This overview aimed at assessing botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A)'s effectiveness in managing bruxism compared to a placebo, the absence of treatment, or other interventions in adults. Only systematic reviews (SRs), with or without a meta-analysis, were included. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on 16 June 2024, encompassing seven databases and grey literature sources. Experts and reference lists of the included SRs were also consulted. Study selection was conducted in two phases by two independent authors. Methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR-2. Overlap was assessed using the corrected covered area. The 14 included SRs addressed several outcomes. In most studies, BoNT-A showed effectiveness in reducing pain (n = 10), the frequency of bruxism events (n = 7), and the maximum bite force (n = 5). None of the SRs effectively evaluated BoNT-A's impact on functional movements. All of the included SRs scored "critically low" and "low" confidence rates in AMSTAR-2. Only one SR attempted to assess the certainty of the evidence, although unsuccessfully. The overlap across included SRs was rated as "high", with a corrected covered area of 10.11%. The current systematic reviews on BoNT-A for bruxism lack methodological quality, limiting the reliability of their findings. Despite evidence indicating a potential reduction in pain, bruxism events, and the maximum bite force, methodological limitations prevent definitive conclusions from being drawn. High-quality research with standardized methodologies is essential to establish BoNT-A's efficacy and support evidence-based clinical practice.

The objective of this study was to map and systematically review the available evidence regarding the relationship between bruxism and/or temporomandibular disorders, psychological factors (stress, anxiety, depression) in adults.

A systematic review has been conducted following the criteria described in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020). A systematic search was performed in the Web of Science database with the last search updated as of November 2024. Observational studies in adults in which bruxism is assessed by questionnaires or clinical examination were included in the search. 10 of the 92 articles met the inclusion and exclusion requirements and were subject to a qualitative analysis.

There seems to be an association between bruxism, temporomandibular disorders and psychological factors. Clenching and grinding may be associated with overload of the chewing structures and give rise to symptoms typical of temporomandibular disorders, all under the probable influence of psychological factors.

Bruxism, associated with psychological factors, leads to the appearance of symptoms typical of temporomandibular disorders. More research is needed to understand how the factors interact.

Clinicians should be aware of the psychological factors associated with bruxism and the relationship with temporomandibular disorders.

The study aimed to investigate the association of sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB) with health-related factors.

Data on bruxism and diagnosed diseases, use of psychoactive substances and regular identified psychoactive drugs were collected from 1,962 subjects in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 through a questionnaire. The associations were analyzed using chi-square tests and binary regression models, adjusting for gender and education, and for anxiety/depression symptoms.

Migraine and gastric/duodenal disorders, use of serotonergic antidepressants and a high number of psychoactive drugs associated significantly with AB and SB. Gastrointestinal diseases associated with SB. Poor general health and hand eczema associated with AB. Based on the multivariate model, depression/anxiety symptoms seemed to mediate the associations of bruxism with depression, hand eczema, self-reported gastric/duodenal disorders and the number of identified drugs.

Several diseases, depression/anxiety symptoms and psychoactive medications were associated with SB and AB, the associations being stronger with AB than SB.

To investigate the prevalence of sleep bruxism (SB) in Thai obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and to identify demographic characteristics and specific sleep parameters associated with SB.

A total of 119 medical records, each containing full-night type I polysomnography from Thai patients with OSA, were included. SB was detected using surface electromyography of the masseter muscle. SB was diagnosed when the SB index reached at least two episodes per hour of sleep. The differences in demographic characteristics and sleep parameters between SB and non-SB groups were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associated factors for SB.

Among Thai patients diagnosed with OSA, 50.4% concurrently experienced SB, predominantly of the tonic type. The study revealed a higher prevalence of SB in males compared to females. The SB group demonstrated significantly higher values in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Arousal Index (AI), and Respiratory Arousal Index (RAI) compared to the non-SB group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a lower body mass index (BMI), higher ESS, and increased severity of AHI were significantly associated with SB.

The study revealed that half of Thai patients diagnosed with OSA also exhibited SB. Male, AHI, ESS, AI, and RAI appeared to be potential correlates for the presence of SB. Lower BMI, higher ESS, and elevated AHI can be factors associated with SB in Thai OSA patients.

The prevalence of SB among Thai patients diagnosed with OSA and the factors associated with its occurrence were investigated.

Background/Objectives: Excessive occlusal forces manifest in bruxism and have consequences on teeth and jaws. The aim of this study was to determine the association of bruxism with clinical and radiological signs of excessive occlusal forces, such as tooth wear, fatigue dental fissures and fractures, abfraction, masseter muscle hypertrophy, and bone apposition at the mandibular angle. Methods: This cross-sectional clinical study included 181 patients presented for treatment in a general dentistry clinic. For each patient, data were extracted from the dental chart, as follows: demographic data (sex, age, and smoking), clinical data (number of teeth present, Eichner edentulous score, TWI wear score, number of fractured teeth, number of teeth with abfraction, presence of masseter hypertrophy, presence of hypersensitivity), and radiological data (bone apposition at the mandibular angle). The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of bruxism. A binomial logistic regression model was run to determine the association between bruxism and clinical and radiological signs of excessive occlusal forces. The data were statistically processed in SPSS. Results: In total, 99 women and 82 men with mean age 44.87 ± 12.67 were included in the study. Compared to the group without bruxism, the group of patients with bruxism (39.78%) showed statistically significant higher tooth wear index (TWI) (p < 0.0005), a higher number of fractured teeth (p = 0.037), a higher number of teeth with abfraction lesions (p = 0.001), and a significantly higher bone apposition score (p < 0.0005). The binomial logistic regression model showed a high prediction bruxism score for masseter muscle hypertrophy (15 times, p < 0.0005), for tooth wear index (almost 7 times, p = 0.010), and for bone apposition score (almost 3 times, p = 0.044). Conclusions: Patients with bruxism showed masseter muscle hypertrophy, higher attrition-type tooth wear index, and more teeth with fatigue fractures and abfractions than those without bruxism. Bruxism clinical signs were positively correlated with a higher bone apposition score.

Functional constipation is the most common gastrointestinal disorder during childhood. Oral stimulation (mastication and toothbrushing) reportedly improves bowel movements, but the association between daily toothbrushing behavior and functional constipation remains unknown. Data (n = 83,660) from fetal records (n = 104,059) in the Japan Environment and Children's Study, an ongoing prospective birth cohort, were analyzed to investigate the impact of daily toothbrushing frequency on functional constipation during childhood, using ROME III diagnostic criteria. After multiple imputations of data acquired from self-reported questionnaires, a multivariable binomial logistic regression analysis was used with adjustments for several maternal and child-related variables. Functional constipation was observed in 10,123 (12.1%) and 8,820 (10.5%) participants at 3 and 4 years postpartum, respectively. Using the appropriate frequency of daily toothbrushing (twice or more) as a reference, the odds of functional constipation increased with decreasing daily toothbrushing frequency after covariate adjustments involving daily feeding frequency. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for functional constipation in participants without daily toothbrushing behavior (less than once a day) at 4 years postpartum was 1.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-2.61). Similarly, the adjusted OR (95% CI) for chronic functional constipation (at both 3 and 4 years postpartum) in participants without daily toothbrushing behavior (less than once a day) at 2 years postpartum was 1.62 (1.14-2.31). Functional constipation during childhood was associated with decreased daily toothbrushing frequency. Although the underlying mechanism of daily toothbrushing behavior in prompting bowel movements remains unclear, it is a major basis of self-health management in children that plays an important role in managing functional constipation.

To identify the relationship between the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as pharmacological treatment and the development of bruxism.

A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases, which included articles written within the last 30 years. The working hypothesis was that there is a significant association between using SSRIs as an antidepressant medication and developing bruxism.

A total of four articles were included in the systematic review. All the articles are related to SSRI antidepressants and bruxism.

The results indicate that there is an apparent association between SSRI drug treatment and the development of bruxism. The methods of evaluation and analysis were different in each article and cannot be considered conclusive; however, there is sufficient information to elucidate the impact of SSRI drugs on the development of bruxism.

The main goal of this work was to address craniomorphological characteristics of patients with bruxism when compared to those without bruxism using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging.

Seventy CBCT images of an equal number (n = 35) of orthodontic patients with and without bruxism (age range, 18-44 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Sagittal evaluation, mandibular shape, and skeletal asymmetry were systematically assessed in both groups.

Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between groups for Right Articular Fossa (AF) - Axial Plane (AP) and Left AF - AP (B > NB), Right Gonial Angle (GA), Left GA, Sella-Nasion and Occlusal Plane (B < NB). Age (13%), Condyle-Gonion (18%), AF to AP (67%), and Mental-AP (16%) had the greatest impact on bruxers.

In this study, the CBCT 3D image showed significant differences in craniofacial morphology, particularly in the mandibular structure of bruxers compared with non-bruxers.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the clinical utility of bruxism episode index in predicting the level of masticatory muscle pain intensity. The study involved adults (n = 220) recruited from the Outpatient Clinic of Temporomandibular Disorders at the Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, during the period 2017-2022. Participants underwent medical interview and dental examination, focusing on signs and symptoms of sleep bruxism. The intensity of masticatory muscle pain was gauged using the Numeric Rating Scale. Patients identified with probable sleep bruxism underwent further evaluation through video-polysomnography. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk test, Spearman's rank correlation test, association rules, receiver operating characteristic curves, linear regression, multivariate regression and prediction accuracy analyses. The analysis of correlation and one-factor linear regression revealed no statistically significant relationships between bruxism episode index and Numeric Rating Scale (p > 0.05 for all analyses). Examination of receiver operating characteristic curves and prediction accuracy indicated a lack of predictive utility for bruxism episode index in relation to masticatory muscle pain intensity. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated no discernible relationship between bruxism episode index and Numeric Rating Scale across all examined masticatory muscles. In conclusion, bruxism episode index and masticatory muscle pain intensity exhibit no correlation, and bruxism episode index lacks predictive value for masticatory muscle pain. Clinicians are advised to refrain from employing the frequency of masticatory muscle activity as a method for assessing the association between masticatory muscle pain and sleep bruxism.

Oxidative stress is proven to increase cardiovascular risk and to diminish healthy life expectancy. Sleep bruxism (SB) is a prevalent masticatory muscle activity during sleep characterized by heterogeneous etiology and inadequately recognized pathophysiology. Recent theories have proposed a potential association between SB and oxidative stress. The aim of the research was to compare the antioxidant status between individuals with SB in contrast to those without SB. A total of 80 adults participated in a full-night polysomnography, assessed according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) standards. Blood samples were subsequently drawn via venipuncture for analysis. Participants were stratified into two groups based on their bruxism episode index (BEI). Using successive receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, optimal cut-off values were identified, enabling the detection of correlations with moderate (BEI > 2) and severe (BEI > 4) sleep bruxism. In the investigated group of patients we observed the relationship between bruxism and the examined parameters: total antioxidant status (TAS), advanced protein products (AOPP) and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS). Low TAS (≤ 0.14 mM and ≤ 0. 16 mM), high AOPP (≥ 82.44 µmol/l) and high TBARS (≥ 723.03 µmol/l and ≥ 1585.45 µmol/l) serum levels result in significantly higher sleep bruxism parameters. Sleep bruxism is related to oxidative stress markers. Elevated markers of lipid and protein peroxidation may be associated with endovascular damage and cardiovascular risk in sleep bruxers, but further research is needed in this topic.

Background/Objectives: The study aimed to validate the diagnostic system proposed by the Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) by correlating the results obtained based on questionnaire and non-instrumental and instrumental tools. Methods: The study had three stages (questionnaire, clinical examination, and electromyographic study). The subjects completed a questionnaire and clinical exam. Positive signs of bruxism included oral mucosal signs and the presence of dental wear according to the BEWE index. In stage three, sEMG was performed after allocating subjects into four groups according to the questionnaire and clinical exam results: sleep bruxism (SB), awake bruxism (AB), sleep and awake bruxism (SB AB), and no bruxism (no B). After the third stage, a new selection was made, and the subjects were divided into four groups, according to sEMG results. Diagnostic accuracy was computed for possible bruxism SB and grinding and clenching sound diagnosis, possible bruxism AB and AB acknowledgment, possible bruxism SB AB, and tooth wear index. Results: For SB, the sensitivity and specificity of the tools were the highest. The non-instrumental questionnaire and clinical assessment identified 67% of SB cases and 89% without SB. For AB, the specificity was higher (84%), while the sensitivity was lower (55%), as almost half of the subjects were not aware of the presence of AB. The tests showed a low sensitivity (15%) but a high specificity (83%) for tooth wear. The absence of tooth wear was frequently associated with the absence of bruxism, while the presence of tooth wear did not necessarily imply the existence of bruxism. Conclusions: Non-instrumental evaluation of bruxism through questionnaires and clinical exams is valuable, especially for SB. Instrumental evaluation through electromyography remains a gold standard for bruxism diagnosis.

This study aimed to (1) examine the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the masseter muscle in relation to bruxism and (2) investigate if there are gender-related differences in the masseter muscle in a population-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study.

The study included 720 subjects aged 30-89 years (391 women and 329 men) from the Study of Health in Pomerania, a cross-sectional population-based study assessing the prevalence and incidence of common population-relevant diseases and their risk factors in Northeastern Germany. The participants underwent both a whole-body MRI and a full oral examination. The CSAs of the masseter muscles on both sides were measured from MRI images. The presence or absence of awake and/or sleep grinding and clenching, unilateral chewing, and other parafunctional activities were obtained from the dental interview. Linear and ordinal logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between the CSAs of the masseter, bruxism, and gender.

The frequency of bruxism and reports of muscle or joint pain were significantly higher in women. The analysis revealed that a larger masseter CSA was significantly associated with bruxism only in men. The larger CSA was manifested only in the higher frequency bruxers.

Bruxism had heterogeneous effects on the masseter muscle between genders. Although a higher prevalence of bruxism was reported by women, the larger CSA of the masseter muscle was significantly higher in bruxing men but not in women. This study emphasizes the need for a gender-specific approach when evaluating the clinical implications of bruxism on the masseter muscle.

To evaluate the association between the severity of possible sleep bruxism (PSB) and possible awake bruxism (PAB) and attrition tooth wear facets (ATWF) in children/adolescents.

Four hundred-thirty-four children/adolescents enrolled in schools in Lavras, Brazil, participated in this cross-sectional study. Caregivers answered a questionnaire about their childrens' PSB. Children/adolescents answered a questionnaire about the occurrence of PAB.

ATWF among individuals without PSB and PAB was lower than those with moderate/severe PSB (p = 0.038) and moderate/severe PAB (p = 0.003). ATWF in anterior teeth was lower among individuals without PSB compared to those with mild (p = 0.015) and moderate/severe PSB (p = 0.032). ATWF in posterior teeth was lower among individuals without PAB compared to those with mild (p = 0.046) and moderate/severe PAB (p = 0.017).

The number of attrition tooth wear facets is proportional to the severity of PSB and PAB.

This scoping review aims to clarify the concept of vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in prosthetic dentistry, addressing prevalent myths, and controversies regarding its clinical management and impact on the stomatognathic system.

This paper critically examines common beliefs about VDO alteration and its effects on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) through an extensive literature review and an international survey. The survey included 862 general dentists and prosthodontists and explored their approaches to altering VDO and their perceptions of the clinical implications. The literature review provided a thorough analysis of existing research on VDO modification techniques, the adaptability of the stomatognathic system, and the relationship between VDO changes and TMD.

The survey revealed insights into dentists' perspectives on VDO, showing that while many practitioners test a new VDO due to concerns about patient adaptation, a significant majority observed that patients typically adjust well to a new VDO regardless of the technique used. The survey highlighted differing beliefs about the need for a gradual process and trial phase for VDO alteration, as well as the stability of modified VDO. Literature review suggests the stability and adaptability of VDO changes due to muscle adaptability and indicates no direct causal or curative link between VDO changes and TMD. Traditional methods for determining VDO in complete dentures may not be suitable for worn dentition, underscoring the need for tailored approaches.

This paper suggests that the traditional belief in the need for a prolonged trial phase for VDO alterations may be reconsidered in light of evidence supporting the adaptability of the stomatognathic system. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between methods suitable for complete dentures and those for managing cases of worn dentition. The purported link between VDO alterations and TMD is also found to lack scientific evidence, highlighting the need for individualized patient care based on current evidence and clinical judgment.

Background/Objectives: Recent research has indicated that placing dental implants in patients diagnosed with bruxism has led to higher rates of implant failure. This study aimed to provide more accurate knowledge about the relationship between bruxism and implant loss in patients (number, age, gender) with different numbers of implants and prosthetic restorations, considering the follow-up time, compared to non-bruxers. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library using the keyword combination "dental implant", "bruxism", and "implant failure". This search had no language or time restrictions. Results: The review included 15 papers, which were divided into four groups. The first group focused on studies regarding implant loss regardless of the superstructure. In the second group, research on implant-supported removable prostheses was examined. The third group consisted of a single study specifically addressing implant-supported single crowns. Lastly, the fourth group comprised two studies investigating implant-supported single crowns and fixed partial dentures. Only three out of the fifteen studies failed to find a correlation between bruxism and implant failure. The meta-analysis shows a significant pooled effect across the included studies, with an odds ratio of 4.68. Conclusions: Bruxism is a probable risk factor for mechanical issues in implant-supported prostheses and implant-supported crowns. Additionally, elevated failure rates have been documented in patients with bruxism.

To investigate the relationship between sleep bruxism(SB) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with the use of validated questionnaires in a general population convenience sample.

SB behaviour was evaluated in accordance with the Subject-Based Assessment strategy recommended in the Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB). .To evaluate GERD-related symptoms, the GERD-Q questionnaire was adopted. To study the correlation between current SB and GERD, Spearman test was performed. Mann-Whitney-U test was adopted to compare GERD-related symptoms in two distinct group comparisons based on the presence of current SB and a history of SB, respectively.

A significant but weak positive correlation between current SB and GERD was found (r = .112; p = .044). No significant differences in GERD-related symptoms between groups emerged.

This investigation showed a positive but weak correlation between current SB and GERD-related symptoms. Larger scale studies in representative samples are needed to further explore this correlation.

Bruxism, the involuntary activity of masticatory muscles, is common among individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although bruxism is bidirectionally associated with sleep issues, whether an infant's sleep duration contributes to the development of bruxism remains unknown. In this study, a dataset (n = 83,720) obtained from the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationwide birth cohort study, was subjected to multiple imputations using logistic regression analysis with adjustments for several maternal and child-related variables. The aim of this study was to assess whether shorter sleep duration in the neonatal period additively affected the high prevalence of parent-reported bruxism (PRB) among children with ASD. The prevalences of ASD and PRB in the participants were 1.2% and 7.2%, respectively, and the odds ratio of the increased risk of PRB prevalence in individuals with ASD (95% confidence interval) was 1.59 (1.31-1.94) after covariate adjustments. Importantly, shorter sleep duration in the neonatal period (at one month of age) was significantly associated with an increased risk of PRB prevalence in individuals with ASD. The increased occurrence of bruxism, known to be highly prevalent among children with ASD, is associated with shorter sleep duration, particularly in the neonatal stage. Based on our results, a better understanding of the development of bruxism in individuals with ASD would provide valuable information for the prevention of oral diseases.

Sleep bruxism (SB) involves involuntary jaw movements during sleep and is potentially caused by motor neuronal hyperexcitability and GABAergic system dysfunction. However, the molecular basis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in the expression of several genes associated with the pathophysiology of SB. Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of neurons derived from patient and control human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were performed to comprehensively assess gene expression and cell type-specific alterations, respectively. Bulk RNA-seq revealed significant upregulation of calcium signaling-related genes in SB neurons, including those encoding G protein-coupled receptors and receptor-operated calcium channels. snRNA-seq confirmed the increased expression of GRIN2B (an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit) and CHRM3 (an M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor), particularly in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. These alterations were linked to hyperexcitability, with GRIN2B contributing to glutamatergic signaling and CHRM3 contributing to cholinergic signaling. These findings suggest that disrupted calcium signaling and overexpression of GRIN2B and CHRM3 drive neuronal hyperexcitability, providing insight into the pathophysiology of SB. Targeting these pathways may inform therapeutic strategies for SB treatment.

This study determined the prevalence and risks of definite sleep bruxism (SB) among children and adolescents presenting for orthodontic treatment.

This was a cross-sectional study of 7-16-year-old subjects pursuing orthodontic treatment for the first time. The presence or absence of SB was determined using an overnight mandibular movement monitoring inertial measurement sensor, worn by each participant for two consecutive nights. Data from the sensor were extrapolated, then processed and analyzed to automatically identify rhythmic masticatory muscle activity for SB assessment. SB risks were evaluated from previously validated questionnaires, clinical examinations, lateral cephalometric radiographs, and digital study models.

A total of 87 subjects with a mean age of 12.82 years ± 2.24 and body mass index of 21.45 ± 5.49 participated in the study. The prevalence of SB was 60.7%. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that SB had statistically significant association with microarousals (events/h) (β=0.31, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.25-0.36, P < .001) and maxillary 6-6 dimension (mm) (β = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.13, P = .008). A second model excluding microarousals showed that SB had a statistically significant association with sleep efficiency (SE) percentage (β = -0.15, 95% CI -0.28 to -0.01, P = .026) and obstructive respiratory disturbance index (ORDI) (events/h) (β = 0.33, 95% CI 0.15-0.51, P < .001).

In a growing orthodontic population, definite SB is very common. SB is related to microarousals, maxillary intermolar width, SE percentage, and ORDI.

The aim of this study was to verify the correlation of self-reported sleep and awake bruxism with demographic characteristics, oral behaviors, anxiety, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) signs and symptoms, sleep quality, and orthodontic treatment history in dental students. A total of 104 students of Dentistry located in Paraná (South Brazilian State) answered the following self-administered questionnaires: Oral Behavior Checklist, State Anxiety Inventory, TMD signs and symptoms questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Associations between possible awake bruxism (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB) with sleep quality, anxiety, and TMD were analyzed by Poisson Regression with robust variance. The significance level adopted was 5%. The frequency of AB and SB was 76% and 55.8%, respectively. A statistically higher frequency of AB was observed in students who had the following conditions: use of psychotropic medication, physical activity practitioners, moderate or high level of anxiety, more oral behaviors, sleep disorders, and sleep bruxism. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed more frequently in students who presented moderate or high levels of anxiety, oral behaviors, and sleep disorders. The frequency of TMD reported was higher in students with SB, as well as in those with AB. In conclusion, lifestyle, moderate and high anxiety levels, and sleep disorders are associated with a higher prevalence of AB and SB. Furthermore, AB and SB are associated with a higher frequency of TMD reporting.

In oral rehabilitation, a full mouth minimal invasive treatment can represent a major challenge for the patient and the dentist. The purpose of this article is to present a new technique to restore eroded teeth and recover the vertical dimension with a simple and predictable technique.

Occlusal tabletop restorations are a suitable conservative option to restore anatomy and vertical dimension augmentation but highly sensitive. The cementation of those restorations without stable landmarks, the cement excess removal, the insertion path, or the time needed are some of the difficulties can be faced. Now a days with the new CAD-CAM techniques is possible to develop a new occlusal tabletop manufacturing alternative utilizing 3D-printed technology by unifying the restorations with a customized connector that allows us to print several onlays at same time, as a single object, also being cemented at once.

This protocol reduces the technique sensitivity of a vertical dimension oral rehabilitation process, reduce the chair time, enhancing the patient-comfort and delivers a unique way to restore dental lost anatomy as a definitive or temporary way with printing materials.

With the advent of new CAD-CAM 3D printing materials, which are increasingly versatile and gaining favor among clinicians, it is now possible to address complex clinical situations with greater predictability. This technology enables the development of treatment solutions that are both effective and efficient, consequently reducing clinical time for the patient.

Recent studies have highlighted the multifactorial nature of bruxism, with behavioral, psychosocial, and physiological factors, including genetic predisposition, contributing to its development. However, the role of genetic markers in determining susceptibility to bruxism remains poorly understood, with limited studies offering significant findings.

To identify the current knowledge to investigate the susceptibility of genetic markers for sleep (SB) and/or awake bruxism (AB).

Seven electronic databases and two grey literature platforms were searched up to January 2024. We included studies that related different types of genes and/or genetic polymorphisms with different types of bruxism, regardless of age or sex of the participants. To be included the study must have described the form of detection of bruxism.

A total of 21 reports were included. Of these, 16 were primary research reports. The remaining five articles consisted of four systematic reviews and a literature review incorporating a systematic mapping process, and network visualization. Within the pool of 16 primary study reports, seven focused on the association of genetic polymorphisms with both SB and AB, while seven concentrated solely on the association with SB. One primary study reported results related to probable AB and one article did not specify the bruxism type. Regarding all the studied genes and polymorphisms, significant association results were obtained for 15 polymorphisms from 11 different genes. Self-reported SB was associated with genes from the serotonergic (5HTR2A) and dopaminergic pathways (DRD2, DRD3, and ANKK1), as well as genes encoding enzymes (COMT and MMP9) and proteins (ACTN3 and ANKK1). Instrumentally reported SB was linked only to the reverse telomerase gene (TERT). Self-reported AB was associated with the ACTN3 and ANKK1 genes.

This review identified 30 genes and 56 polymorphisms variations potentially associated with either SB or AB. However, few presented significant results regarding positive associations, mostly acting at neurotransmitter pathways. The authors recommend further studies to determine the susceptibility of genetic markers as a risk factor for bruxism.

Background/Objectives: Bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity, phasic or tonic, with/without teeth contact, that appears in sleep or an awake state. An instrumental technique used to measure the surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity of the masseter muscle is used to diagnose bruxism activity during sleep and while awake. The objective of this study was to compare the variation in bruxism (sleep and awake) indices and masseter activity indices in low sleep bruxism and moderate sleep bruxism before and after wearing an occlusal appliance (OA) for 3 months each night. Methods: A clinical interventional study was designed in which subjects diagnosed with sleep bruxism were randomly selected to be included in the study. After the first sEMG recording, two groups were formed: a low sleep-bruxism group (number of sleep-bruxism events/h between 2 and 4) and a moderate sleep-bruxism group (number of sleep-bruxism events/h equal or higher than 4). All subjects received treatment with a 3D-printed occlusal appliance and wore it each night for 3 months, at which point the second sEMG recording was performed. For each participant of this study, a chart was created that included anamnestic data, clinical data, and sEMG data. The data were statistically analyzed with SPSS, using the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: A total of 21 participants were included in the final analysis, 18 women and 3 men, with a mean age of 24.5 ± 2.7 years. The OA lowered all bruxism indices in the whole group, but clusters analysis showed a significant reduction in sleep-bruxism indices in the moderate sleep-bruxism group, while in the low-bruxism group, the sleep and awake indices varied insignificantly, and the number of sleep-bruxism events/h remained constant. Conclusions: The 3D-printed occlusal appliances significantly lowered the sleep-bruxism indices and sleep masseter activity indices recorded with a portable sEMG device in the moderate sleep-bruxism group. The OA lowered the awake-bruxism indices and awake masseter activity indices in the moderate sleep-bruxism group.

To consider the possible role of the vagus nerve (VN) in the pathophysiology of sleep bruxism (SB) and introduce a multimodal protocol of transcutaneous auricular stimulation of the VN in the treatment of SB patients.

Ten patients with SB underwent four sessions of electric transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) in specific auricular areas. The patients were advised to manually stimulate the same areas between sessions. Masticatory muscle activity and sleep parameters were measured by a polysomnography (PSG) before and after the treatment. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured during each stimulation.

PSG analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in tonic SB index and tonic contraction time. HRV parameters showed a statistically significant increase in mean values of the vagal tone after each session of stimulation. No side effect was reported.

The stimulation of the VN might have a role in the treatment of SB.

Bruxism is characterised by a repetitive activity in the masticatory muscles that involves teeth clenching or grinding and/or forceful mandibular movements. Its management is typically initiated when individuals start experiencing the adverse effects of the condition. One of the available intervention forms is the administration of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A). Numerous systematic reviews have addressed the use of BoNT-A to manage bruxism; however, the results are controversial. The current overview aims to determine BoNT-A's effectiveness for managing bruxism in relation to placebo, the absence of treatment or alternative interventions in the adult population.

This study will include systematic reviews (SRs), with or without meta-analysis, aiming to evaluate the efficacy of BoNT-A for bruxism in adults. A broad literature search will be carried out on Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and the grey literature. Experts in the topic and reference lists of included SRs will also be consulted. The study selection will be conducted in two phases by two independent reviewers. Data collection will be performed by one author and cross-checked by another. The methodological quality of included SRs will be evaluated using AMSTAR-II. A narrative synthesis will be employed as the formal method to combine individual study data. The overlap across studies will be quantified by the corrected covered area and illustrated by the Graphical Representation of Overlap for Overviews.

This overview does not require ethics approval, as it uses secondary data from previously published studies. The results will be disseminated through the publication in a high-impact journal.

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/RB45T.

Despite numerous clinical studies on bruxism management, critical evaluation parameters, including the impact of bruxism pain on quality of life and secondary issues like changes in craniocervical posture, are often disregarded.

Evaluate the effect of two treatments on the craniocervical posture of adult patients with myofascial pain.

This parallel randomized clinical trial included 60 patients with myofascial pain due to probable bruxism that fulfilled the study requirements. A computer-generated random sequence was used to allocate treatments: botulinum toxin-A or occlusal appliance. Follow-up time was 3 and 6 months. Kyphosis angle (α) and head posture measurement by cervical radiograph were assessed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA (alpha = 0.05).

Sixty patients were randomized (mean age 30 ± 7.6) and 6 were excluded from the analysis (did not attend follow-up). No statistically significant difference was observed for the head posture measure (p = 0.98) and kyphosis angle (p = 0.74). Mild pain was reported by one patient after botulinum toxin-A application.

Results indicate that craniofacial posture does not seem to be influenced by the treatment of pain in bruxers. If a better posture is desired, this should probably be targeted with other therapies.

Clinical Trials NCT03456154.

To systematically review the literature regarding the concordance of sleep bruxism (SB) between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins.

The registration for this systematic review was accomplished in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, No. CRD42021251751). As of July 2022, four databases were searched, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, as well as the grey literature in Google Scholar and OpenGrey. Observational studies evaluating SB in MZ and DZ twins of any age and sex were included. For the evaluation of the risk of bias, the Joanna Briggs checklist was utilized. The certainty of evidence was assessed via the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Pooled and subgroup meta-analyses were performed to estimate concordance of SB ​​between twins (p < 0.05).

In total, 3,155 records were identified. In the qualitative analysis, eleven studies were included; of these, seven were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of the articles exhibited a low risk of bias (63.6%). Greater SB concordance was observed between MZ twins than between DZ twins in the analysis of general concordance (OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.07-2.02) and also positive concordance (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.29-1.81). Within the subgroup analyses, the significance of the findings remained only for the reported/self-reported SB regarding general concordance (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.07-1.95) and positive concordance (OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.28-1.88). Low certainty of the evidence was observed for the general concordance analysis, while moderate certainty was observed for the positive concordance.

There was a higher concordance of SB in MZ twins compared to DZ twins, indicating a possible genetic influence on the condition's occurrence.

This study aims to evaluate the effects on bite force and muscle thickness of the botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection for patients with sleep bruxism (SB) by comparing injections into the masseter muscle only and both the masseter and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle (ABDM) in a clinical trial.

Twelve SB patients received BoNT-A injections using US-guided techniques into the masseter muscle only (Group A), while the remaining 12 SB patients received injections into both the masseter and ABDM (Group B). Bite force and muscle thickness were measured before injection, as well as 1 and 2 months after injection.

The bite force and masseter muscle thickness decreased in both Group A and Group B before injection, and at 1 and 2 months after injection. However, there was no significant difference (p > .05, repeated measures analysis of variance) between the two groups, and there was also no significant difference in ABDM thickness (p > .05, repeated measures analysis of variance).

This study is the first to assess the short-term effects of BoNT injected into ABDM for SB control. Results show no influence on SB reduction, suggesting the need for further research on BoNT's effectiveness in controlling intense ABDM contractions during sleep and assessing suprahyoid muscle potential impact on rhythmic masticatory muscle activity occurrence.

Since the human population realized how important it was to maintain overall health and the weight of disease, they have been looking for therapeutic qualities in natural environments. The use of plants having medicinal qualities for the treatment and prevention of illnesses that may have an impact on general health is known as herbal medicine. There has been a noticeable increase in interest lately in the combination of synthetic contemporary medications and traditional herbal remedies. About 80 % of people rely on it for healthcare, particularly in developing nations. One important aspect of overall health is said to be oral healthcare. The World Health Organization views oral health as a crucial component of overall health and well-being. Because they are more readily available, less expensive, and have fewer adverse effects than pharmaceutical treatments, using natural medicines to treat pathologic oro-dental disorders can make sense. The current evaluation of the literature sought to investigate the range and scope of the use of herbal products and their secondary metabolites in maintaining oral health, encompassing several oral healthcare domains such as halitosis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and other oral disorders. Therefore, there are many herbs discussed in this work and their mechanism in the treatment and improvement of many oral ailments. Besides, compounds that are useful in oral treatment with their natural sources and the cases where they can be used. To prevent any possible side effects or drug interactions, a doctor's consultation is necessary before using dental medicine. Although herbal therapy is safe and with minimum side effects, it is also strongly advised to do a more thorough preclinical and clinical evaluation before using herbal medicines officially.

Aim: To examine whether there is any difference in the levels of salivary melatonin between bruxism and nonbruxism groups and to compare the stress and anxiety levels between the two groups.Materials & methods: Patients meeting the probable bruxism criteria according to the International Consensus on the Assessment of Bruxism Criteria were included in the bruxism group. The salivary melatonin concentrations of both groups were measured using an ELISA kit. To determine the relationship between stress and bruxism, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test was used.Results: The bruxism group had a significantly lower night-time salivary melatonin level than the control group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was determined between the bruxism group and the control group in respect of the STAI-T scores (p > 0.05).Conclusion: The study findings revealed a strong relationship between a low melatonin level and bruxism.

Although awake bruxism is associated with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) as well as head and neck pain, the effects of physical therapy and bruxism education to address these factors have not been investigated.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oro-facial manual therapy and bruxism neuroscience education (BNE) on awake bruxism over a 3-week period with an open-ended follow-up questionnaire after 3 months.

Subjects (n = 28) were randomly allocated to one of two groups, an intervention group and a control group. Data regarding disability, function and pain were collected pre- and post-assessment, with all measures administered in a single-blind fashion. Participants in both groups received six treatment sessions during this period. In addition to manual therapy, participants were provided with information on the neurophysiological mechanisms of bruxism and contributing factors. Individual behavioural guidelines and daily exercises were determined in consultation with the therapist. An introduction to a bruxism specific app (Brux.App) was also provided, which all participants used as an adjunct to their treatment.

The intervention group demonstrated notable improvement as indicated by their scores in the Neck Disability Index (NDI) (p = .008), Pain Disability Index (PDI) (p = .007) and Jaw Disability List (JDL) (p = .03). Furthermore, clinical assessments of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) revealed a significant progress in terms of mouth opening (p = .03) and lateral jaw movement (laterotrusion) (p = .03). The mechanical pain threshold (PTT) of both the masseter (p = .02) and temporalis muscle (p = .05) also showed significant improvement. At 3-month follow-up, the questionnaire revealed that the majority of the intervention group (13/15, 87%) reported a benefit from the treatment.

The reduction in pain and disability together with improvement in function and increased coping suggest a potential modification of awake bruxism through specialised musculoskeletal intervention and BNE tailored to the individual patient.

To determine the prevalence of self-reported bruxism, awareness of bruxism's adverse effects, and bruxism management among Thai undergraduate dental students.

An online self-reported questionnaire was designed and tested for validity and reliability and then distributed to dental students at 12 universities in Thailand from September 2020 to January 2021.

There were 464 respondents (338 females and 126 males) with an average age of 21.42 ± 2.06 years. The prevalence of self-reported awake and sleep bruxism was 35.78% and 37.28%, respectively, and 19.40% had both awake and sleep bruxism. Awareness scores were higher for dentists than for patients (p< 0.001). Only 12.14% of sleep bruxers still wear an occlusal splint for bruxism management.

The prevalence of self-reported awake and sleep bruxism was high among Thai dental students. They are well aware of the adverse effects of bruxism with inappropriate management of the condition.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of botulinum toxin (BTX) for the treatment of bruxism in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Germany.

A dynamic online questionnaire comprising 7 to 25 questions was formulated to gather general and specific information regarding using BTX to treat bruxism. The questionnaire underwent internal and external assessments for validation. Subsequently, it was distributed to 906 oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFS) affiliated with the German Association for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (DGMKG). Weekly reminders were dispatched over four weeks to enhance response rates. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymized. Descriptive methods were employed for data analysis.

107 OMFS participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 11.81%. On average, 17 patients with bruxism were per month, with 4 of these patients receiving BTX therapy. BTX administration was frequently accompanied by splints and physiotherapy (35.51% of participants). Botox® (Allergan) was the preferred BTX preparation, utilized by 40.79% and reconstituted with saline by 92.11% of participants. The masseter muscles were primarily targeted for BTX treatment (67.57% of participants), averaging 29 BTX (Allergan-) units per side. Injection points for each masseter muscle typically amounted to six per side, preferred by 30.67% of participants. Follow-up assessments post-BTX treatment were conducted regularly, predominantly after four weeks, by 36% of participants. In 8% of cases, additional BTX injections were necessary due to inadequate outcomes. Side effects were reported in 4% of cases, commonly manifesting as a non-disturbing reduction in bite force. Most participating OMFS (61.84%) using BTX for bruxism therapy regarded bruxism treatment with BTX as evidence-based. Notably, 97.37% of respondents expressed their willingness to recommend BTX-based bruxism treatment to their colleagues. Overall, the efficacy of BTX therapy for bruxism was rated as good (53.95%) and very good (40.79%).

The use of BTX for the management of bruxism among OMFS in Germany has demonstrated efficacy. Substantial variances in certain facets of bruxism treatment employing BTX have been observed.

Additional research endeavors are warranted to comprehensively investigate distinct elements of BTX therapy for bruxism, including the optimal dosage of BTX units and the precise localization of injection sites across various muscles.

Driving stress is a multifaceted phenomenon, and the experience of driving invokes stress. Driving causes the activation of stress-response mechanisms, leading to short-term and long-term stress responses resulting in physiological and behavioral changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate driving stress-initiated effects on orofacial functions and health behaviors in the Riyadh population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Riyadh using a pre-validated set of questionnaires for habitual information, a driving stress assessment using a driving-behavior inventory, and an assessment of parafunctional habits and effects on orofacial functions. The results indicate that nearly 50% of the sample spends more than two hours commuting, and more than 50% of the sample has inadequate sleep and insufficient exercise. Oral parafunctional habits like nail biting (p = 0.039) and lip or object biting (p = 0.029) had a significant correlation with aggressive driving behaviors, whereas the grinding of teeth (p = 0.011), the clenching of jaws (p = 0.048), lip or object biting (p = 0.018), and pain in mastication (p = 0.036) had a positive correlation with driving dislikes. Driving stress can be detrimental to one's health and not only impacts health behaviors but also induces oral parafunctional habits and adversely affects orofacial regions and functions. Acute driving stress responses may be transient. However, prolonged driving stress can be maladaptive and can increase the risk of chronic diseases including chronic temporomandibular joint disorders and parafunctional habit-related changes in the oral cavity.

The study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental malocclusion, orthodontic parameters, and parafunctional habits in children with developmental dyslexia (DD).

Forty pediatric patients (67.5% boys and 32.5% girls, mean age: 11.02 ± 2.53 years, range: 6-15 years) with DD were compared with 40 age- and sex-matched healthy participants for prevalence of dental malocclusion, orthodontic parameters, and parafunctional habits. Dental examinations were performed by an orthodontist.

Pediatric patients with DD exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of Angle Class III malocclusion (22.5% vs. 5.0%, P = 0.024), deep bite (27.5% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.019), midline deviation (55.0% vs. 7.5%, P < 0.0001), midline diastemas (32.5% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.010), wear facets (92.5% vs. 15.0%, P < 0.0001), self-reported nocturnal teeth grinding (82.5% vs. 7.5%, P < 0.0001), nail biting (35.0% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.0001), and atypical swallowing (85.0% vs. 17.5%, P < 0.0001) compared to that in healthy controls.

Pediatric patients with DD showed a higher prevalence of Class III malocclusion, greater orthodontic vertical and transverse discrepancies, and incidence of parafunctional activities. Clinicians and dentists should be aware of the vulnerability of children with dyslexia for exhibiting malocclusion and encourage early assessment and multidisciplinary intervention.

This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between diurnal masseter muscle activity and awareness of diurnal awake bruxism (d-AB) by conducting a comparative analysis of electromyographic (EMG) data from individuals with and without awareness of diurnal awake bruxism (d-AB), utilizing EMG data gathered from multiple subjects.

Unilateral masseter electromyography (EMG) recordings were performed during the daytime using an ultraminiature wearable EMG device. A total of 119 participants (59 with awareness of diurnal tooth clenching [d-TC] and 60 without awareness of d-TC) were included. Waveforms longer than 0.25 s with the two amplitude conditions, exceeding twice the baseline and >5% of maximum voluntary clenching, were extracted. In addition, the number of bursts and episodes (groups of bursts), burst duration, and burst peak amplitude were calculated for each participant.

There were no significant differences in the EMG parameters between the groups with and without awareness of d-TC. Additionally, the frequency distribution of the number of EMG waveforms exhibited wide ranges and substantial overlap between the two groups.

The variability in the number of bursts and episodes, burst peak amplitude, and burst duration among subjects suggests the need for an objective classification of d-AB severity based on EMG values. The absence of significant differences and large overlap in frequency distributions between the groups with and without awareness of d-TC indicate difficulty in predicting muscle activity solely based on awareness of d-AB.

To investigate the effect of the Coronavirus pandemic on the report of psychological status, bruxism, and TMD symptoms.

An online survey was drafted to report the presence of psychological status, bruxism activities, and reported symptoms of TMDs perceived during the COVID-19 pandemic in a population of 506 individuals.

Mental health is not positive during the Coronavirus pandemic: almost half the subjects reported an increase in bruxism behaviors, while up to one-third reported an increase in their symptoms involving the TMJ and jaw muscles. Specifically, 36% and 32.2% of participants reported increased pain in the TMJ and facial muscles, respectively, and almost 50% of the subjects also reported more frequent migraines and/or headaches.

Increased psychosocial distress during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase the frequency of TMD symptoms and bruxism behaviors, which, in turn, constitute a triangle of mutually interacting factors with the psychological and emotional status.

Various biofeedback stimulation techniques for managing sleep bruxism (SB) have recently emerged; however, the effect of the successive application of vibratory feedback stimulation has not been clarified. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of vibration feedback stimulation via an oral appliance (OA) on SB.

This prospective, single-arm, open-label intervention study included 20 participants diagnosed with "definite" SB who wore a specially designed OA for 98 nights at home. A force-based SB detection system triggered a vibrator attached to the OA. Vibratory stimulation was withheld during the first 3-week adaptation period (weeks 1-3), applied during the 9-week stimulation period (weeks 4-12), and withheld again during the post-stimulation period (weeks 13-14). The number and duration of SB events per hour of sleep were calculated based on piezoelectric signals recorded with the OA-based vibration feedback device and compared between weeks 3 and 4, 8, 12, and 14 and between weeks 12 and 14 using the Friedman test (post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction).

The duration of SB events significantly decreased after vibratory stimulation (weeks 3 versus 4, 8, and 12: P < 0.001, P = 0.026, and P = 0.033, respectively) and then significantly increased upon cessation of vibratory stimulation after the stimulation period (weeks 12 versus 14: P < 0.001).

Contingent vibratory stimulation through an OA-based vibration feedback device may suppress SB-related masticatory muscle activity continuously for 9 weeks and may be an effective alternative for managing SB.

To investigate if there are dose-response relationships between self-reported waking-state oral behaviours, including awake bruxism, and three indicators of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, stress).

The study sample consisted of 1,886 patients with function-dependent TMD pain. Relationships between six non-functional and six functional waking-state oral behaviours, scored on a 5-point ordinal scale, and the psychological factors were investigated using ordinal logistic regression.

Mean age was 42.4 (±15.3) years, 78.7% being female. The odds of reporting the higher categories of non-functional oral behaviours depended on the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress. Most OR coefficients followed a quadratic dose-response distribution, the others increased linearly as the severity of the psychological scales increased. Almost no such associations were found with normal jaw function behaviours.

Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that non-functional waking-state oral behaviours, including awake bruxism, and psychological distress have a dose-response relationship, with higher levels of distress being associated with higher reports of oral behaviours.

To assess the frequency of awake bruxism (AB) behaviors in a group of undergraduate dentistry students and correlate it with the status of anxiety and depression.

The frequency of five oral behaviors (i.e., relaxed jaw muscle, teeth contact, mandible bracing, teeth clenching, teeth grinding) was evaluated using a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) approach. The anxiety and depression status was investigated with the four-item patient health questionnaire for anxiety and depression (PHQ-4). ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used to assess the difference in frequency of AB behaviors among the four PHQ-4 groups.

Among the four groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of relaxed jaw muscle, teeth contact, mandible bracing, and teeth clenching, but not for teeth grinding.

Based on this cross-sectional study's findings, psyche seems to have a determinant impact on AB behaviors, which is significantly higher in individuals with anxiety and depression traits.

This study presents a scoping review to determine the association between tooth wear and bruxism.

A protocol was developed a priori (Open Science Framework (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/CS7JX)). Established scoping review methods were used for screening, data extraction, and synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI tools. Direct associations between tooth wear and bruxism were assessed.

Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PubMed were searched.

Any clinical study containing tooth wear and bruxism assessment done on humans in any language was included. Animal, in-vitro studies and case reports were excluded.

Thirty publications reporting on the association between tooth wear and bruxism were included. The majority of publications were cross-sectional studies (90%) while only three were longitudinal (10%). Eleven papers assessed definitive bruxism for analysis (instrumental tools), one paper assessed probable bruxism (clinical inspection with self-report) and eighteen assessed possible bruxism (self-report). Of the eleven papers assessing definitive bruxism, eight also reported outcomes of non-instrumental tools. Tooth wear was mostly scored using indexes. Most studies reported no or weak associations between tooth wear and bruxism, except for the studies done on cervical tooth wear. When bruxism assessment was done through self-report, more often an association was found. Studies using multivariate analyses did not find an association between tooth wear and bruxism, except the cervical wear studies. Evidence shows inconclusive results as to whether bruxism and tooth wear are related or not. Therefore, well-designed longitudinal trials are needed to address this gap in the literature.

Based on the evidence, dental clinicians should not infer bruxism activity solely on the presence of tooth wear.

Bruxism can be defined as the process of direct contact with teeth and dental materials with an involuntary jaw-tightening movement. In this process, teeth and dental materials can be exposed to various damage mechanisms. This study aims to realize the mechanism of bruxism with finite element analysis and in vitro rotating chewing movement analysis. Within the scope of the study, cp-Ti, Ti-5Zr, and Ti-5Ta materials were subjected to wear tests in the finite element analysis and in vitro rotating chewing movement method under the determined Bruxism chewing test conditions. Test specimens with cylindrical geometry were exposed to a direct every-contact wear mechanism for 30 s under 150 N bruxism chewing bite force. The bruxism chewing cycle continued for 300 min at a frequency of 2 Hz. Microanalysis of the wear surfaces of the samples after the experimental study was carried out with Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results obtained within the scope of this study showed that the Bruxism wear resistance increased by adding zirconium and tantalum to pure titanium material. This result shows that pure titanium material, which is known to have poor wear resistance, can be improved with Zr and Ta alloys. It is clinically important that the success rate in the treatment process increases with the increase in wear resistance. However, the micro-cracks observed in the microstructure may have occurred in the sub-surface, which is a show of the fatigue wear mechanism.