This study reports a case of oral heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst (HGIC) and provides a comprehensive analysis of its demographic distribution, clinicopathological features, and treatment outcomes based on a literature review. The case involved a 6-year-old boy with a sublingual HGIC, with detailed documentation of the clinical presentation, imaging findings, surgical management, and histopathological features. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and LILACS, supplemented by manual searches/gray literature. The patient exhibited a well-defined sublingual tumor, which was successfully treated by surgical excision. Histopathological analysis revealed both intestinal and gastric epithelium lining the cyst. The searches identified 111 cases of oral HGIC. The mean patient age was 5.4 years, with a slight male predominance. The tongue was the most frequently affected site, followed by the floor of the mouth. Larger cysts were associated with airway obstruction, feeding difficulties, or speech impairment. Microscopically, the predominant epithelial components were gastric, intestinal, and squamous. Surgical excision was the primary treatment and demonstrated low recurrence rates. Although rare, oral HGIC requires a high index of clinical suspicion due to its potential to mimic common oral lesions. Recognition of the diverse epithelium components is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy.

Congenital enteric duplication cysts are tubular or cystic structures that normally lie alongside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Enteric duplication cysts are typically solitary lesions that occur anywhere near the GI tract from the neck to the rectum, but having multiple duplication cysts is rare, and presentation within the pancreas is extremely rare.

We herein demonstrate a case of esophageal, gastric, and gastric-type duplication cyst of the pancreas in a seventeen-month-old girl who presented with failure to thrive, abdominal pain, vomiting, hematemesis, and melena since the age of three months. The cysts were excised by thoracoscopy and laparoscopy in the same setting. To our knowledge, no such case has been published.

Enteric duplications can occur throughout the entire alimentary tract. When they occur in the pancreas, they present a formidable challenge in both diagnosis and treatment. Due to the risk of complications and malignant transformation, surgical removal is the recommended treatment of all duplication cysts.