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Yu XL, Peng JH, Chang Q, Chen JW, Yang JS, Wang MK. Important issues on the prevention of surgical site infections and the management of prophylactic antibiotics. World J Gastrointest Surg 2025; 17:102144. [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i4.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 01/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
In this article, we have addressed the recent published article by Wang et al which examines risk factors associated with surgical site infections (SSIs) and evaluates the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in their prevention. Wang et al identified several significant risk factors of SSIs, including age ≥ 60 years, diabetes mellitus, and surgical complications such as insufficient cystic duct stump closure, gallbladder perforation, empyema, and postoperative hematoma. Their findings suggest that prophylactic antibiotics can serve as a protective factor against SSIs. However, other reported risk factors and preventive strategies warrant consideration to further reduce the incidence of SSIs, lower healthcare costs, and enhance patient outcomes. Additionally, the judicious use of prophylactic antibiotics is crucial in light of the growing global challenge of antibiotic resistance caused by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Effective management strategies for prophylactic antibiotic use should be prioritized to balance infection control with the need to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lu Yu
- Naval Medical Center of People’s Liberation Army, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jian-Hui Peng
- Department of Quality Management, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Chang
- The Third Department of Convalescence, Beidaihe Rehabilitation and Convalescence Center of People’s Liberation Army, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing-Wen Chen
- Naval Medical Center of People’s Liberation Army, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of People’s Liberation Army, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of People’s Liberation Army, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Yu XL, Zhou LY, Huang X, Li XY, Wang MK, Yang JS. Role of nutrition in diabetes mellitus and infections. World J Clin Cases 2025; 13:94389. [PMID: 39866654 PMCID: PMC11577521 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v13.i3.94389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this editorial, we have commented on the article that has been published in the recent issue of World Journal of Clinical Cases. The authors have described a case of unilateral thyroid cyst and have opined that the acute onset of infection may be linked to diabetes mellitus (DM). We have focused on the role of nutrition in the association between DM and infection. Patients with DM are at a high risk of infection, which could also be attributed to nutrition-related factors. Nutritional interventions for patients with diabetes are mainly based on a low-calorie diet, which can be achieved by adhering to a low-carbohydrate diet. However, dietary fiber supplementation is recommended to maintain the diversity of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, high-quality protein can prevent the increased risk of infection due to malnutrition. Supplementation of vitamins C, vitamins A, vitamins D, and folic acid improves blood sugar control and facilitates immune regulation. Mineral deficiencies augment the risk of infection, but the relationship with diabetes is mostly U-shaped and a good intake should be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lu Yu
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Li-Yun Zhou
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Lv SR, Huang X, Zhou LY, Shi J, Gong CC, Wang MK, Yang JS. Influencing factors and preventive measures of infectious complications after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease. World J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 16:3363-3370. [PMID: 39575275 PMCID: PMC11577413 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i10.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Crohn's disease (CD) has increased in recent years, with most patients requiring intestinal resection. Complications after intestinal resection for CD can lead to poor prognosis and recurrence, among which infectious complications are the most common. This study aimed to investigate the common risk factors, including medications, preoperative nutritional status, surgery-related factors, microorganisms, lesion location and type, and so forth, causing infectious complications after intestinal resection for CD, and to propose corresponding preventive measures. The findings provided guidance for identifying susceptibility factors and the early intervention and prevention of infectious complications after intestinal resection for CD in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rong Lv
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Li-Yun Zhou
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Chu-Chu Gong
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Liu JW, Huang X, Wang MK, Yang JS. Diabetes and susceptibility to COVID-19: Risk factors and preventive and therapeutic strategies. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1663-1671. [PMID: 39192862 PMCID: PMC11346102 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i8.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease caused by a novel human coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for infectious diseases with high prevalence and increased severity. Here, we elucidated the possible factors for the increased vulnerability of diabetic patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the more severe COVID-19 illness. The worsened prognosis of patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes may be attributable to host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-assisted viral uptake. Moreover, insulin resistance is often associated with impaired mucosal and skin barrier integrity, resulting in mic-robiota dysbiosis, which increases susceptibility to viral infections. It may also be associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting from an impaired immune system in diabetics, inducing a cytokine storm and excessive inflammation. This review describes diabetes mellitus and its complications, explains the risk factors, such as disease characteristics and patient lifestyle, which may contribute to the high susceptibility of diabetic patients to COVID-19, and discusses preventive and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19-positive diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Yu XL, Zhou LY, Huang X, Li XY, Pan QQ, Wang MK, Yang JS. Urgent call for attention to diabetes-associated hospital infections. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1683-1691. [PMID: 39192868 PMCID: PMC11346093 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i8.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this editorial, we discuss the recent article by Zhao et al published in the World Journal of Diabetes, which highlights the importance of recognizing the risk indicators associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Given the severe implications of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in hospitalized individuals- such as heightened mortality rates, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased costs- we focus on elucidating the connection between DM and nosocomial infections. Diabetic patients are susceptible to pathogenic bacterial invasion and subsequent infection, with some already harboring co-infections upon admission. Notably, DM is an important risk factor for nosocomial urinary tract infections and surgical site infections, which may indirectly affect the occurrence of nosocomial bloodstream infections, especially in patients with DM with poor glycemic control. Although evidence regarding the impact of DM on healthcare-associated pneumonias remains inconclusive, attention to this potential association is warranted. Hospitalized patients with DM should prioritize meticulous blood glucose management, adherence to standard operating procedures, hand hygiene pra-ctices, environmental disinfection, and rational use of drugs during hospitalization. Further studies are imperative to explore the main risk factors of HAIs in patients with DM, enabling the development of preventative measures and mitigating the occurrence of HAIs in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lu Yu
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Li-Yun Zhou
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Medical Care Center, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Qian X, Zuo Z, Xu D, He S, Zhou C, Wang Z, Xie S, Zhang Y, Wu F, Lyu F, Zhang L, Qian Z. Demystifying COVID-19 mortality causes with interpretable data mining. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10076. [PMID: 38698064 PMCID: PMC11066015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
While COVID-19 becomes periodical, old individuals remain vulnerable to severe disease with high mortality. Although there have been some studies on revealing different risk factors affecting the death of COVID-19 patients, researchers rarely provide a comprehensive analysis to reveal the relationships and interactive effects of the risk factors of COVID-19 mortality, especially in the elderly. Through retrospectively including 1917 COVID-19 patients (102 were dead) admitted to Xiangya Hospital from December 2022 to March 2023, we used the association rule mining method to identify the risk factors leading causes of death among the elderly. Firstly, we used the Affinity Propagation clustering to extract key features from the dataset. Then, we applied the Apriori Algorithm to obtain 6 groups of abnormal feature combinations with significant increments in mortality rate. The results showed a relationship between the number of abnormal feature combinations and mortality rates within different groups. Patients with "C-reactive protein > 8 mg/L", "neutrophils percentage > 75.0 %", "lymphocytes percentage < 20%", and "albumin < 40 g/L" have a 2 × mortality rate than the basic one. When the characteristics of "D-dimer > 0.5 mg/L" and "WBC > 9.5 × 10 9 /L" are continuously included in this foundation, the mortality rate can be increased to 3 × or 4 × . In addition, we also found that liver and kidney diseases significantly affect patient mortality, and the mortality rate can be as high as 100%. These findings can support auxiliary diagnosis and treatment to facilitate early intervention in patients, thereby reducing patient mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qian
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihong Zuo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danni Xu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanyun He
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Conghao Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Feng Lyu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhaoxin Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yue HY, Zeng J, Wang Y, Deng MJ, Peng W, Tan X, Jiang H. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2023; 32:308-320. [PMID: 37789651 PMCID: PMC11090385 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202309_32(3).0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Emerging expert consensuses and guidelines recommend that omega-3 fatty acids may have anti-inflammatory effects in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, these recommendations are based on pathophysiological studies of inflammation rather than direct clinical evidence. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN We retrieved literature from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Cochrane Library databases up to May 1, 2023. Data from studies comparing omega-3 fatty acids with a placebo or other pharmaceutical nutrients were analyzed. RESULTS Of 3032 records, 42 full-text articles were reviewed, five eligible studies were identified, and one study was found in the references. In total of six studies involving 273 patients were included, pooled, and analyzed. Compared to the control group, omega-3 fatty acid intervention reduced the overall mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (RR=0.76; 95% CI, [0.61, 0.93]; p=0.010). No serious or unexpected drug-related adverse events were observed. No statistical significance was observed in inflammatory markers such as CRP (MD=-9.69; 95% CI, [-22.52, 3.15]; p=0.14; I2=97%) and IL-6; however, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly lower in the omega-3 FAs group on day 7 of intervention (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid administration may be associated with reduced mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Given the small sample size of enrolled studies, more rigorous and large-scale trials are urgently needed in the future to verify its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Yue
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Sichuan Provincial Research Center for Emergency Medicine and Critical illness, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Research Center for Emergency Medicine and Critical illness, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Jie Deng
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Research Center for Emergency Medicine and Critical illness, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Akkiz H. Unraveling the Molecular and Cellular Pathogenesis of COVID-19-Associated Liver Injury. Viruses 2023; 15:1287. [PMID: 37376587 DOI: 10.3390/v15061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Most infections are mild; however, some patients experience severe and potentially fatal systemic inflammation, tissue damage, cytokine storm, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients with chronic liver disease have been frequently affected, experiencing high morbidity and mortality. In addition, elevated liver enzymes may be a risk factor for disease progression, even in the absence of underlying liver disease. While the respiratory tract is a primary target of SARS-CoV-2, it has become evident that COVID-19 is a multisystemic infectious disease. The hepatobiliary system might be influenced during COVID-19 infection, ranging from a mild elevation of aminotransferases to the development of autoimmune hepatitis and secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Furthermore, the virus can promote existing chronic liver diseases to liver failure and activate the autoimmune liver disease. Whether the direct cytopathic effects of the virus, host reaction, hypoxia, drugs, vaccination, or all these risk factors cause liver injury has not been clarified to a large extent in COVID-19. This review article discussed the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 virus-associated liver injury and highlighted the emerging role of liver sinusoidal epithelial cells (LSECs) in virus-related liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Akkiz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Faculty, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
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Brandi N, Spinelli D, Granito A, Tovoli F, Piscaglia F, Golfieri R, Renzulli M. COVID-19: Has the Liver Been Spared? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1091. [PMID: 36674607 PMCID: PMC9866733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a secondary and often collateral target of COVID-19 disease but can lead to important consequences. COVID-19 might directly cause a high number of complications in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease, increasing their risk of hepatic decompensation. Moreover, it also determines indirect consequences in the management of patients with liver disease, especially in those suffering from decompensated cirrhosis and HCC, as well as in the execution of their follow-up and the availability of all therapeutic possibilities. Liver imaging in COVID-19 patients proved to be highly nonspecific, but it can still be useful for identifying the complications that derive from the infection. Moreover, the recent implementation of telemedicine constitutes a possible solution to both the physical distancing and the re-organizational difficulties arising from the pandemic. The present review aims to encompass the currently hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms of liver injury in patients with COVID-19 mediated by both the direct invasion of the virus and its indirect effects and analyze the consequence of the pandemic in patients with chronic liver disease and liver tumors, with particular regard to the management strategies that have been implemented to face this worldwide emergency and that can be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Brandi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Spinelli
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Granito
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Golfieri
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Renzulli
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Ghosh S, Dhobley A, Avula KK, Joseph S, Gavali N, Sinha S. Role of Saliva as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic Method for Detection of COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14:e27471. [PMID: 36060364 PMCID: PMC9421123 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS coronavirus2 is the primary cause of new Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) (SARS- COV-2). Today, COVID-19 is a global epidemic. Coronavirus illness may be diagnosed using a variety of approaches. The gold standard is RT-PCR, which is used in all of these assays. Swabs from the nose, pharynx, or mouth are the most often used sampling methods for coronavirus detection. For COVID-19 testing, saliva may be utilized as an alternate sample. When compared to a nasopharyngeal swab, saliva samples have a number of advantages and disadvantages. Saliva has also been reviewed as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the detection of COVID-19. The affordability of the salivary diagnostic process makes it an effective process for detecting the COVID-19 viruses. The researchers have found that salivary diagnostic processes have greater chances of success than other processes of Coronavirus detection. However, healthcare professionals need to make positive changes to their working processes to ensure the sustainability of the salivary diagnosis processes.
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