• ACE-R, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised;
• AUC, area under the curve;
• CI, confidence interval;
• DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition;
• HR, hazard ratio;
• ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage;
• IST, Isaacs Set Test;
• MCI, mild cognitive impairment;
• MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination;
• MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment;
• NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale;
• NPV, negative predictive value;
• OCS, Oxford Cognitive Screen;
• OR, odds ratio;
• PPV, positive predictive value;
• PSCI
• PSCI, post-stroke cognitive impairment;
• SD, standard deviation;
• TIA, transient ischemic attack;
• VASCOG, Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders;
• VCD,vascular cognitive disorders
• cognitive assessment
• harmonized criteria
• mRS, modified Rankin scale;
• prognosis
• stroke

• Humans
• Cognition/physiology
• Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis
• Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology
• Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology
• Neuropsychological Tests
• Prognosis
• Stroke/complications
• Stroke/diagnosis
• Stroke/physiopathology

• Mixed method
• PROM
• Patient perspectives
• Patient reported outcome measure
• Post-discharge consultation
• Routine stroke care
• Stroke

• Humans
• Female
• Male
• Prospective Studies
• Aged
• Patient Reported Outcome Measures
• Patient Discharge
• Middle Aged
• Netherlands
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Stroke/therapy
• Stroke/psychology
• Follow-Up Studies
• Patient Satisfaction
• Aged, 80 and over
• Interviews as Topic
• Stroke Rehabilitation/methods

• HIV
• activities of daily living
• anxiety
• depression

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Depression
• Activities of Daily Living
• HIV Infections/complications
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Anxiety

• K01 AA025306 NIAAA NIH HHS
• U24 AA022002 NIAAA NIH HHS
• U01 AA020797 NIAAA NIH HHS
• T32 AA025877 NIAAA NIH HHS
• P01 AA019072 NIAAA NIH HHS

• AVC
• Activities of daily living
• Activités de la vie quotidienne
• Anxiety
• Community
• Instrumental activities of daily living
• Stroke
• activités instrumentales de la vie quotidienne
• anxiété
• collectivité

Wearable technologies allow the measurement of unhindered activities of daily living (ADL) among patients who had a stroke in their natural settings. However, methods to extract meaningful information from large multi-day datasets are limited. This study investigated new visualization-driven time-series extraction methods for distinguishing activities from stroke and healthy adults. Fourteen stroke and fourteen healthy adults wore a wearable sensor at the L5/S1 position for three consecutive days and collected accelerometer data passively in the participant’s naturalistic environment. Data from visualization facilitated selecting information-rich time series, which resulted in classification accuracy of 97.3% using recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Individuals with stroke showed a negative correlation between their body mass index (BMI) and higher-acceleration fraction produced during ADL. We also found individuals with stroke made lower activity amplitudes than healthy counterparts in all three activity bands (low, medium, and high). Our findings show that visualization-driven time series can accurately classify movements among stroke and healthy groups using a deep recurrent neural network. This novel visualization-based time-series extraction from naturalistic data provides a physical basis for analyzing passive ADL monitoring data from real-world environments. This time-series extraction method using unit sphere projections of acceleration can be used by a slew of analysis algorithms to remotely track progress among stroke survivors in their rehabilitation program and their ADL abilities.

• activities of daily living (ADL)
• body mass index (BMI)
• long short-term memory (LSTM)
• recurrent neural network (RNN)
• stroke
• time-series extraction

• Activities of Daily Living
• Aged
• Humans
• Stroke/diagnosis
• Stroke Rehabilitation
• Time Factors
• Wearable Electronic Devices

• depression & mood disorders
• organisation of health services
• rehabilitation medicine
• stroke

• Aftercare
• Brain Ischemia/complications
• Brain Ischemia/therapy
• Cognition
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Humans
• Ischemic Attack, Transient/complications
• Ischemic Attack, Transient/diagnosis
• Ischemic Attack, Transient/therapy
• Ischemic Stroke
• Netherlands/epidemiology
• Neurologists
• Stroke/complications
• Stroke/therapy

• ZonMw

• community health services
• rehabilitation
• stroke
• treatment outcome

• Activities of Daily Living
• Aged
• Efficiency, Organizational
• Female
• Functional Status
• Home Care Services/organization & administration
• Humans
• Male
• Outcome Assessment, Health Care
• Pilot Projects
• Recovery of Function
• Single-Blind Method
• Stroke/diagnosis
• Stroke/physiopathology
• Stroke/psychology
• Stroke Rehabilitation/methods

Stroke and cognitive impairment are common in older population. They often occur together and their combined effects significantly increase disability in both basic (BADLs) and instrumental (IADLs) activities of daily living. We investigated the individual and combined impacts of stroke and cognitive impairment on BADLs and IADLs. A total of 3331 community-dwelling older adults were enrolled from the Taiwan longitudinal study on aging in 2011. Both BADLs and IADLs were analyzed. Combination of stroke and cognitive impairment increased severity of ADL disabilities, but similar prevalence, similar numbers of summed BADL and IADL tasks with disability, and similar levels of difficulty for each BADL and IADL task were found between the stroke group and cognitive impairment group. The former had more difficult in dressing while the latter had more difficult in using the telephone, transport, and managing finances. A hierarchy of ADLs was also observed in all groups. ADL skill training supplemented with cognitive and physical interventions should focus on secondary prevention of dementia and improve motor functional capacity to reduce loss of ADLs.

To understand the extent to which apathy, cognition, and social support predict participation in activities with cognitive demands.

Prospective, quantitative correlational, cross-sectional study. Setting. Outpatient treatment centers and community stroke support groups located in St. Louis, MO, and Boston, MA. Participants. 81 community-dwelling individuals ≥ 6-month poststroke with and without aphasia. Measures. Participants completed the Activity Card Sort (ACS), Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Design Fluency and Trail-Making subtests.

Cognitive deficits limit participation in activities with high cognitive demands. Apathy and positive social interaction influence participation, regardless of high or low cognitive demands. Poststroke aphasia did not impact return to participation in activities with high and low cognitive demands. Conclusions and Relevance. Cognitive deficits seen poststroke contribute to participation only for activities with high cognitive demands. Apathy has a significant and negative influence on participation overall. Social support is a modifiable contextual factor that can facilitate participation. Poststroke apathy can be detrimental to participation but is not well recognized. The availability of companionship from others to enjoy time with can facilitate participation.

Instrumental activities of daily livings are important for independent living and active participation in the community. The present study is aimed at determining factors predicting instrumental activities of daily living performance in patients with stroke.

In this cross-sectional study, a convenient sample of 90 patients with stroke entered from five occupational therapy centers, which were selected based on the cluster randomization method. Lawton IADL scale, Barthel Index, Trail Making Test (A and B), Digit span subtest of Wechsler memory scale, Motorcity index, and Beck Depression Inventory-II were used to investigate the study's aim. Statistical analyses were performed using independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis.

Age (r = −0.384, p < 0.001), memory (r = 0.565, p < 0.001), basic activities of daily living (r = 0.818, p < 0.001), depression (r = −0.758, p < 0.001), Trial Making Test _(B-A) (r = −0.614, p < 0.001), and motoricity index (r = 0.670, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with instrumental activities of daily living performance.

Basic activities of daily living were the strongest predictor of IADL's performance. Age, TMT _(B-A), and depression were orderly the next strongest predictors. Stroke patients with more dependency in basic activities of daily living, older age, cognitive impairment, and depression are more opted to be dependent in instrumental activities of daily living and as a result, less participation in home and community affairs.

• activities of daily living
• cognition
• community participation
• meta analysis
• social participation

• Stroke
• activities of daily living
• cognition
• functioning
• neuropsychological performance

• cognition
• cognitive reserve
• reserve
• stroke
• stroke outcomes
• stroke recovery

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is not only a common consequence of stroke but also an important factor for adverse prognosis of patients. Biochemical indicators such as blood lipids and blood pressure are affected by many factors, and the ability of evaluating the progress of patients with PSCI is insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to find sensitive markers for predicting the progress of patients and avoiding PSCI. Recent studies have shown that β-amyloid protein 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and thyroid hormone levels are closely related to PSCI, which may be the influencing factors of PSCI, but there are few related studies.

To investigate the relationship between serum levels of Aβ and thyroid hormones in acute stage and PSCI and its predicted value.

A total of 195 patients with acute cerebral infarction confirmed from June 2016 to January 2018 were enrolled in this study. Baseline data and serological indicators were recorded to assess cognitive function of patients. All patients were followed up for 1 year. Their cognitive functions were evaluated within 1 wk, 3 mo, 6 mo and 1 yr after stroke. At the end of follow-up, the patients were divided into PSCI and non-PSCI according to Montreal cognitive assessment score, and the relationship between biochemical indexes and the progression of PSCI was explored.

Compared with patients with non-PSCI, the levels of Aβ1-42, triiodothyronine (T₃) and free thyroxin were lower in the patients with PSCI. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the overall content of Aβ1-42 and T₃ in PSCI was also lower than that of the non-PSCI patients. Further analysis revealed that Aβ1-42 (r = 0.348), T₃ (r = 0.273) and free thyroxin (r = 0.214) were positively correlated with disease progression (P < 0.05), suggesting that these indicators have the potential to predict disease progression and outcome. Cox regression analysis showed that Aβ1-42 and T₃ were important factors of PSCI. Then stratified analysis showed that the lower the Aβ1-42 and T₃, the higher risk of PSCI in patients who were aged over 70, female and illiterate.

Aβ1-42 and T3 have the ability to predict the progression of PSCI, which is expected to be applied clinically to reduce the incidence of PSCI and improve the quality of life of patients.

• Post-stroke cognitive impairment
• Triiodothyronine
• β-amyloid protein
• Prognosis
• Montreal cognitive assessment
• Free thyroxin

• Cognition
• psychological and behavioral symptoms
• qualitative methods
• quality of life/wellbeing
• stroke

With an upward trend in the number of people who return home to independent living after stroke, the ability to perform more complex activities is becoming an increasingly important long-term outcome after stroke. Although associations between Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and cognitive dysfunction, emotional problems, and fatigue have been reported, less is known about the long-term impact of these stroke consequences on the performance of everyday activities in young and middle-aged stroke survivors.

To explore the impact of cognitive dysfunction, emotional problems, and fatigue on long-term performance of instrumental activities of daily living in young and middle-aged stroke survivors

Data on stroke survivors, aged 18–69 at index stroke, were collected from the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischaemic Stroke. IADL outcome was assessed using the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI), and the impact of chosen variables was assessed using Spearman´s rank-order correlation and logistic regression.

Seven years after index stroke, 296 stroke survivors (median age of 64) were included in this study. Cognitive dysfunction showed the strongest correlations with FAI outcome and independently explained worse outcome on FAI summary score and the domain of work/leisure activities. Fatigue was independently explanatory of worse outcome on FAI summary score and domestic chores, while depressive symptoms independently explained worse outcome on work/leisure activities. In a subgroup with only those participants who had no or minimal residual neurological deficits at follow-up (NIHSS score 0), cognitive dysfunction independently explained worse outcome on FAI summary score and work/leisure activities. Depressive symptoms independently explained worse outcome on FAI summary score and domestic chores.

Our results show that in young and middle-aged stroke survivors, cognitive dysfunction, depressive symptoms, and fatigue negatively impact performance of IADL even at seven years post stroke onset. Further, we have shown that an impact of both cognitive dysfunction and depressive symptoms can be found also among stroke survivors with mild or no remaining neurological deficits.

• Aged
• Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
• Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology
• Depression/physiopathology
• Fatigue/physiopathology
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Registries
• Stroke/physiopathology
• Stroke Rehabilitation
• Survivors

• Rotigotine
• aphasia
• autonomic response
• language assessment
• linguistic anxiety
• neuroimage
• stress

• Stroke
• depressive symptoms
• long-term outcomes
• psychosocial outcomes
• rehabilitation
• social integration
• subjective cognitive complaints

To develop the Korean version of the Cognitive Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (K-CASP) and to evaluate the test reliability and validity of the K-CASP in stroke patients.

The original CASP was translated into Korean, back-translated into English, then reviewed and compared with the original version. Thirty-three stroke patients were assessed independently by two examiners using the K-CASP twice, with a one-day interval, for a total of four test results. To evaluate the reliability of the K-CASP, intra-class correlation coefficients were used. Pearson correlations were calculated and simple regression analyses performed with the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and the aphasia quotient (AQ) to assess the validity.

The mean score was 24.42±9.47 (total score 36) for the K-CASP and 21.50±7.01 (total score 30) for the K-MMSE. The inter-rater correlation coefficients of the K-CASP were 0.992 on the first day and 0.995 on the second day. The intra-rater correlation coefficients of the K-CASP were 0.997 for examiner 1 and 0.996 for examiner 2. In the Pearson correlation analysis, the K-CASP score significantly correlated with the K-MMSE score (r=0.825, p<0.001). The coefficients of determination (r²) of the AQ were 0.586 for the K-MMSE and 0.513 for the K-CASP in the simple regression analysis.

The K-CASP is a reliable and valid instrument for cognitive dysfunction screening in post-stroke patients. It is more applicable than other cognitive assessment tools in stroke patients with aphasia.

• Cognition disorders
• Neuropsychological tests
• Stroke
• Validation studies