• Greenness
• Nalbuphine
• Plasma
• Propofol
• Synchronous spectrofluorimetry

• Humans
• Nalbuphine/blood
• Nalbuphine/chemistry
• Propofol/blood
• Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods
• Limit of Detection
• Reproducibility of Results
• Dosage Forms

• 3D reconstruction
• Depth estimation
• Endoscopy
• Feature matching
• SLAM
• Scene representation

• Humans
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
• Endoscopy/methods
• Algorithms
• Deep Learning

• autonomous navigation
• fetal surgery
• magnetic navigation
• medical robotics
• mosaicking

• Humans
• Endoscopy/methods
• Female
• Fetofetal Transfusion/surgery
• Magnetics/methods
• Endoscopes
• Pregnancy
• Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods

• 200020_212885 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
• 743217 European Research Council
• InnoHK Innovation and Technology Commission
• Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
• European Research Council
• Innovation and Technology Commission

• helicobacter
• h. pylori
• convolutional neural network
• real-time
• artificial intelligence

• Humans
• Helicobacter pylori
• Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis
• Helicobacter Infections/pathology
• Gastroscopy
• Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
• Neural Networks, Computer

• Dual-attention mechanism
• Gastrointestinal endoscopy
• Monocular depth estimation
• Self-supervised learning

Objective: This prospective study evaluated the 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) and 95% effective dose (ED₉₅) of nalbuphine combined with propofol during painless gastroscopy.

Methods: Seventy-five patients who underwent painless gastroscopy were randomly divided into five groups (group N₀, N_0.05, N_0.1, N_0.15, and N_0.2), with doses of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mg/kg nalbuphine in each group. Propofol was given to all groups as the sedative. The bispectral index (BIS) value, propofol dose, examination time, and awakening time were recorded. The number of patients with intolerance indexes (coughing, retching, swallowing, or limb movement) was recorded in each group. The ED₅₀/ED₉₅ of nalbuphine combined with propofol for gastroscopy were calculated.

Results: Compared with those of groups N₀, N_0.05, or N_0.1, the propofol dose and awakening time were significantly reduced in group N_0.15 or N_0.2 (p < 0.05). The successful rate of painless gastroscopy in group N_0.15 or N_0.2 significantly increased compared to that of group N₀ or N_0.05 (p < 0.05). When combined with propofol, nalbuphine had an ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ for painless gastroscopy of 0.078 mg/kg (95% CI, 0.056–0.098 mg/kg) and 0.162 mg/kg (95% CI, 0.134–0.217 mg/kg), respectively.

Conclusion: The ED₅₀/ED₉₅ of nalbuphine combined with propofol are 0.078 and 0.162 mg/kg, respectively, for painless gastroscopy. Nalbuphine at 0.162 mg/kg combined with propofol is effective and safe for painless gastroscopy in adults.

• ED50
• ED95
• dose–effect relationship
• effective dose
• gastroscopy
• nalbuphine
• propofol

Gastric endoscopy is a golden standard in the clinical process that enables medical practitioners to diagnose various lesions inside a patient’s stomach. If a lesion is found, a success in identifying the location of the found lesion relative to the global view of the stomach will lead to better decision making for the next clinical treatment. Our previous research showed that the lesion localization could be achieved by reconstructing the whole stomach shape from chromoendoscopic indigo carmine (IC) dye-sprayed images using a structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline. However, spraying the IC dye to the whole stomach requires additional time, which is not desirable for both patients and practitioners. Our objective is to propose an alternative way to achieve whole stomach 3D reconstruction without the need of the IC dye. We generate virtual IC-sprayed (VIC) images based on image-to-image style translation trained on unpaired real no-IC and IC-sprayed images, where we have investigated the effect of input and output color channel selection for generating the VIC images. We validate our reconstruction results by comparing them with the results using real IC-sprayed images and confirm that the obtained stomach 3D structures are comparable to each other. We also propose a local reconstruction technique to obtain a more detailed surface and texture around an interesting region. The proposed method achieves the whole stomach reconstruction without the need of real IC dye using SfM. We have found that translating no-IC green-channel images to IC-sprayed red-channel images gives the best SfM reconstruction result. Clinical impact We offer a method of the frame localization and local 3D reconstruction of a found gastric lesion using standard endoscopy images, leading to better clinical decision.

• 3D reconstruction
• Endoscopy
• generative adversarial network
• stomach
• structure-from-motion

Gastroscopy and colonoscopy are important and common endoscopic methods for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal and colorectal diseases. However, endoscopy is usually associated with adverse reactions such as nervousness, nausea, vomiting, choking cough, and pain. Severe discomfort, such as vomiting, coughing, or body movement, may lead to aggravation of a pre-existing condition or even interruption of examination or treatment, especially in some critically ill patients with physiological dysfunction (e.g., cardiovascular or respiratory disease). The optimal methods for inducing analgesia and sedation in endoscopy are areas of ongoing debate; nevertheless, determining an appropriate regimen of sedation and analgesia is important.

To evaluate the effects of propofol combined with dezocine, sufentanil, or fentanyl in painless gastroscopy and colonoscopy.

Four hundred patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups for anesthesia: intravenous dezocine, sufentanil, fentanyl, or saline. Propofol was administered intravenously for induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

The dosage of propofol in the dezocine group was significantly lower than those in other groups (P < 0.01). Bispectral index and Steward score (0-6 points, an unresponsive, immobile patient whose airway requires maintenance to a fully recovered patient) after eye opening in the dezocine group were significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.01). Awakening time and postoperative pain score (0-10 points, no pain to unbearable pain) in the dezocine group were significantly lower than those in other groups (P < 0.01). Mean arterial pressure and pulse oxygen saturation in the dezocine group were significantly more stable at various time points (before dosing, disappearance of eyelash reflex, and wakeup) than those in other groups (P < 0.01). The rates of hypopnea, jaw thrust, body movements, and usage of vasoactive drugs in the dezocine group were significantly lower than those in other groups (P < 0.01). Additionally, the rates of reflex coughing, nausea, and vomiting were not statistically different between the four groups (P > 0.05).

The combination of propofol and dezocine can decrease propofol dosage, reduce the risk for the development of inhibitory effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, increase analgesic effect, decrease body movement, shorten awakening time, and improve awakening quality.

• Anesthesia
• Dezocine
• Propofol
• Gastroscopy
• Colonoscopy

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) minimizes the surgical incisions that need to be made and hence reduces the physical trauma involved during the surgical process. The ultimate goal is to reduce postoperative pain and blood loss as well as to limit the scarring area and hence accelerate recovery. It is therefore of great interest to both the surgeon and the patient. However, a major problem with MIS is that the field of vision of the surgeon is very narrow. We had previously developed and tested an MIS panoramic endoscope (MISPE) that provides the surgeon with a broader field of view. However, one issue with the MISPE was its low rate of video stitching. Therefore, in this paper, we propose using the region of interest in combination with the downsizing technique to improve the image-stitching performance of the MISPE. Experimental results confirm that, by using the proposed method, the image size can be increased by more than 160%, with the image resolution also improving. For instance, we could achieve performance improvements of 10× (CPU) and 23× (GPU) as compared to that of the original method.

• Animals
• Biomimetic Materials
• Colon/diagnostic imaging
• Endoscopy/instrumentation
• Humans
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
• Insecta
• Optical Devices

Image registration is a key component of computer assistance in image guided surgery, and it is a challenging topic in endoscopic environments. In this study, we present a method for image registration named Homographic Patch Feature Transform (HPFT) to match gastroscopic images. HPFT can be used for tracking lesions and augmenting reality applications during gastroscopy. Furthermore, an overall evaluation scheme is proposed to validate the precision, robustness and uniformity of the registration results, which provides a standard for rejection of false matching pairs from corresponding results. Finally, HPFT is applied for processing in vivo gastroscopic data. The experimental results show that HPFT has stable performance in gastroscopic applications.

• Algorithms
• Gastroscopy/methods
• Humans
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
• Intraoperative Period
• Stomach/pathology
• Stomach/surgery
• Surgery, Computer-Assisted/methods