In this editorial, we comment on the article by Nagamine et al, published in the World Journal of Clinical Cases. The authors suggest that virtual reality technology has potential in alleviating pain by enhancing brain network functionality. Alongside virtual reality, various treatment methods are used to effectively manage musculoskeletal pain. One such method is the use of orthoses, which are applied in clinical settings. We emphasize the need for collaboration between pain physicians and orthotists when applying orthoses for pain management. The efficacy of orthoses is maximized when customized to the physical characteristics of each patient, type of disease, and location of pain. Orthoses are designed to restore anatomical alignment and biomechanical function; however, their success depends on the expertise of trained orthotists, who should effectively communicate with physicians and understand the mechanical principles of musculoskeletal alignment. The professional knowledge of orthotists is critical in ensuring that orthoses are appropriately designed and applied to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Since no single treatment modality typically offers sufficient relief for musculoskeletal pain, effective collaboration between pain physicians and orthotists is crucial to optimize the use of orthoses in the management of pain.

• Pain
• Physician
• Orthotist
• Pain medicine
• Orthosis

The present paper addresses two issues pertaining to the use of virtual reality (VR). One issue pertains to the equipment utilized. VR technology can be classified into two main categories: Immersive and non-immersive. The immersive type of technology necessitates the use of substantial equipment, yet it is demonstrably efficacious. Furthermore, the efficacy of this approach is enhanced when combined with relaxation and biofeedback techniques. The other issue is that the efficacy of this approach is diminished when applied to chronic pain, in comparison to acute pain. The relief of chronic pain is a challenging endeavor due to the diminished functionality of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) within the default mode network. Given the close relationship between the mPFC and the reward system dopamine, it is essential to develop a program that activates the reward system dopamine through the use of VR technology.

• Virtual reality
• Acute pain
• Chronic pain
• Brain network: Medial prefrontal cortex
• Dopamine