To investigate the differences in ocular biometry between cataract patients with and without systemic diseases and assess relationships between ocular biometry and demographic factors in Thai cataract patients.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2023 at Rajavithi Hospital, Thailand. Ocular biometry was measured using the IOL Master 700, and demographic data were extracted from medical records. Pearson's and Spearman correlations assessed relationships between ocular biometry and demographic/systemic factors. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses identified associated factors.

The study included 6,330 participants. The most common systemic disease was diabetes (25.7%), followed by hypertension (6.9%), dyslipidemia (5.4%), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (3.0%). Age correlated positively with lens thickness and negatively with axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and central corneal thickness (CCT). Multivariate analysis showed AL decreased with age (β = -0.012, p < 0.001) and was shorter in females (β = -0.193, p < 0.001) and diabetics (β = -0.130, p < 0.001). ACD was shallower with age (β = -0.008, p < 0.001) and in CKD patients (β = -0.079, p = 0.013), while females had shallower ACD (β = -0.159, p < 0.001). LT increased with age (β = 0.018, p < 0.001) and was greater in diabetics (β = 0.044, p = 0.012), CKD patients (β = 0.162, p < 0.001), and females (β = 0.070, p = 0.001). CCT decreased with age (β = -0.279, p < 0.001) but was higher in diabetics (β = 4.905, p < 0.001) and dyslipidemia (β = 6.881, p = 0.003).

Ocular biometry varies significantly with gender, systemic diseases (diabetes, dyslipidemia, CKD), and demographic factors among Thai cataract patients. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating systemic disease management into preoperative planning to optimize cataract surgery outcomes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the chronic metabolic noncommunicable diseases that has attained worldwide epidemics. It threatens healthy life around the globe, with mild-to-severe secondary complications and leads to significant illness including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and macrovascular abnormalities including peripheral vasculopathy, and ischaemic heart disease. Research into diabetic retinopathy (DR), which affects one-third of persons with diabetes, has made considerable strides in recent years. In addition, it can lead to several anterior segment complications such as glaucoma, cataract, cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands and other ocular surface diseases. Uncontrolled DM also caused gradual damage to corneal nerves and epithelial cells, which raises the likelihood of anterior segment diseases including corneal ulcers, dry eye disease, and chronic epithelial abnormalities. Although DR and other associated ocular complications are well-known, the complexity of its aetiology and diagnosis makes therapeutic intervention challenging. Strict glycaemic control, early detection and regular screening, and meticulous management is the key to halting the progression of the disease. In this review manuscript, we aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the broad spectrum of diabetic complications in the anterior segment of the ocular tissues and illustrate the progression of diabetes and its pathophysiology, epidemiology, and prospective therapeutic targets. This first such review article will highlight the role of diagnosing and treating patients with a plethora of anterior segment diseases associated with diabetes, which are often neglected.

The effect of body mass index (BMI) and central fat distribution (CFD) reduction after bariatric surgery on ocular refraction is not well established. We assessed association between anthropometric parameters and refraction errors with other ocular and metabolic parameters 1 year after the surgery.

This was a retrospective study with patients underwent bariatric surgery and had at least 1 year follow-up. Data were extracted from the bariatric and ophthalmology outpatient clinic records of the participants. Measurements of metabolic, anthropometric, and ocular parameters including BMI, CFD, refraction status, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), optic coherence tomography (OCT), and biometry test of the eyes were evaluated.

Seventy-four eyes of 37 patients had a mean follow-up of 14.4 ± 1.7 months after the surgery. Mean BMI and percentage of CFD decreased from 47.5 ± 6.7 to 33.1 ± 5.2 kg/m² (p < 0.01) and 28.5 ± 5.74 to 17.8 ± 4.64 (p < 0.001) after 1 year, respectively. Mean refractive errors of the right and left eyes changed from - 0.62 ± 1.23 D to - 0.17 ± 1.36 D and from - 0.79 ± 1.39 to - 0.34 ± 1.56 after 1 year of the surgery (p < 0.001). Mean IOP was significantly reduced (p < 0.001). Unlike BMI, reduction in CFD was significantly correlated with refraction change in both eyes (right eyes; r = 0.783, left eyes; r = 0.791, p < 0.001) after 1 year. No significant differences were found in the other parameters.

Bariatric surgery induced significant refractive change in eyes, which is significantly associated with CFD reduction after 1 year. Bariatric surgery should be considered as a risk factor in patients with unexpected refractive error changes.

The purpose of this study was to show the effect of increasing blood glucose level (BGL) on psychophysical visual function represents by visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in pseudophakic people living with diabetes (PDM).

This was quasi-experimental, quantitative study using a pretest-posttest approach.

The study was conducted at Gamalakhe community health centre located in Gamalakhe township and included a sample of 50 pseudophakic people living without diabetes mellitus (PWDM) and 50 pseudophakic PDM. BGL as well as psychophysical measurements of visual function were measured preprandial and postprandial. Visual acuity (VA) was measured at distance (4 m) and near (40 cm) using logMAR VA charts, and contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured at 50 cm using a Mars chart. The data collected were captured and subsequently analyzed using SPSS version 25.

Glycemic changes measured preprandial and postprandial observed a mean increase of 2.06±1.35 mmol/L (p=0.350) and 1.08±0.47 mmol/L (p=0.291) in pseudophakia PDM and pseudophakic PWDM, respectively. CS showed a mean increase of 0.01±0.10 (p=0.23) and 0.002±0.02 (p=0.19) log units in PDM and PWDM, respectively; however, the independent t-test showed this was insignificant between PDM and PWDM (p=0.27). A insignificant mean increase of 0.01±0.04 log units (p=0.25) and 0.001±0.01 (p=0.32) in distance VA of pseudophakic PDM and PWDM was found, respectively. A mean increase of 0.001±0.01 log units (p=0.32) and 0.01±0.03 (p=0.06) near logMAR VA of pseudophakic PDM and PWDM was found, respectively.

Acute hyperglycemic changes do not result in overall significant changes in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in pseudophakic PDM and PWDM for an increase in glycemia of 2 mmol/L. We recommend studies investigate if changes occur for glycemic increases exceeding 2 mmol/L.

Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent endocrinedisease in developed countries. In people with diabetes in addition to visionloss caused by diabetic retinopathy transient visual disturbances may occurfrequently caused by refractive changes. These changes in refraction are associated with variations in blood glucose levelsbut the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. A systematic reviewwith a comprehensive literature search was performed in order to clarify the underlyingmechanisms regarding the connection of glycaemic control and refractive shift.

Some studies have shown that increasedblood sugar leads to a myopic shift whilst others demonstrated that this changeis in a hyperopic direction. Changes in visual acuity in patients with diabetescould be an indicator of inadequate metabolic control or even the first sign ofdiabetes mellitus.

This reviewgives a brief overview of current research regarding potential mechanisms ofglycemic control influence on refractive error. The aim isto emphasizethe importance ofunderstanding the relationship ofblood glucose concentration and refractive changes as one of thecommon but overlooked diabetic complications.

Transient hyperopic refractive shifts occur on a timescale of weeks in some patients after initiation of therapy for hyperglycemia, and are usually followed by recovery to the original refraction. Possible lenticular origin of these changes is considered in terms of a paraxial gradient index model. Assuming that the lens thickness and curvatures remain unchanged, as observed in practice, it appears possible to account for initial hyperopic refractive shifts of up to a few diopters by reduction in refractive index near the lens center and alteration in the rate of change between center and surface, so that most of the index change occurs closer to the lens surface. Restoration of the original refraction depends on further change in the refractive index distribution with more gradual changes in refractive index from the lens center to its surface. Modeling limitations are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current recommendations regarding laser refractive surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus and to assess whether these patients make appropriate candidates for laser vision correction.

A literature search was conducted to identify current research on the ocular complications of diabetes and original publications on laser refractive surgery in diabetic patients.

Diabetes was associated with several ocular complications. Initially the US Food and Drug Administration listed these complications as justification to advise against refractive surgery in patients with diabetes. However, recent studies on laser in situ keratomileusis in diabetic patients indicate that this procedure may be safe in diabetic patients with very well controlled systemic disease and no ocular manifestations.

Laser refractive surgery may be performed safely in a very selected group of patients with diabetes.