adult
• Cost-Benefit Analysis
• Female
• Humans
• Japan/epidemiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Smoking Cessation/economics
• Social Support
• Time Factors
• Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
• Tobacco Use Disorder/economics
• Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology
• Workplace

• Cambodia
• cessation
• heart disease
• predictors
• smoked tobacco
• smokeless tobacco

• Adults
• gender
• rural
• smoking
• smoking cessation
• socio-economic.

• Application
• design
• lung cancer
• risk factors

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aging/physiology
• Biomarkers
• Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
• Female
• Free Radicals/adverse effects
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasms/etiology
• Oxidative Stress/physiology
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology
• Smoke/adverse effects
• Smoking/adverse effects
• Smoking/mortality
• Telomere Homeostasis/drug effects
• Telomere Homeostasis/physiology
• Telomere Shortening/drug effects
• Telomere Shortening/physiology
• Tobacco Products/adverse effects
• Young Adult

• 现况调查
• 吸烟
• 肺肿瘤
• 流行病学
• cross-sectional investigation
• smoking
• lung neoplasms
• epidemiology

• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects
• China/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Lung Neoplasms/etiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Risk Factors
• Smoking/adverse effects
• Smoking/epidemiology
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects