Reference Citation Analysis: Find an Article, Find a Category, Find a Journal, Find a Scholar

For: Wander P, Epstein M, Bernstein D. COVID-19 Presenting as Acute Hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115:941-2. [PMID: 32301760 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

For:	Wander P, Epstein M, Bernstein D. COVID-19 Presenting as Acute Hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115:941-2. [PMID: 32301760 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Jamalvi SA, Rauf SA, Sherali A, Ali SK, Shah HH, Jamalvi F, Yogeeta F, Dave T. COVID-19 presenting as severe acute hepatitis in a pediatric patient with thalassemia minor: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2024;12:e8955. [PMID: 38799536 PMCID: PMC11126642 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open

Grand RJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of human adenovirus F41: Possible links to severe hepatitis in children. Virulence 2023;14:2242544. [PMID: 37543996 PMCID: PMC10405776 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2242544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open

Wang Y, Shen M, Li Y, Shao J, Zhang F, Guo M, Zhang Z, Zheng S. COVID-19-associated liver injury: Adding fuel to the flame. Cell Biochem Funct 2023;41:1076-1092. [PMID: 37947373 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]

Affiliation(s)

Yingqian Wang Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Min Shen Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Yujia Li Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Jiangjuan Shao Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Feng Zhang Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Mei Guo Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Zili Zhang Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Shizhong Zheng Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Bernasconi E, Biagi M, Di Agostino S, Cursaro C, Felicani C, Ronconi E, Franchi E, Costanzo AC, Gabrielli F, Cavicchioli A, Ienopoli G, Marenghi P, Bartoli A, Serra B, Scalabrini D, Sighinolfi P, Andreone P. Investigating Acute Hepatitis after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination or Infection: A Genetic Case Series. Biomedicines 2023;11:2848. [PMID: 37893221 PMCID: PMC10604753 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open

Abstract

(1) Background: Despite the advantages of COVID-19 vaccination, rare cases of acute hepatitis developing after the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been reported. The aim of the study is to describe a case series of patients who experienced the onset of acute hepatitis, with or without autoimmune features, following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection and to hypothesize a genetic susceptibility in the pathogenesis. (2) Methods: A group of patients with acute onset hepatitis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection were evaluated in our hepatology outpatient clinic, where they underwent biochemical and autoimmune tests. Hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), and C virus (HCV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections were excluded. Patients with a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) or drug-induced liver injury (DILI) underwent HLA typing and histological testing. (3) Results: Five patients experienced new-onset AIH after COVID-19 vaccination, one of which developed mild symptoms after vaccination that strongly worsened during subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. One patient had AIH relapse after COVID-19 vaccination while on maintenance immunosuppressive treatment. All of them had HLA DRB1 alleles known to confer susceptibility to AIH (HLA DRB1*03,*07,*13,*14), and in three of them, HLA DRB1*11 was also detected. Two patients developed acute hepatitis without autoimmune hallmarks which resolved spontaneously, both positive for HLA DRB1*11. (4) Conclusions: An association between AIH and COVID-19 vaccine or infection can be hypothesized in individuals with a genetic predisposition. In patients without autoimmune features and spontaneous improvement of hypertransaminasemia, the diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is probable. Further studies are needed to determine the presence of an actual association and identify a possible role of HLA DRB1*11 in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury after SARS-CoV2 vaccination or infection.

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Affiliation(s)

Elisa Bernasconi Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Matteo Biagi Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Stefania Di Agostino Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Carmela Cursaro Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Cristina Felicani Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Enrico Ronconi Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Elena Franchi Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Arianna Carmen Costanzo Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Filippo Gabrielli Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Alessia Cavicchioli Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Giuseppe Ienopoli Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Paolo Marenghi Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Alessandra Bartoli Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Beatrice Serra Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Davide Scalabrini Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Pamela Sighinolfi Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
Pietro Andreone Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy; (E.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (E.F.); (A.C.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (P.M.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.) Department of Internal Medicine, General, Emergency and Post-Acute, Division of Metabolic Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital of Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy

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John N, Ibrahim B, Ebaid M, Saab S. Outcomes in Patients with Liver Dysfunction Post SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What Should We Measure? Hepat Med 2023;15:185-193. [PMID: 37850074 PMCID: PMC10578169 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s371507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open

Abstract

Aim

Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc all over the world. Early in the course of the pandemic, multiple hepatic manifestations of COVID-19 were noted. We aim to categorize hepatic dysfunction and its outcome in COVID-19 infection.

Methods

This is a review article based on a literature search in PubMed and Medline databases for articles detailing short-term and long-term outcomes of COVID-19 related liver dysfunction.

Results

The most common hepatic manifestation of COVID-19 was aspartate amino transferase (AST) predominant transaminase elevation. Transaminases improve once the COVID-19 infection resolves. In addition, COVID-19 cholangiopathy, autoimmune hepatitis associated COVID-19, and splanchnic venous thrombosis triggered by COVID-19 are other manifestations. Patients with preexisting liver disease, especially those with cirrhosis, have poor prognosis with COVID-19 infections compared to the general population. Elevations in liver tests were associated with severe COVID-19 infections. Patients with chronic liver disease have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 infection. Among patients with chronic liver disease, decompensated liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and alcohol-associated liver disease were associated with an increased risk of severity and mortality from COVID-19 infection. Interactions between antiviral therapy for COVID-19 and hepatitis B/hepatitis C medications must be considered in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 vaccination-related hepatic dysfunction has been reported.

Conclusion

COVID-19 is here to stay. Hepatic dysfunction in COVID-19 signals severe COVID-19 infections. Patients with chronic liver disease have higher mortality from COVID-19 than general population. It is important to remember the lessons learned throughout the covid pandemic to take care of patients with COVID-19 now and in the future. Further studies are needed to document long-term outcomes in patients with COVID-19 who developed hepatic dysfunction.

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Dass L, Pacia AMM, Hamidi M. Acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in an adult female: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023;11:5282-5289. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Acute liver injury (ALI) refers to inflammation of the hepatic parenchyma without hepatic encephalopathy that lasts less than 6 mo. When the etiology is unknown, Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin (AHUO) can present as a diagnostic and treatment challenge. AHUO in the adult population is unusual and poorly documented. It has an incidence between 11% and 75%. Currently, no treatment guidelines exist. With no identified cause, treatment is often blind, and the wrong treatment plan may have unintended consequences.

CASE SUMMARY

We present the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented to the emergency room for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Her symptoms started 10 d prior to admission and included nausea, vomiting, jaundice, decreased appetite, weight loss of 10 lbs, and dark urine. She denied drinking alcohol or taking any hepatotoxic agents, including acetaminophen, statins, vitamins, or supplements. She was admitted to the hospital, and an etiologic work-up was carried out. Her initial bloodwork revealed elevated liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase 2500 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 3159 U/L, and alkaline phosphatase 714 U/L) and elevated total bilirubin of 6.4 mg/dL. She tested negative for common infectious etiologies such as hepatotropic viruses A, B, C, and E. Further infective work-up revealed negative serology for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 & 2, and human immunodeficiency virus. Her autoantibody test results were negative, including anti-smooth muscle antibody, anti-mitochondrial antibody, and anti-liver kidney microsome 1 antibody. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ruled out biliary causes of elevated LFTs, and her core liver biopsy proved inconclusive. Over the course of her hospital stay, the patient's LFTs improved with supportive care and without steroids.

CONCLUSION

Idiopathic hepatitis makes treatment challenging. It can leave patients feeling confused and unfulfilled. Thus, educating the patient thoroughly for shared decision-making and management becomes essential.

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Dass L, Pacia AMM, Hamidi M. Acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in an adult female: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023;11:5288-5295. [PMID: 37621598 PMCID: PMC10445075 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

CASE SUMMARY

CONCLUSION

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Oobo H, Inada H, Setoyama H, Narahara S, Tanaka K, Kurano S, Tokunaga T, Iio E, Yoshimaru Y, Nagaoka K, Watanabe T, Tanaka M, Tateyama M, Tanaka Y. Two cases of acute liver failure complicated by COVID-19 remarkably responded to anticoagulant therapy. KANZO 2023;64:270-279. [DOI: 10.2957/kanzo.64.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]

Sekulovski M, Bogdanova-Petrova S, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Velikova T, Georgiev T. COVID-19 related liver injuries in pregnancy. World J Clin Cases 2023;11:1918-1929. [PMID: 36998958 PMCID: PMC10044960 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i9.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open

Amanati A, Shahriari M, Bordbar MR, Hedayati SB, Ziyaeyan M, Jamalidoust M, Kalani M, Heydari Marandi N. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 Alpha variant (B.1.1.7), original wild-type severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and cytomegalovirus co-infection in a young adult with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, case report, and review of the possible cytomegalovirus reactivation mechanisms. J Med Case Rep 2023;17:66. [PMID: 36765433 PMCID: PMC9913040 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Like other viral infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection could affect different human body systems, including host immune responses. Three years after its pandemic, we learn more about this novel coronavirus. As we expected, different co-infections with various organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and even fungi, have been reported. However, concurrent infection with two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 strains and cytomegalovirus is extremely unusual. We have only a rudimentary understanding of such co-infections and their long-term consequences for patients with cancer.

CASE PRESENTATION

An 18-year-old young Iranian adult with acute lymphoblastic leukemia presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting following a recent history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. The patient never experienced respiratory symptoms, and the chest imaging study was normal on admission. His primary laboratory investigation revealed prerenal azotemia and severe abnormal liver function tests (blood urea nitrogen 32 mg/dL, creatinine 1.75 mg/dL, prothrombin time 66 s, partial thromboplastin time 44.5 s, international normalized ratio 5.14, total bilirubin 2.9 mg/dL, and direct bilirubin 2.59 mg/dL). Cytomegalovirus disease was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction in his blood and stool samples. The patient's gastrointestinal signs and symptoms improved shortly after receiving intravenous ganciclovir treatment. His gastrointestinal symptoms continued intermittently for weeks despite maintenance valganciclovir prescription, necessitating frequent hospitalizations. The patient was complicated by the recurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms during the sixth hospitalization, even though he had no respiratory symptoms, and the nasopharyngeal test revealed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 Wuhan strain for the first time. Remdesivir and valganciclovir were administrated due to persistent enteritis and evidence of intestinal tissue invasion by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and cytomegalovirus on multiple intestinal biopsies, which led to partial clinical responses. Cytomegalovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 fecal shedding continued for more than 6 months despite repeated antiviral therapy, and the Wuhan and Alpha strains were also detected in his nasopharyngeal samples through repeated sampling (confirmed by four nasopharyngeal sampling and multiple stool specimens and several intestinal biopsies). Finally, during the Delta-variant (B.1.617.2) outbreak in Iran, the patient was admitted again with febrile neutropenia and decreased level of consciousness, necessitating respiratory support and mechanical ventilation. During the Delta-variant peak, the patient's nasopharyngeal sample once more tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The patient died a few days later from cardiopulmonary arrest.

CONCLUSION

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has encountered patients with cancer with critical diagnostic and treatment challenges. Patients who are immunocompromised may co-infect with multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 strains and cytomegalovirus, and even with timely diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis may be poor.

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Shih AR, Misdraji J. COVID-19: gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary manifestations. Hum Pathol 2023;132:39-55. [PMID: 35843340 PMCID: PMC9288242 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]

Santos M, Corma-Gómez A, Macías J, Pineda JA. Severe acute hepatitis in a person with HIV and simultaneous infection with hepatitis C virus and SARS-CoV-2. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023:S2529-993X(23)00037-0. [PMID: 36737365 PMCID: PMC9890373 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]

Loh K, Badalyan V. Acute Hepatitis. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:419-423.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-75608-2.00059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]

Cooper KM, Colletta A, Asirwatham AM, Moore Simas TA, Devuni D. COVID-19 associated liver injury: A general review with special consideration of pregnancy and obstetric outcomes. World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:6017-6033. [PMID: 36405386 PMCID: PMC9669825 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i42.6017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open

A link between severe hepatitis in children and adenovirus 41 and adeno-associated virus 2 infections. J Gen Virol 2022;103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open

Santos M, Corma-Gómez A, Macías J, Pineda JA. Severe acute hepatitis in a person with HIV and simultaneous infection with hepatitis C virus and SARS-CoV-2. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2022:S0213-005X(22)00211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]

Pelle MC, Zaffina I, Lucà S, Forte V, Trapanese V, Melina M, Giofrè F, Arturi F. Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Options. Life (Basel) 2022;12:1605. [PMID: 36295042 PMCID: PMC9604693 DOI: 10.3390/life12101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open

Alhumaid S, Al Mutair A, Rabaan AA, ALShakhs FM, Choudhary OP, Yong SJ, Nainu F, Khan A, Muhammad J, Alhelal F, Al Khamees MH, Alsouaib HA, Al Majhad AS, Al-Tarfi HR, ALyasin AH, Alatiyyah YY, Alsultan AA, Alessa ME, Alessa ME, Alissa MA, Alsayegh EH, Alshakhs HN, Al Samaeel HA, AlShayeb RA, Alnami DA, Alhassan HA, Alabdullah AA, Alhmed AH, AlDera FH, Hajissa K, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Omari A. New-onset and relapsed liver diseases following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2022;22:433. [PMID: 36229799 PMCID: PMC9559550 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination is extremely rare but can occur. A growing body of evidence has indicated that portal vein thrombosis, autoimmune hepatitis, raised liver enzymes and liver injuries, etc., may be potential consequence of COVID-19 vaccines.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the results of a systematic review for new-onset and relapsed liver disease following COVID-19 vaccination.

METHODS

For this systematic review, we searched Proquest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses PRISMA guideline for studies on the incidence of new onset or relapsed liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination, published from December 1, 2020 to July 31, 2022, with English language restriction.

RESULTS

Two hundred seventy-five cases from one hundred and eighteen articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of this systematic review. Autoimmune hepatitis (138 cases) was the most frequent pathology observed post-COVID-19 vaccination, followed by portal vein thrombosis (52 cases), raised liver enzymes (26 cases) and liver injury (21 cases). Other cases include splanchnic vein thrombosis, acute cellular rejection of the liver, jaundice, hepatomegaly, acute hepatic failure and hepatic porphyria. Mortality was reported in any of the included cases for acute hepatic failure (n = 4, 50%), portal vein thrombosis (n = 25, 48.1%), splanchnic vein thrombosis (n = 6, 42.8%), jaundice (n = 1, 12.5%), raised liver enzymes (n = 2, 7.7%), and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 3, 2.2%). Most patients were easily treated without any serious complications, recovered and did not require long-term hepatic therapy.

CONCLUSION

Reported evidence of liver diseases post-COIVD-19 vaccination should not discourage vaccination against this worldwide pandemic. The number of reported cases is relatively very small in relation to the hundreds of millions of vaccinations that have occurred and the protective benefits offered by COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the risks.

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Affiliation(s)

Saad Alhumaid Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Rashdiah Street, P. O. Box 12944, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Abbas Al Mutair Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,School of Nursing, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
Ali A Rabaan Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Fatemah M ALShakhs Respiratory Therapy Department, Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Om Prakash Choudhary Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
Shin Jie Yong Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Firzan Nainu Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
Amjad Khan Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Javed Muhammad Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Fadil Alhelal Optometry Department, Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Hussain Al Khamees Molecular Pathology Laboratory, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Hussain Ahmed Alsouaib Medical Store Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Salman Al Majhad Medical Store Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Hassan Redha Al-Tarfi Medical Store Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Ali Hussain ALyasin Medical Store Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Yaqoub Yousef Alatiyyah Department of Pharmacy, Hereditary Blood Diseases Centre, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Ali Ahmed Alsultan Medical Supply Store, Aloyoon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Essa Alessa Inventory Control Unit, Aloyoon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Mustafa Essa Alessa Pharmacy Department, Aloyoon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Ahmed Alissa Pharmacy Department, Aloyoon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Emad Hassan Alsayegh Pharmacy Department, Aloyoon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Hassan N Alshakhs Pharmacy Department, Aloyoon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Haidar Abdullah Al Samaeel Pharmacy Department, Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Rugayah Ahmed AlShayeb Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Dalal Ahmed Alnami Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Hussain Ali Alhassan Pharmacy Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Abdulaziz Abdullah Alabdullah Pharmacy Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Ayat Hussain Alhmed Administration of Nursing Care, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Faisal Hussain AlDera General Surgery Department, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Khalid Hajissa Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Awad Al-Omari College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Microbiological and Clinical Findings of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after 2 Years of Pandemic: From Lung to Gut Microbiota. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022;12:diagnostics12092143. [PMID: 36140544 PMCID: PMC9498253 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open

Anderson MA, Khauli MA, Goiffon RJ, Kambadakone A. Coronavirus Disease in the Abdomen. ADVANCES IN CLINICAL RADIOLOGY 2022;4:25-35. [PMID: 37521427 PMCID: PMC9473699 DOI: 10.1016/j.yacr.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]

Peiter GC, de Souza CDBT, de Oliveira LM, Pagliarin LG, Dos Anjos VNF, da Silva FAF, de Melo FF, Teixeira KN. COVID-19 liver and gastroenterology findings: An in silico analysis of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with liver molecules. World J Hepatol 2022;14:1131-1141. [PMID: 35978663 PMCID: PMC9258260 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has not only been shown to affect the respiratory system, but has also demonstrated variable clinical presentations including gastrointestinal tract disorders. In addition, abnormalities in liver enzymes have been reported indicating hepatic injury. It is known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) might infect cells via the viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is expressed in several organs including the liver. The viral Spike glycoprotein binds to ACE2 and must be cleaved by Furin and Type 2 Serine Protease to enter the cells. After that, the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated and several COVID-19 changes are triggered.

AIM

To analyze liver and gastrointestinal symptoms and cell signaling pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection due to virus-liver interactions in silico.

METHODS

In this in silico study, the three-dimensional structures of the Akt, mTORC1 and Furin (receptors) were selected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the structures of inhibitors (ligands) MK-2206, CC-223 and Naphthofluorescein were selected from PubChem and ZINC databases. Ligand files were downloaded as 2D structures and converted to optimized 3D structures using ViewerLite 4.2 software. Marvin Sketch® software was used to calculate prediction of the protonated form of inhibitors in a physiological environment (pH 7.4). AutoDock Tools (ADT) software was used to calculate and delimit the Grid box used in the molecular docking of each structure selected in the PDB. In addition, protonated ligands were prepared for molecular docking using ADT software. Molecular docking was performed using ADT software tools connected to Vina software. Analysis of the amino acid residues involved in ligand interactions, as well as ligand twists, the atoms involved in interactions, bond type and strength of interactions were performed using PyMol® and Discovery Studio® (BIOVIA) software.

RESULTS

Molecular docking analysis showed that the mTORC1/CC-223 complex had affinity energy between the receptor and ligand of -7.7 kcal/moL with interactions ranging from 2.7 to 4.99 Å. There were four significant chemical bonds which involved two of five polypeptide chains that formed the FKBP12-Rapamycin-Binding (FRB) domain. The strongest was a hydrogen bond, the only polar interaction, and Van der Waals interactions shown to be present in 12 residues of mTORC1's FRB domain. With regard to the Akt/MK-2206 complex there were three Van der Waals interactions and 12 chemical bonds in which seven residues of Akt were involved with all five rings of the MK-2206 structure. In this way, both ASP 388 and GLN 391 bind to the same MK-2206 ring, the smaller one. However, LYS 386 had four chemical bonds with the inhibitor, one with each structure ring, while LYS 387 binds two distinct rings. One of the MK-2206 inhibitor's rings which binds to LYS 387 also binds simultaneously to ILE 367 and LEU 385 residues, and the fifth ring of the structure was involved in a bond with the ALA 382 residue. The hydrogen bonds were the shortest bonds in the complex (2.61 and 3.08 Å) and all interactions had an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal/moL. The affinity energy in the Furin/Naphhofluorescein complex was -9.8 kcal/moL and involved six interactions ranging from 2.57 to 4.98 Å. Among them, two were polar and the others were non-polar, in addition to twelve more Van der Waals interactions. Two distinct hydrogen bonds were formed between Furin and its inhibitor involving GLN 388 and ALA 532 residues. ALA 532 also binds to two distinct rings of Naphthofluorescein, while TRP 531 residue has two simultaneous bonds with the inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

Liver infection and signaling pathways altered by SARS-CoV-2 can be modulated by inhibitors that demonstrate significant interaction affinity with human proteins, which could prevent the development of infection and symptoms.

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Diagnostic Accuracy of Routine Laboratory Tests for COVID-19. REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reports5030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open

A Pilot Study on COVID-19 Positive Subjects: An Excerpt of Post-Infection-Pro-Diabetic Disposition & Related Consequences in Correlation to Hepato-Pancreatic Bio-Markers, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Other Risk Factors. Indian J Clin Biochem 2022;38:182-192. [PMID: 35756691 PMCID: PMC9206463 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]

Mendez-Sanchez N, Pal SC. Editorial: Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children. Is Autoimmunity at Play? Med Sci Monit 2022;28:e937371. [PMID: 35707853 PMCID: PMC9175573 DOI: 10.12659/msm.937371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open

Tang Y, Wu P, Li L, Xu W, Jiang J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Small Extracellular Vesicles as Crucial Immunological Efficacy for Hepatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022;13:880523. [PMID: 35603168 PMCID: PMC9121380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open

Antala S, Diamond T, Kociolek LK, Shah AA, Chapin CA. Severe Hepatitis in Pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022;74:631-635. [PMID: 35149651 PMCID: PMC9117453 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]

Long B, Carius BM, Chavez S, Liang SY, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Clinical update on COVID-19 for the emergency clinician: Presentation and evaluation. Am J Emerg Med 2022;54:46-57. [PMID: 35121478 PMCID: PMC8779861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open

Driggers KE, Sadowski BW, Shagla E, Kwok RM. Care of the Hepatology Patient in the COVID-19 Era. CURRENT HEPATOLOGY REPORTS 2022;21:9-20. [PMID: 35382426 PMCID: PMC8970972 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-021-00581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]

Abstract

Background and Purpose of Review

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 800,000 deaths worldwide and resulted in fundamental changes in practice in nearly every aspect of medicine. The majority of symptomatic patients experience liver-associated enzyme (LAE) elevations which appear to be correlated to disease severity. Furthermore, there are unique considerations of COVID-19 on chronic liver disease. Background, including epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutics, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on specific chronic liver disease, is discussed.

Findings

Studies suggest that degree of LAE elevation correlates with illness severity, although it is unclear whether this represents true liver injury. Numerous proposed treatments for COVID-19 have been linked with drug induced liver injury and may have clinically significant drug-drug interactions. Others may have unintended consequences on chronic liver disease treatment including reactivation of hepatitis B. The risk of severe COVID-19 in patients with chronic liver disease is largely unknown; metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease may be linked to higher risk for severe illness. Implications for cirrhosis of other etiologies, autoimmune hepatitis, and viral hepatitis are less well defined. The treatment of chronic liver disease has been severely impacted by the pandemic. The societal factors created by the pandemic have led to decreased in person visits, evolving access to invasive screening modalities, food and financial insecurity, and likely increased alcohol use.

Conclusions

The impacts of COVID-19 on the liver range from a potential increased risk of severe infection in chronic liver disease patients, to hepatotoxic effects of proposed treatments, to second and third order impacts on the care of patients with chronic liver disease.

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Ning Q, Wu D, Wang X, Xi D, Chen T, Chen G, Wang H, Lu H, Wang M, Zhu L, Hu J, Liu T, Ma K, Han M, Luo X. The mechanism underlying extrapulmonary complications of the coronavirus disease 2019 and its therapeutic implication. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022;7:57. [PMID: 35197452 PMCID: PMC8863906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Affiliation(s)

Qin Ning National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Di Wu National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Xiaojing Wang National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Dong Xi National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Tao Chen National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Guang Chen National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Hongwu Wang National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Huiling Lu National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Ming Wang National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Lin Zhu National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Junjian Hu National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Tingting Liu National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Ke Ma National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Meifang Han National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Xiaoping Luo National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

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Mohammed SA, Eid KM, Anyiam FE, Wadaaallah H, Muhamed MAM, Morsi MH, Dahman NBH. Liver injury with COVID-19: laboratory and histopathological outcome-systematic review and meta-analysis. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2022;12:9. [PMID: 35096428 PMCID: PMC8781706 DOI: 10.1186/s43066-022-00171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open

Gupta M, Manek G, Dombrowski K, Maiwall R. Newer developments in viral hepatitis: Looking beyond hepatotropic viruses. World J Meta-Anal 2021;9:522-542. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i6.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Filippidis P, van Ouwenaller F, Cerutti A, Geiger-Jacquod A, Sempoux C, Pantaleo G, Moradpour D, Lamoth F. Case Report: SARS-CoV-2 as an unexpected causal agent of predominant febrile hepatitis. F1000Res 2021;10:400. [PMID: 34900226 PMCID: PMC8630549 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52929.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open

Abdominal Imaging Utilization during the First COVID-19 Surge and Utility of Abdominal MRI. Tomography 2021;7:972-979. [PMID: 34941652 PMCID: PMC8709073 DOI: 10.3390/tomography7040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open

Reflections on Our Editorship of The American Journal of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116:2313-2315. [PMID: 35134007 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]

Satapathy SK, Kuntzen C, Qiu H, Jiang Y, Bodenheimer HC, Roth NC, Lee TP, Hirsch JS, Trindade AJ, Bernstein DE. Severity of liver test abnormalities in coronavirus disease 2019 depends on comorbidities and predicts early in-hospital mortality. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;33:e320-e328. [PMID: 33560687 PMCID: PMC8734572 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]

Affiliation(s)

Sanjaya K. Satapathy Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Manhasset, New York
Christian Kuntzen Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Manhasset, New York
He Qiu Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
Yu Jiang School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
Henry C. Bodenheimer Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Manhasset, New York
Nitzan C. Roth Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Manhasset, New York
Tai-Ping Lee Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Manhasset, New York
Jamie S. Hirsch Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset Department of Information Services, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
Arvind J. Trindade Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead
David E. Bernstein Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Manhasset, New York

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Bernstein D, Roth N, Kim A, Epstein M, Hirschwerk D, Kvasnovsky CL, Satapathy SK. Presentation, patterns and predictive value of baseline liver tests on outcomes in COVID-19 patients without chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021;27:7350-7361. [PMID: 34876794 PMCID: PMC8611205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i42.7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Nayak B, Lal G, Kumar S, Das CJ, Saraya A, Shalimar. Host Response to SARS-CoV2 and Emerging Variants in Pre-Existing Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021;11:753249. [PMID: 34760721 PMCID: PMC8573081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.753249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 is evolving continuously with emergence of several variants of increasing transmission capabilities and pandemic potential. Generation of variants occurs through accumulation of mutations due to the RNA nature of viral genome, which is further enhanced by variable selection pressures of this ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 presentations of SARS-CoV2 are mainly pulmonary manifestations with or without mild gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic symptoms. However, the virus has evolved beyond pulmonary manifestations to multisystem disorder due to systemic inflammation and cytokine storm. Definitive cause of acute or late onset of inflammation, infection in various organs, and host response to emerging variants lacks clarity and needs elucidation. Several studies have reported underlying diseases including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardio- and cerebrovascular disorders, and immunocompromised conditions as significant risk factors for severe form of COVID-19. Pre-existing liver and GI diseases are also highly predominant in the population, which can alter COVID-19 outcome due to altered immune status and host response. We aim to review the emerging variants of SARS-CoV2 and host response in patients with pre-existing liver and GI diseases.

Methods

In this review, we have elucidated the emergence and characteristic features of new SARS-CoV2 variants, mechanisms of infection and host immune response, GI and hepatic manifestation with radiologic features of COVID-19, and outcomes in pre-existing liver and GI diseases.

Key Findings

Emerging variants of concern (VOC) have shown increased transmissibility and virulence with severe COVID-19 presentation and mortality. There is a drastic swift of variants from the first wave to the next wave of infections with predominated major VOC including alpha (B.1.1.7, UK), beta (B.1.351, South Africa), gamma (B.1.1.28.1, Brazil), and delta (B1.1.617, India) variants. The mutations in the spike protein of VOC are implicated for increased receptor binding (N501Y, P681R) and immune escape (L452R, E484K/Q, T478K/R) to host response. Pre-existing liver and GI diseases not only have altered tissue expression and distribution of viral entry ACE2 receptor but also host protease TMPRSS2, which is required for both spike protein binding and cleavage to initiate infection. Altered immune status due to pre-existing conditions results in delayed virus clearance or prolonged viremia. Even though GI and hepatic manifestations of SARS-CoV2 are less severe, the detection of virus in patient’s stool indicates GI tropism, replication, and shedding from the GI tract. COVID-19-induced liver injury, acute hepatic decompensation, and incidences of acute-on-chronic liver failure may change the disease outcomes.

Conclusions

The changes in the spike protein of emerging variants, immunomodulation by viral proteins, and altered expression of host viral entry receptor in pre-existing diseases are the key determinants of host response to SARS-CoV2 and its disease outcome.

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Significant Liver Injury During Hospitalization for COVID-19 Is Not Associated With Liver Insufficiency or Death. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:2182-2191.e7. [PMID: 34004326 PMCID: PMC8123528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

Abstract

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is associated with hepatocellular liver injury of uncertain significance. We aimed to determine whether development of significant liver injury during hospitalization is related to concomitant medications or processes common in COVID-19 (eg, ischemia, hyperinflammatory, or hypercoagulable states), and whether it can result in liver failure and death.

METHODS

There were 834 consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who were included. Clinical, medication, and laboratory data were obtained at admission and throughout hospitalization using an identified database. Significant liver injury was defined as an aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level 5 or more times the upper limit of normal; ischemia was defined as vasopressor use for a minimum of 2 consecutive days; hyperinflammatory state was defined as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein value of 100 mg/L or more, and hypercoagulability was defined as D-dimer 5 mg/L or more at any time during hospitalization.

RESULTS

A total of 105 (12.6%) patients developed significant liver injury. Compared with patients without significant liver injury, ischemia (odds ratio [OR], 4.3; range, 2.5-7.4; P < .0001) and tocilizumab use (OR, 3.6; range, 1.9-7.0; P = .0001) were independent predictors of significant liver injury. Although AST correlated closely with alanine aminotransferase (R = 0.89) throughout hospitalization, AST did not correlate with the international normalized ratio (R = 0.10) or with bilirubin level (R = 0.09). Death during hospitalization occurred in 136 (16.3%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression showed that significant liver injury was not associated with death (OR, 1.4; range, 0.8-2.6; P = .2), while ischemic (OR, 2.4; range, 1.4-4.0; P = .001), hypercoagulable (OR, 1.7; range, 1.1-2.6; P = .02), and hyperinflammatory (OR, 1.9; range, 1.2-3.1; P = .02) disease states were significant predictors of death.

CONCLUSIONS

Liver test abnormalities known to be associated with COVID-19 are secondary to other insults, mostly ischemia or drug-induced liver injury, and do not lead to liver insufficiency or death.

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Dehghani S, Teimouri A. Severe Acute Hepatitis in a COVID-19 patient: A Case Report. Clin Case Rep 2021;9:e04869. [PMID: 34667602 PMCID: PMC8511876 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open

Su YJ, Chang CW, Chen MJ, Lai YC. Impact of COVID-19 on liver. World J Clin Cases 2021. [PMID: 34621856 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i27.7998.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open

Su YJ, Chang CW, Chen MJ, Lai YC. Impact of COVID-19 on liver. World J Clin Cases 2021;9:7998-8007. [PMID: 34621856 PMCID: PMC8462210 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i27.7998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Successful Liver Transplantation in a Patient With Acute COVID-19 Infection and Acute Liver Failure: A Case Report. Transplant Direct 2021;7:e747. [PMID: 34476292 PMCID: PMC8405130 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open

Naeem A, Khamuani MK, Kumar P, Pooja F, Raj D, Lal K, Shahid W, Mahar W, Rizwan A, Fatima A. Impact of Coronavirus Diseases on Liver Enzymes. Cureus 2021;13:e17650. [PMID: 34650842 PMCID: PMC8489253 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open

Spearman CW, Aghemo A, Valenti L, Sonderup MW. COVID-19 and the liver: A 2021 update. Liver Int 2021;41:1988-1998. [PMID: 34152690 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

Balaja WR, Jacob S, Hamidpour S, Masoud A. COVID-19 Presenting as Acute Icteric Hepatitis. Cureus 2021;13:e16359. [PMID: 34395136 PMCID: PMC8360263 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open

Hoque MN, Akter S, Mishu ID, Islam MR, Rahman MS, Akhter M, Islam I, Hasan MM, Rahaman MM, Sultana M, Islam T, Hossain MA. Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2021;156:104941. [PMID: 33962007 PMCID: PMC8095020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]

Abstract

The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the ongoing devastating pandemic. A plethora of microbial domains including viruses (other than SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, archaea and fungi have evolved together, and interact in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. However, the involvement of other microbial co-pathogens and underlying molecular mechanisms leading to extortionate ailment in critically ill COVID-19 patients has yet not been extensively reviewed. Although, the incidence of co-infections could be up to 94.2% in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the fate of co-infections among SARS-CoV-2 infected hosts often depends on the balance between the host's protective immunity and immunopathology. Predominantly identified co-pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila and Clamydia pneumoniae followed by viruses including influenza, coronavirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, influenza B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The cross-talk between co-pathogens (especially lung microbiomes), SARS-CoV-2 and host is an important factor that ultimately increases the difficulty of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. Simultaneously, co-infecting microbiotas may use new strategies to escape host defense mechanisms by altering both innate and adaptive immune responses to further aggravate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Better understanding of co-infections in COVID-19 is critical for the effective patient management, treatment and containment of SARS-CoV-2. This review therefore necessitates the comprehensive investigation of commonly reported microbial co-pathogens amid COVID-19, their transmission pattern along with the possible mechanism of co-infections and outcomes. Thus, identifying the possible co-pathogens and their underlying molecular mechanisms during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may shed light in developing diagnostics, appropriate curative and preventive interventions for suspected SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in the current pandemic.

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Thiebaud PC, Hermand C, Sobotka J, Raynal PA. Acute icteric hepatitis as the first isolated symptom of COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep 2021;14:e242853. [PMID: 34088694 PMCID: PMC8183276 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open

Alqahtani SA, Buti M. COVID-19 and hepatitis B infection. Antivir Ther 2021;25:389-397. [PMID: 33616549 DOI: 10.3851/imp3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]

Wu H, Liu S, Luo H, Chen M. Progress in the Clinical Features and Pathogenesis of Abnormal Liver Enzymes in Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021;9:239-246. [PMID: 34007806 PMCID: PMC8111107 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Amere Subbarao S. Cancer vs. SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, overlapping functions, and pharmacological targeting. Inflammopharmacology 2021;29:343-366. [PMID: 33723711 PMCID: PMC7959277 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]