• China
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• non-viral sexually transmitted infection
• systematic review
• trichomoniasis

• 2024YFE0199100 Intergovernmental international scientific and technological innovation cooperation projects of National Key Research and Development Program
• 24ZX003 Fundamental Research Project of key scientific research in Henan Province

• IL-6
• TNF-α
• hs-CRP
• premature rupture of membranes
• vaginal flora

• lactobacillus
• microbiome
• pregnant women
• vaginal microecology
•  gestational diabetes mellitus

• Pregnancy
• Female
• Humans
• Diabetes, Gestational
• Pregnant Women
• Vagina
• Risk Factors

• Bacterial vaginosis
• Prevalence
• Tibetan area
• Trichomonas vaginitis
• Vulvovaginal candidiasis

The vaginal microbiome plays a critical role in the health of pregnant women and their newborns. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and vaginal cleanliness significantly affect the vaginal microecosystem and are closely associated with vaginal diseases.

To explore the effects of GBS status and vaginal cleanliness on vaginal microecosystems.

We collected 160 vaginal swabs from pregnant women and divided them into the following four groups based on GBS status and vaginal cleanliness: GBS-positive + vaginal cleanliness I–II degree, GBS-negative + vaginal cleanliness I–II degree, GBS-positive + vaginal cleanliness III–IV degree, and GBS-negative + vaginal cleanliness III–IV degree. Samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.

Alpha diversity analysis showed that the Shannon index did not significantly differ between the four groups. We identified significant variation in taxa abundance between the GBS-positive and GBS-negative groups and between the vaginal cleanliness I–II degree and III–IV degree groups. Principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis further confirmed the microbial diversity of the four groups. Moreover, the linear discriminant analysis demonstrated that Lactobacillus jensenii and Actinobacteria were strongly associated with GBS-positive status, and Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillales, Bacilli and Firmicutes were closely correlated with GBS-negative status.

GBS status and vaginal cleanliness significantly affect vaginal microbiome differences in pregnant women. Our findings provide instructional information for clinical antibiotic treatment in pregnant women with different GBS statuses and vaginal cleanliness degrees.

• Vaginal microbiome
• Pregnant women
• 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing
• Group B Streptococcus
• Vaginal cleanliness

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• clinical manifestation
• genotype
• mixed-genotype infection
• next-generation high-throughput sequencing

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• cervical intraepithelial lesion
• genotyping
• human papillomavirus
• women of reproductive age

• Human papillomavirus
• Infertility
• Vaginal microecological

• Alphapapillomavirus
• China/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Dysbiosis
• Female
• Human papillomavirus 16
• Humans
• Infertility, Female/epidemiology
• Papillomaviridae
• Papillomavirus Infections/complications
• Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

• Sichuan medical association wound disease special scientific research project
• Chengdu Science and Technology bureau: technology innovation research and development project

• Cohort study
• Fecundability
• Lactobacillus
• Time-to-pregnancy
• Vaginal microbiome

• TORCH infection
• co-infection
• predicting model
• reproductive tract infection
• spontaneous abortion

• Group B streptococcus colonization and infection
• Pregnancy outcome
• Third trimester of pregnancy
• Vaginal micro-ecology

• Fecundability
• pregnancy
• vaginal cleanliness
• vaginal microenvironment

Objective: Female infections affecting the genital tract include sexually transmitted diseases, endogenous infections such as vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) or aerobic vaginitis (AV) and healthcare-associated infections. The aim of the study was to analyze the etiological factors of the vaginal dysbacteriosis, and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the dominant bacterial and fungal infections in different age groups of outpatient women from the Silesian Region. Materials and methods: A retrospective laboratory-based multi-center study encompassed 4994 women of different ages in Silesian Voivodeship, in the south of Poland; patients who had vaginal swabs collected as per physicians’ orders during the period from 1 January 2017 until 30 June 2018 were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were: non-hospitalized female, aged ≤80, with suspected vulvovaginal candidiasis or bacterial vaginosis and clinical sings of infections. Results: Gram-positive cocci were the ones most often isolated: Enterococcus faecalis (29.2%) and Streptoccoccus agalactiae (13.1%), followed by bacilli from the Enterobacteriaceae group, including Escherichia coli (26.3%). The presence of Streptococcus agalactiae was confirmed in 13.1%, slightly more often in the 45–80 age group, and Gardnerella vaginalis in 6.4%, most often in women aged 15–24. The prevalence of yeast-like infections was 24.3%, Candida albicans accounted for 78.3%, whereas among C. non-albicans spp.—C. glabrata dominated (14.9%) followed by C. parapsilosis (3.8%). The highest resistance was observed only in Streptococcus agalactiae as the MLSB mechanism (Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B) was identified in 38.6% of strains. The prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis was 24.3%, the highest in women aged 15–44. Conclusions: Drug resistance in studied vulvovaginitis was associated only with Streptococcus agalactiae. A high proportion of yeast-like aetiology was found, probably associated with recurrent infections. In the analyzed cases only the Amsel criteria and culture methods were used for diagnosis without preparations and microbiological Nugent criteria.

• Candida spp.
• Escherichia coli
• lower genital tract
• vaginal infections

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/epidemiology
• Drug Resistance, Bacterial
• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Poland/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Reproductive Tract Infections/microbiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Vaginosis, Bacterial/epidemiology
• Young Adult

Evidence suggested that vaginal microbiome played a functional role in the progression of cervical lesions in female infected by HPV. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of common vaginal infection on the carcinogenicity of high risk HPV (hr-HPV).

From January 15, 2017 to December 31, 2017, 310,545 female aged at least 30 years old had been recruited for cervical cancer screening from 9 clinical research centers in Central China. All the recruited participants received hr-HPV genotyping for cervical cancer screening and vaginal microenvironment test by a high vaginal swab. Colposcopy-directed biopsy was recommended for female who were infected with HPV 16 and HPV 18, and other positive hr-HPV types through test had undertaken triage using liquid-based cytology, cases with the results ≥ ASCUS among them were referred to colposcopy directly, and cervical tissues were taken for pathology examination to make clear the presence or absence of other cervical lesions.

Among 310,545 female, 6067 (1.95%) were tested with positive HPV 16 and HPV 18, 18,297 (5.89%) were tested with other positive hr-HPV genotypes, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, CIN 2, CIN 3 and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) were detected in 861 cases, 377 cases, 423 cases, and 77 cases, respectively. Candida albicans and Gardnerella were not associated with the detection of cervical lesions. Positive trichomonas vaginitis (TV) was correlated with hr-HPV infection (p < 0.0001). Co-infection with TV increased the risk of CIN 1 among female infected with hr-HPV (OR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.42–2.31). Co-infection with TV increased the risk of CIN 2–3 among female infected with HPV 16 (OR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.16–2.53).

Co-infection of TV and HPV 16 is a significant factor for the detection of cervical lesions.

• Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
• Human papillomavirus
• Invasive cervical cancer
• Trichomonas vaginitis
• Vaginal microenvironment

This study aimed to determine the characteristics of vulvo-vaginal infections in 14- to 18-year-old girls in late puberty.

From July 2016 to June 2019, 487 14- to 18-year-old girls with vulvo-vaginal infection in late puberty in West China Second University Hospital were retrospectively studied. The incidence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), the intermediate type of BV, vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (VVC), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and differences among the incidence of these infections for patients with different ages were analyzed.

The incidence of BV, the intermediate type of BV, TV, VVC, and unknown pathogenic vaginitis was 25.67%, 19.30%, 2.46%, 29.37%, and 23.20%, respectively. The incidence of BV and VVC was significantly higher than that of TV. The incidence of BV in the 17-year-old group was significantly higher than that in other age groups. The incidence of VVC and non-albicans Candida infection in the 17- and 18-year-old groups was significantly higher than that in the 14-year-old group.

Girls in late puberty are more susceptible to suffer from BV and VVC than TV infections. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the effects of menstrual hygiene, female estrogen levels, the vaginal internal environment, and hygiene in vulvo-vaginal infection at this stage.

• Candida albicans
• Late puberty
• adolescent development
• bacterial vaginosis
• hygiene
• vulvo-vaginal infection

• Lactobacillus
• Mycoplasma
• polycystic ovary syndrome
• vaginal microbiome

• Case-Control Studies
• Child
• Female
• Humans
• Microbiota
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Vagina