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Aucinaite R, Nedzinskiene E, Peciuliene V, Dumbryte I. The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine in Gutta-Percha Cone Decontamination: A Systematic Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 18:1539. [PMID: 40271740 PMCID: PMC11990725 DOI: 10.3390/ma18071539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2025] [Revised: 03/16/2025] [Accepted: 03/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to compare the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in decontaminating gutta-percha (GP) cones against endodontic pathogens-Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans)-within 0-10 min. A systematic search was conducted in six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SCIELO, Scopus, and LILACS), supplemented by manual searches performed independently by three reviewers. No publication year restrictions were applied, and only English-language studies were included. This review followed the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The risk of bias was assessed using six parameters with a modified Cochrane risk of bias tool. Out of 309 potentially eligible studies, 216 were screened by title and abstract, 32 were selected for full-text assessments, and 7 were included. All studies had a moderate or high risk of bias. The majority of the included studies showed that higher NaOCl concentrations effectively eliminate E. faecalis and S. aureus within 1-5 min. However, data on CHX's antimicrobial effect on C. albicans were limited. The qualitative analysis suggests that NaOCl remains the most effective agent for GP decontamination, while CHX with additives shows potential against fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Aucinaite
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Zalgirio 115, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.P.); (I.D.)
| | - Egle Nedzinskiene
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Zalgirio 115, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.P.); (I.D.)
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Khoury RD, de Carvalho LS, do Nascimento MFR, Alhussain F, Abu Hasna A. Endodontic irrigants from a comprehensive perspective. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:4460-4468. [PMID: 39070803 PMCID: PMC11235474 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i21.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article explores the fundamental principles of modern endodontics with a focus on root canal cleaning and shaping. It reviews commonly used endodontic irrigant, namely sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), herbal extracts, chlorhexidine (CHX), and chelating agents, highlighting their properties, applications, and potential drawbacks. NaOCl, a key antimicrobial agent, demonstrates effectiveness against various microorganisms but poses challenges such as high cytotoxicity. Herbal extracts, gaining recognition in endodontics, present an alternative with potential advantages in preserving dentin integrity. CHX, known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, is discussed in both liquid and gel formulations, emphasizing its role in reducing smear layer formation and preserving hybrid layer durability. Chelating agents, specifically ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid, play a vital role in removing the smear layer, enhancing dentin permeability, and facilitating the penetration of antimicrobial agents. The review article underscores the importance of careful application and consideration of each irrigant's properties to ensure safe and effective endodontic procedures. It serves as a valuable guide for clinicians in selecting appropriate irrigants based on specific treatment requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Duarte Khoury
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos 12245000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara Steffany de Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos 12245000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Felipe Rios do Nascimento
- School of Dentistry, The National Institute of Higher Education and Postgraduate Studies Padre Gervásio-INAPÓS, Pouso Alegre 37550-121, MG, Brazil
| | - Fadi Alhussain
- School of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Al Kiswah 877C+P2, Damascus, Syria
| | - Amjad Abu Hasna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos 12245000, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
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Al-Khureif AA, Mohamed BA, Khan AA. Resin Modified Glass Ionomer bonded to Caries affected dentin disinfected with Carbon dioxide laser, Diode lasers, Bee glue and Photosensitizing agents: An estimation of bond strength. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102829. [PMID: 35339723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different cavity disinfectants chlorhexidine (CHX), riboflavin (RF), diode laser (DL), carbon dioxide laser (CO2), and Propolis on the bond values of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restoration bonded to caries affected dentin (CAD) MATERIALS AND METHODS: : Forty multi-rooted mandibular molars were adapted in self-cure acrylic resin blocks up to the level of the cementoenamel junction so that only the crown portion of the tooth remained visible. Silicon carbide discs of 1200 and 600 grits were then used to remove infected dentin. However, CAD was left behind to use as a substrate for restoration. All samples were randomly divided into five groups based on the method of disinfection. group 1: Propolis, group 2: CHX, group 3:RF activated by PDT, group 4: CO2 laser, and group 5: DL. RMGIC restoration was then placed on these disinfected samples. Samples were kept in an incubator keeping humidity at 100 % and temperature at 37 °C for about 24 hrs. All samples were then placed in a Universal testing machine to measure SBS. Failure modes were identified using a stereomicroscope. ANOVA test was used to analyze intergroup comparison. Tukey HSD test was used to evaluate multiple group comparisons. The level of significance was set at a p < 0.05 value. RESULTS Group 2 specimens disinfected with CHX established the highest SBS value (17.85±1.09 MPa). Whereas, Group 5 specimens in which CAD was disinfected with DL demonstrated the lowest SBS (10.36±0.33MPa). CONCLUSION CO2 has the potential to be used alternate to CHX for caries-affected dentin disinfection. However, Riboflavin activated by photodynamic therapy; Diode laser, and Propolis as cavity disinfectant prior bond to resin-modified glass ionomer is not recommended and needs further probing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Badreldin A Mohamed
- Community Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmed Khan
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Aljamhan AS, Alrefeai MH, Alhabdan A, Alkhudhairy F, Abrar E, Alhusseini SA. Push out bond strength of glass fiber post to radicular dentin irrigated with Nisin and MTAD compared to methylene blue photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102304. [PMID: 33901689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Present lab-based study intended to appraise the effect of nisin, Mixture of Tetracycline, Acid and Detergent (MTAD), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) when used as a canal disinfectant on push-out bond strength (PBS) of fiber post to radicular dentin MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty uni-radicular premolar teeth were extracted and disinfected in 0.5 % thymol solution. All specimens were decoronated to achieve standardize root length of 14 mm. Cleaning and shaping of the canal were done using protaper NiTi system. The canal space was dried and obturated. Post space was prepared using peso reamers up to 10 mm length and samples were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10). Group 1 irrigated with 10 % Nisin with MTAD, group 2: 1.3 % NaOCl and MTAD, Group 3 irrigated with 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA and post space of samples in group 4 with PDT with MTAD. Fiber-reinforced composite post (FRCP) was fitted in canal space using self-etch resin cement. Each sample was cut into 1 mm from coronal, middle, and apical and subjected to PBS via a universal testing machine. For comparison of means, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test was used maintaining the level of significance at p < 0.05. RESULT Samples in group 3 post space irrigated with 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA demonstrated the highest PBS at all root levels (cervical: 8.83 ± 0.14 MPa, middle: 7.63 ± 0.82 MPa and apical: 5.82 ± 0.32 MPa) in comparison to other tested groups. Whereas, group 1 in which Nisin 10 % with MTAD was used as a canal disinfectant displayed the lowest PBS at all levels (cervical: 6.91 ± 0.54 MPa, middle: 6.15 ± 0.31 MPa, and apical: 3.62 ± 0.68 MPa). CONCLUSION Post space irrigated with 1.3 % NaOCl and MTAD shows PBS similar to control group 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA. Both types of irrigation methods have potential and can be recommended in clinical scenarios. Whereas, 10 % Nisin and PDT with MTAD as chelator needs further inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Aljamhan
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad H Alrefeai
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alhanouf Alhabdan
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad Alkhudhairy
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eisha Abrar
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow International Dental College, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah A Alhusseini
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
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Sharaf NF, Alshareef WA. The Comparative Evaluation of the Post-Antimicrobial Effect of MTAD ® and 2% Chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis of Permanent Teeth with Necrotic Pulp. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3270-3275. [PMID: 31949529 PMCID: PMC6953941 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most resistant bacteria in necrotic teeth. That’s why the goal of this study was to determine the post-antibiotic effect of MTAD®& 2% Chlorhexidine® as root canal irrigating solution on clinical isolates of E. faecalis from infected root canals of permanent teeth, using the spectrophotometric technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The antibacterial efficacy of Chloramphenicol 30 mcg, Nitrofurantoin 300 mcg, Vancomycin 5 mcg, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 30 mcg and Ofloxacin 5 mcg against E. faecalis was compared using the Disc diffusion method. Patients were selected for this study with permanent necrotic teeth. The sterile paper point was inserted inside the infected root canal and left for 60 seconds; to obtain the microbiological sample. Postantibiotic effect of MTAD® and 2% Chlorohexidine® on E. faecalis was compared. The absorbance of bacterial growth was examined for both irrigating solutions during the first 10 hours with an hour interval, and then tested at 48, 72, 96 up to 240 hours. RESULTS: The results showed that during the first 10 hours, MTAD® showed immediate antibacterial effect and maintained its higher antibacterial activity than 2% chlorohexidine®. After 48, 72, 96 and 240 hours, both MTAD® and 2% chlorohexidine® showed the same prolonged action of post-antibiotic effect against E. faecalis with a non-significant difference. According to Antibiotic sensitivity, the results revealed MTAD® is the most effective antimicrobial drug, showing the highest zone of inhibition, followed by 2% Chlorhexidine and Nitrofurantoin 300 mcg which showed the same inhibitory activity CONCLUSION: From the current study, it can be concluded that MTAD® has a strong bactericidal effect against E. faecalis and showed the highest zone of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal F Sharaf
- Researcher of Endodontics, National Research Centre, Egypt. Orcid number 0000-0001-6505-2854
| | - Walaa A Alshareef
- Lecturer of Microbiology and immunology, 6OU, Egypt. Orcid number 0000-0003-3487-9044
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Prada I, Micó-Muñoz P, Giner-Lluesma T, Micó-Martínez P, Muwaquet-Rodríguez S, Albero-Monteagudo A. Update of the therapeutic planning of irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal treatment. A literature review. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e185-e193. [PMID: 30805124 PMCID: PMC6383907 DOI: 10.4317/jced.55560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of endodontic treatment derives from the complete elimination of microorganisms capable of causing an intraradicular or extraradicular infection. To achieve a more effective eradication of these microorganisms, endodontic instrumentation must always be implemented with abundant irrigation, which has to achieve chemical, mechanical and biological effects. The irrigators most used today are NaOCl, CHX and EDTA, released into the ducts through different techniques such as syringe, manual agitation, positive or negative apical pressure, sonic or ultrasonic activation, PIPS and PDT. The objective of this review is to update the different irrigating solutions and intracanal disinfection drugs, as well as to establish an irrigation protocol in the endodontic treatment. Material and Methods Systematic search of scientific articles in the databases PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar, with the following keywords Endodontic, Infection, Failure, Irrigation, Retreatment and Irrigation protocol. The exclusion criteria were “case report” articles and articles with a publication date prior to 2000. Results 48 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Comparing the different articles it can be seen that the NaOCl is the “gold standard” in terms of immediate antimicrobial efficacy, followed by the CHX that has a long-term antibacterial effect. As an intra-conductive drug it is advisable to use the combination of Ca(OH)2 with CPMC. Conclusions The most adequate irrigation protocol consists of using 2.5% NaOCl activated with ultrasound followed by a final wash with 7% MA or 0.2% CTR combined with 2% CHX. Key words:Endodontic failure, endodontic infection, enterococcus faecalis, endodontic retreatment, irrigation, sodium hipoclorite, irrigation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Prada
- Licensed Dentist at Universidad Europea de Valencia, España
| | - Pedro Micó-Muñoz
- Endodontic and restorative dentistry Titular Professor, Universidad Europea de Valencia, España
| | - Teresa Giner-Lluesma
- Endodontic and restorative dentistry Associate Professor, Universidad Europea de Valencia, España
| | - Pablo Micó-Martínez
- Licensed Dentist at Universidad Europea de Valencia. Periodontology and Osteointegration Master at Universidad de Valencia, España
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Poggio C, Dagna A, Chiesa M, Bianchi S, Arciola CR, Visai L, Giardino L. SEM Evaluation of the Root Canal Walls after Treatment with Tetraclean. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 33:660-6. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this ex vivo study, the surface cleanliness of root canal walls after shaping with Ni-Ti instruments and irrigating with different endodontic solutions was evaluated by SEM. Methods 50 single-rooted teeth were divided into 5 groups. All root canals were shaped with Revo-S™ (MICRO-MEGA®, Besancon, France) rotary Ni-Ti instruments and irrigated with NaOCl, varying the final rinse: NaOCl, Tetraclean, 17% EDTA, Cloreximid, Tetraclean liquid not mixed with powder. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and prepared for SEM analysis in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal, using a 3-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test and significance was predetermined at p<0.05. Results This study showed significant differences between the various groups. The 5.25% NaOCl + Tetraclean and 5.25% NaOCl + 17% E.D.T.A. groups had significantly lower scores than other groups (p<0.001), with no significant difference between them. Conclusions Final rinse with Tetraclean is effective in removing the smear layer, leaving a high number of opened dentin tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Poggio
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections of the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute of Bologna and Experimental Pathology Department of the University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Tissue Engineering (CIT), University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Luciano Giardino
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Brescia, Brescia - Italy
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Antibacterial and residual antimicrobial activities against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: A comparison between EDTA, chlorhexidine, cetrimide, MTAD and QMix. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12944. [PMID: 26245711 PMCID: PMC4526883 DOI: 10.1038/srep12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the antibacterial and residual antimicrobial activities of five root canal irrigants (17% EDTA,2% chlorhexidine,0.2% cetrimide, MTAD, and QMix) in a model of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation. Sixty dentin blocks with 3-week E. faecalis biofilm were divided into six equal groups and flushed with irrigant for 2 min or left untreated. A blank control group was also established. Antibacterial activities of the irrigants were evaluated by counting colony forming units. To test residual antimicrobial activities, 280 dentin blocks were divided into seven equal groups and flushed with irrigant for 2 min or left untreated and then incubated with E. faecalis suspension for 48 h, or used as a blank. No bacteria were observed in the blank control group. The number of viable E. faecalis was significantly fewer in the irrigant-treated groups compared with the untreated control (P < 0.05). Among the five irrigants, QMix had the strongest antibacterial activity. Residual antimicrobial activities of CHX were significantly higher at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h compared to untreated control (P < 0.05). All five root canal irrigants were effective to some extent against E. faecalis, but QMix and CHX had the strongest, and CHX the longest (up to 36 h), antimicrobial activity.
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Chandrappa MM, Mundathodu N, Srinivasan R, Nasreen F, Kavitha P, Shetty A. Disinfection of gutta-percha cones using three reagents and their residual effects. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:571-4. [PMID: 25506147 PMCID: PMC4252933 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.144607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorehexidine and MTAD in disinfecting gutta-percha cones and to analyze the surface topography of gutta-percha cones after the rapid chemical disinfection procedure. Materials and Methods: Gutta-percha cones were immersed in suspensions of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus separately. The cones were then immersed in 5.25% NaOCl, 2% CHX and MTAD for 30 seconds, 1 minute and 5 minutes separately. The disinfected cones were then incubated in thioglycollate media for 7 days. The thioglycolate media was sub-cultured and colony forming units were counted. For topographical examination of gutta-percha cones, the cones were immersed in respective solutions for one minute and allowed to air dry for 30 minutes after rinsing or without rinsing the cones with distilled water. The topography of the cones were then analyzed under SEM. Data was statistically analyzed using one way anova. Results: MTAD was found to be the most effective disinfecting solution. The topographical examination of GP cones found some deposits after the disinfection procedure in every group. These deposits were removed when the GP cones were rinsed with distilled water. Conclusions: MTAD possesses superior bactericidal activity when compared with NaOCl and CHX and a final rinse with distilled water is essential after the disinfection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Martur Chandrappa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A.E.C.S Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nofal Mundathodu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A.E.C.S Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Srinivasan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A.E.C.S Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Farhat Nasreen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A.E.C.S Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pamarthi Kavitha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A.E.C.S Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwija Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A.E.C.S Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Nascimento CA, Faria-Júnior NB, Graeff MSZ, Watanabe E, Tanomaru-Filho M. Antibiofilm activity of irrigating solutions associated with cetrimide. Confocal laser scanning microscopy. Int Endod J 2014; 47:1058-63. [PMID: 24433253 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the antibiofilm activity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) solutions associated with cetrimide (CTR), and QMiX using confocal laser scanning microscopy. METHODOLOGY Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC- 29212) biofilms were induced on bovine dentine blocks for 14 days. The dentine blocks containing biofilm were immersed for 1 min in the following solutions: 2.5% NaOCl; 2.5% NaOCl + 0.2% CTR; 2% CHX; 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR; 0.2% CTR; QMiX. After contact with the solutions, the dentine blocks were stained with Live/Dead(®) BacLight for analysis of the remaining biofilm using confocal laser scanning microscope. Images were evaluated using the BioImage_L software to determine the total biovolume (μm(3) ), the green biovolume (live cells) (μm(3) ) and the percentage of substrate coverage (%). The data were subjected to nonparametric statistical test using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5% significance level. RESULTS After exposure to irrigants, the total biovolume observed for CHX, CHX+CTR, CTR, QMiX was similar to distilled water (P > 0.05). NaOCl and NaOCl+CTR had the lowest total and green biovolume. The CTR and QMiX had intermediate green biovolume, with greater antibacterial activity than CHX and CHX+CTR (P < 0.05). The NaOCl and NaOCl+CTR solutions were associated with microorganism removal and substrate cleaning ability. CONCLUSIONS NaOCl and NaOCl+CTR solutions were effective on microorganism viability and were able to eliminate biofilm. The addition of cetrimide did not influence antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Guerreiro-Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Costa EMMDB, Evangelista APDA, Medeiros ACDD, Dametto FR, Carvalho RAD. In vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts and their antimicrobial action. Braz Oral Res 2012; 26:215-21. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242012000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mohammadi Z, Giardino L, Mombeinipour A. Antibacterial substantivity of a new antibiotic-based endodontic irrigation solution. AUST ENDOD J 2010; 38:26-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2010.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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