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Liu H, Xie Y, An X, Xu D, Cai S, Chu C, Liu G. Advances in Novel Diagnostic Techniques for Alveolar Echinococcosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2025; 15:585. [PMID: 40075832 PMCID: PMC11898896 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is a serious parasitic disease that presents significant health risks and challenges for both patients and healthcare systems. Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes. This review summarizes the latest diagnostic methods for AE, focusing on serological tests and imaging techniques such as ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Each imaging modality has its strengths and limitations in detecting and characterizing AE lesions, such as their location, size, and invasiveness. US is often the first-line method due to its non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness, but it may have limitations in assessing complex lesions. CT provides detailed anatomical information and is particularly useful for assessing bone involvement and calcification. MRI, with its excellent soft tissue contrast, is superior for delineating the extent of AE lesions and their relationship to adjacent structures. PET/CT combines functional and morphological imaging to provide insights into the metabolic activity of lesions, which is valuable for monitoring treatment response and detecting recurrence. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of a multifaceted diagnostic approach that combines serological and imaging techniques for accurate and early AE diagnosis, which is crucial for effective management and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Molecular Theranostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Public Health, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Yijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Molecular Theranostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Molecular Theranostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dazhuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Molecular Theranostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shundong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Molecular Theranostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Molecular Theranostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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De la Cruz-Saldana T, Bustos JA, Requena-Herrera MP, Martinez-Merizalde N, Ortiz-Cam L, Cáceres AL, Guzman C, Gavidia CM, Ugarte-Gil C, Castillo-Neyra R. A scoping review on control strategies for Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2025:2024.08.21.24312335. [PMID: 39228722 PMCID: PMC11370509 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.21.24312335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (EG) with a global burden of control in the billions of dollars. E. granulosus' life cycle involves definitive, intermediate, and humans as dead-end hosts. Echinococcosis control programs use strategies that focus on any of these hosts. We aimed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the EG control interventions worldwide. Methods We conducted a scoping review by mapping all studies on interventions for EG control following the Arksey and O'Malley Framework. We screened identified articles, and charted and coded selected papers. We classified the data based on target host, type of study, and control mechanism. We described the efficacy or safety outcomes, and the associated barriers/facilitators for the intervention. Critical appraisal was conducted. Results From 7,853 screened studies, we analyzed 45: seven centered on human interventions, 21 on animals, and 17 on both. Studies on humans focused on educational strategies and human CE monitoring. The studies on animals were field trials and most were based on Praziquantel (PZQ) for dogs. Studies focused on both animals and humans had, in general, more participants, lasted longer, and covered larger geographical areas. Overall, the quality of studies was moderate to low. Conclusions Available evidence suggests that long-term interventions aimed at both animals and humans can achieve significant reduction in EG transmission, particularly when PZQ treatment for dogs is included. Higher quality evidence, standardization of methodologies, and better reporting on post-intervention outcomes are necessary for drawing stronger conclusions. Further evidence is needed to assess the sustainability and scalability of control measures. Nonetheless, an integrative One Health approach is essential for overcoming the multiple challenges associated with sustaining long-term control efforts for Echinococcosis. Funding RCN was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant nos. K01AI139284 and R01AI168291). LOC, JAB, and RCN were supported by the Fogarty International Center (grant no. D43TW012741). TAD, CG and JAB were supported by the Fogarty International Center (grant no. D43TW001140). Author Summary Cystic echinococcosis is a disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato . This parasite can be found in specific areas on all continents, especially in poverty-stricken regions, increasing costs and losses. Some countries have achieved control, but most are still in the process. Our review provides a clear picture of what we currently know about these control strategies and points out where more research is needed. It highlights how the findings can improve control practices by showing what works best and address practical challenges. The review also identifies gaps in current knowledge and suggests that comparing different control methods could help find the most effective and cost-efficient solutions. Key areas needing attention include increasing support and funding for echinococcosis, as the disease is often overlooked. More research from different fields is needed to better understand and manage the disease's complexities. Better and ongoing surveillance is crucial for maintaining effective control strategies. Finally, comprehensive reviews that bring together findings from different studies are needed to identify what works best and improve and combine future control efforts.
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Wu M, Yan C, Sen G. Computer-aided diagnosis of hepatic cystic echinococcosis based on deep transfer learning features from ultrasound images. Sci Rep 2025; 15:607. [PMID: 39753933 PMCID: PMC11698856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-85004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE), a life-threatening liver disease, has 5 subtypes, i.e., single-cystic, polycystic, internal capsule collapse, solid mass, and calcified subtypes. And each subtype has different treatment methods. An accurate diagnosis is the prerequisite for effective HCE treatment. However, clinicians with less diagnostic experience often make misdiagnoses of HCE and confuse its 5 subtypes in clinical practice. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) techniques can help clinicians to improve their diagnostic performance. This paper aims to propose an efficient CAD system that automatically differentiates 5 subtypes of HCE from the ultrasound images. The proposed CAD system adopts the concept of deep transfer learning and uses a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) named VGG19 to extract deep CNN features from the ultrasound images. The proven classifier models, k - nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vecter machine (SVM) models, are integrated to classify the extracted deep CNN features. 3 distinct experiments with the same deep CNN features but different classifier models (softmax, KNN, SVM) are performed. The experiments followed 10 runs of the five-fold cross-validation process on a total of 1820 ultrasound images and the results were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The overall classification accuracy from low to high was 90.46 ± 1.59% for KNN classifier, 90.92 ± 2.49% for transfer learned VGG19, and 92.01 ± 1.48% for SVM, indicating SVM classifiers with deep CNN features achieved the best performance (P < 0.05). Other performance measures used in the study are specificity, sensitivity, precision, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC). In addition, the paper addresses a practical aspect by evaluating the system with smaller training data to demonstrate the capability of the proposed classification system. The observations of the study imply that transfer learning is a useful technique when the availability of medical images is limited. The proposed classification system by using deep CNN features and SVM classifier is potentially helpful for clinicians to improve their HCE diagnostic performance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China.
| | - Chuanbo Yan
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Gan Sen
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
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Borhani M, Fathi S, Harandi MF, Casulli A, Ding J, Liu M, Zhang W, Wen H. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato control measures: a specific focus on vaccines for both definitive and intermediate hosts. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:533. [PMID: 39716337 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis, a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus tapeworms, presents significant public health challenges worldwide. Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis has substantial health and economic impacts, necessitating effective prevention and control strategies. The present review provides a framework to expand our knowledge regarding key components of echinococcosis prevention and control, including phases, options, targets and available tools as well as current gaps and challenges in the field. Furthermore, we discuss the progress made in developing vaccines for the intermediate and definitive hosts and review the limitations and obstacles in vaccine development for definitive hosts. Abundant information is available on various aspects of the Echinococcus vaccine in sheep. Livestock vaccination effectively reduces Echinococcus transmission to sheep, offering a feasible control measure in intermediate hosts. However, vaccine development for the definitive host, i.e. dogs, exhibits significant challenges. Information gaps regarding the immune-mediated protective responses in dogs, repeatability of results, factors influencing the immune response, reinfection resistance, potential age-related decreases in worm burden and factors associated with the antifecundity effect are key challenges that should be addressed in canine vaccine development, and research collaboration, innovative technologies, and a deeper understanding of transmission dynamics are crucial. Multisectoral coordination under the One Health framework, with long-term political commitment and national and international cooperation, is critical for effective control in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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Rong X, Fan M. Ecoepidemic modeling and dynamics of alveolar echinococcosis transmission. Math Biosci 2024; 377:109304. [PMID: 39368545 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, transmitted between definitive hosts and intermediate hosts via predation, threatens the health of humans and causes great economic losses in western China. In order to explore the transmission mechanism of this disease, an eco-epidemiological lifecycle model is formulated to illustrate interactions between two hosts. The basic and demographic reproduction numbers are developed to characterize the stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria as well as bifurcation dynamics. The existence of forward bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation are confirmed and are used to explain the threshold transmission dynamics. Numerical simulations and bifurcation diagrams are also presented to depict rich dynamics of the model. Numerical analysis suggests that improving the control rate of voles will reduce the risk of transmission, while the high predation rate of foxes may also lead to a lower transmission risk, which is different from the predictions of previous studies. The evaluation of three control measures on voles implies that, when the fox's predation rate is low (high), the chemical (integrated) control will be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Rong
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Meng Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.
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Sendekie B, Gebeyehu B, Mihret A, Kassa T, Kebede N. Epidemiological study on bovine cystic echinococcosis: Abattoir survey, cyst characterization and its economic impact at Mekaneyesuse municipality abattoir, Northwest Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 25:e00355. [PMID: 38800636 PMCID: PMC11127200 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a major medical and veterinary concern in the world. It is one of the significant diseases in livestock farming communities managed under extensive grazing system like Ethiopia. Domestic intermediate hosts are an important reservoir for the disease spread. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the occurrence and economic losses associated with CE in cattle slaughtered at Mekaneyesuse Municipality abattoir, South Gondor zone of Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia. Ante-mortem inspection, postmortem examinations of organs, hydatid cyst characterization and financial loss estimations were conducted. The study was conducted on 384 cattle. The involvement of different organs was as follows: lungs (46.09%), liver (45.22%), heart (6.09%), and kidneys (2.6%). Out of the total of 115 cysts observed, small cysts constituted 57.39%, medium-sized were 34.78%, and large cysts accounted for 7.83%. Of these 115 cysts, 53.9% were fertile which included both viable (29%) and non-viable (71%) cysts. Furthermore, 46.1% cysts were non fertile, 62.3% were sterile and 37.7% were calcified. Based on the origin of animal, the prevalence of hydatid cysts was recorded to be 31.25%, 24%, 22.05% and 14.25% in Tachgayent, Semada, Andabet and Estie district, respectively. Higher cyst occurrence was observed in animals with poor body condition (51.56%) followed by medium (13.7%) and good body condition scores (8.25%). The total annual economic loss due to the direct condemnation of organs and indirect losses were estimated to be 851,252.68 ETB ($16,061.06). This study revealed that CE is economically important disease at Mekaneyesuse, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. A more comprehensive investigation is required on prevalence and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. cysts is important also to identify and estimate the relative contribution of each species or genotype to the disease in this area. Moreover, efforts to enhance public awareness in the area should also be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete Sendekie
- Amhara Livestock Resource Development, South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Beyenech Gebeyehu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Mihret
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O.Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O.Box 1176, Ethiopia
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Hirano K, Maruki Y, Yamashige D, Kobayashi O, Shiotsuka M, Morizane C, Imamura T, Hiraoka N, Okusaka T. Two Cases of Disseminated Alveolar Echinococcosis: The Diagnosis, Management, and Differential Considerations for Liver Lesions. Intern Med 2024; 63:1247-1252. [PMID: 37779063 PMCID: PMC11116014 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2444-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, is an aggressive and potentially critical infestation that primarily affects the liver and can metastasize to any part of the body. We herein report two cases of echinococcosis, which could be differentiated from malignancy on imaging studies, with infections of the liver and mediastinal lymph nodes, and also associated with systemic disseminated lesions. AE is a very invasive infectious disease, and in order to detect such lesions at an early stage when they are still resectable, it is necessary to understand the characteristic imaging findings and determine the patient's current medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hirano
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuta Maruki
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
| | - Daiki Yamashige
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Department of Infection, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
| | - Mika Shiotsuka
- Department of Infection, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
| | - Chigusa Morizane
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
| | - Tsunao Imamura
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Japan, Japan
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Santoro A, Santolamazza F, Cacciò SM, La Rosa G, Antolová D, Auer H, Bagrade G, Bandelj P, Basso W, Beck R, Citterio CV, Davidson RK, Deksne G, Frey CF, Fuglei E, Glawischnig W, Gottstein B, Harna J, Huus Petersen H, Karamon J, Jansen F, Jarošová J, Jokelainen P, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Maksimov P, Miljević M, Miterpáková M, Moks E, Origgi F, Ozolina Z, Ryser MP, Romig T, Šarkūnas M, Scorrano N, Saarma U, Šnábel V, Sréter T, Umhang G, Vengušt G, Žele Vengušt D, Casulli A. Mitochondrial genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:233-245. [PMID: 38246405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease of the northern hemisphere. Red foxes are the main reservoir hosts and, likely, the main drivers of the geographic spread of the disease in Europe. Knowledge of genetic relationships among E. multilocularis isolates at a European scale is key to understanding the dispersal characteristics of E. multilocularis. Hence, the present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis isolates obtained from different host species in 19 European countries. Based on the analysis of complete nucleotide sequences of the cob, atp6, nad2, nad1 and cox1 mitochondrial genes (4,968 bp), 43 haplotypes were inferred. Four haplotypes represented 62.56 % of the examined isolates (142/227), and one of these four haplotypes was found in each country investigated, except Svalbard, Norway. While the haplotypes from Svalbard were markedly different from all the others, mainland Europe appeared to be dominated by two main clusters, represented by most western, central and eastern European countries, and the Baltic countries and northeastern Poland, respectively. Moreover, one Asian-like haplotype was identified in Latvia and northeastern Poland. To better elucidate the presence of Asian genetic variants of E. multilocularis in Europe, and to obtain a more comprehensive Europe-wide coverage, further studies, including samples from endemic regions not investigated in the present study, especially some eastern European countries, are needed. Further, the present work proposes historical causes that may have contributed to shaping the current genetic variability of E. multilocularis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Santoro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Santolamazza
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Herbert Auer
- Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guna Bagrade
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Wildlife Management Research Group, Salaspils, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Petra Bandelj
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Relja Beck
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Parasitology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carlo V Citterio
- Centro Specialistico Fauna Selvatica, SCT2-Belluno, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Via Cappellari 44/A, 32100 Belluno, Italy
| | | | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; Faculty of Biology, University of Lavia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Walter Glawischnig
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Innsbruck, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Technikerstraße 70, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Harna
- State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Jakoubka ze Stribra 1, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark, Stationsparken 31-33 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jacek Karamon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Famke Jansen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Department of Biomedical Sciences, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald‑Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Milan Miljević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Epp Moks
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zanda Ozolina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Marie-Pierre Ryser
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mindaugas Šarkūnas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nathalie Scorrano
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tamás Sréter
- National Reference Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gèrald Umhang
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory Echinococcus spp, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Gorazd Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diana Žele Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriano Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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9
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Rahpima B, Dabirzadeh M. Molecular diagnosis of echinococcosis in patients based on frozen paraffin tissue samples and fixed formalin and hydatid cysts isolated from livestock in a slaughterhouse. Trop Parasitol 2024; 14:16-22. [PMID: 38444797 PMCID: PMC10911189 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_41_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Various genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus have been studied in high-disease-risk areas and identified as causative agents of cystic echinococcosis (CE). This study was performed to examine and identify the molecular hydatid cyst in the dissected human specimens in paraffin tissue, and the dissected animal cyst was characterized using the DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Materials and Methods To determine the molecular properties of E. granulosus, 20 hydatid cyst samples (including 6 sheep samples, 9 camel samples, and 10 human paraffin samples) were collected from Zahedan and Zabol cities. After DNA extraction, molecular PCR was performed, and RFLP was evaluated. In this study, the Taq1 endonuclease cleavage enzyme was used. Results The patterns of DNA bands found in the isolates from human CE and animal bladder cysts were the same, as indicated by the results of ribosomal DNA-ITS1 amplification from E. granulosus. Two nested primer pairs were used. The rough size of the enhanced ITS1 piece was 444 and 391 base pairs (bp), individually. After cutting the PCR product with the Taq1 enzyme, the patterns of the fragments revealed that the samples had two identical RFLP patterns. The aftereffects of this study showed that the parasite genotypes confined to sheep, camels, and people had hereditary changes. Conclusion The transcendent type of E. granulosus sensu lato in the area is E. granulosus sensu stricto, which featured the meaning of the sheep/canine cycle in human transmission. Albeit the band profile in the camel is now and again like the sheep strain, RLFP can be recognized utilizing the PCR strategy, and two differentiating band profiles using the chemical were found in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjat Rahpima
- Department of Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Sistan-Baluchistan Province, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mansour Dabirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Sistan-Baluchistan Province, Zabol, Iran
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10
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Antolová D, Šnábel V, Jarošová J, Cavallero S, D’Amelio S, Syrota Y, Rosoľanka R, Avdičová M, Miterpáková M. Human alveolar echinococcosis in Slovakia: Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis, 2000-2023. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011876. [PMID: 38198452 PMCID: PMC10805277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a serious parasitic disease caused by larval stages of Echinococcus multilocularis. Between January 2000 and October 2023, 137 AE cases were confirmed in Slovakia. The average annual incidence increased from 0.031 per 100,000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2011, to an average of 0.187 since 2012, i.e. about six times. Among patients, 45.3% were men and 54.7% were women; the mean age at the time of diagnosis was 52.8 years. Most cases were diagnosed in the age groups 51-60 years and 61-70 years (33 cases each), and eight patients fell into the age category ≤ 20 years. To better recognize the gene diversity in clinical samples, metacestodes from 21 patients collected between 2013 and 2021 were subjected to DNA sequencing of four mitochondrial genes. Using concatenated sequences of cob (603 bp), nad2 (882 bp) and cox1 (789 bp) gene fragments, 14 isolates (66.7%) were assigned to the European E5 profile of E. multilocularis, two isolates (9.5%) to the E5a subtype, four isolates (19%) to the E4 profile, and one isolate (4.8%) to haplogroup E1/E2. The E5-type profiles and E4 profiles were distributed throughout the country, whereas the E1/E2 profile was found in the patient from western Slovakia. According to the data obtained and GenBank sequences, the E5-type dispersal is so far limited to central-eastern Europe and the variant seems to be indigenous to that region. The admixture with the haplotypes E4 and E1/E2 could have taken place from a historical endemic focus during the fox expansion in the last decades. By employing the nad1 fragment, a typical European haplotype was observed in all 21 resolved Slovak samples. The acceleration in the AE incidence in the last decade suggests the emergence of the disease and the need for further research on human and animal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yaroslav Syrota
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Róbert Rosoľanka
- Clinic of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Martin, Comenius University Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mária Avdičová
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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11
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Khan H, Celik F, Simsek S, Harandi MF, Ahmed H. Genetic diversity and haplotypes of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from cattle and buffaloes and first report of E. ortleppi (G5) in buffaloes in Pakistan based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit-1 gene (mt-CO1) markers. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108648. [PMID: 37944659 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic disease that is caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm, one of the most important and neglected zoonotic disease. Although the echinococcosis is endemic in the neighboring countries, information regarding circulating genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato is scarce in Pakistan. Therefore, the main purpose of this report was to contribute in molecular epidemiology and to find genetic variation and haplotypes of E. granulosus s.l. in cattle and buffalo isolates. To identify species circulating in country, parasite samples were collected from different slaughterhouses and butcher shops of two major cities, Rawalpindi and Peshawar located in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) provinces, Pakistan, respectively. A total of 100 CE cyst samples were investigated from buffalo (n = 61), and cattle (n = 39) hosts. After genomic DNA extraction from individual cyst materials, mt-CO1 (875 bp) gene was amplified by PCR. After that, PCR products were electrophoresed on the agarose gel then purified and sequenced using forward primer. The sequences were trimmed (779 bp), aligned and matched with NCBI published sequences. E. granulosus s.s. (G1, G3) (71.4%; n = 20/28) was confirmed as the dominant species in buffalo and cattle. E. ortleppi (G5) (28.6%; n = 8/28) was recorded for the first time in both buffalo and cattle isolates from Rawalpindi. E. granulosus s.l. haplotype network showed single predominant haplotype, which comprised 40% of population. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs were negative and significant for E. ortleppi (G5), suggesting population expansion in Pakistan. Therefore, more studies using isolates of E. granulosus s.l. from various locations and intermediate hosts across Pakistan will add new data on molecular epidemiology and genotyping for effective control strategies of CE in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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12
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Shumuye NA, Li L, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Wu YT, Wu YD, Tian WJ, Zhang LS, Nian XF, Dai GD, Chen WG, Gao SZ, Tian XQ, Liu JS, Li B, Kebede N, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Infection of sheep by Echinococcus multilocularis in Gansu, China: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:72. [PMID: 37563679 PMCID: PMC10413491 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the normal life cycle of the parasite (Echinococcus multilocularis) that causes alveolar echinococcosis, domestic and wild carnivores act as definitive hosts, and rodents act as intermediate hosts. The presented study contributes to the research on the distribution and transmission pattern of E. multilocularis in China having identified sheep as an unusual intermediate host taking part in the domestic transmission of alveolar echinococcosis in Gansu Province, China. METHODS From 2020 to 2021, nine whitish different cyst-like were collected from the liver of sheep in Gansu Province for examination. A near complete mitochondrial (mt) genome and selected nuclear genes were amplified from the cyst-like lesion for identification. To confirm the status of the specimen, comparative analysis with reference sequences, phylogenetic analysis, and network analysis were performed. RESULTS The isolates displayed ≥ 98.87% similarity to E. multilocularis NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 1 (nad1) (894 bp) reference sequences deposited in GenBank. Furthermore, amplification of the nad4 and nad2 genes also confirmed all nine samples as E. multilocularis with > 99.30% similarity. Additionally, three nuclear genes, pepck (1545 bp), elp-exons VII and VIII (566 bp), and elp-exon IX (256 bp), were successfully amplified and sequenced for one of the isolates with 98.42% similarity, confirming the isolates were correctly identified as E. multilocularis. Network analysis also correctly placed the isolates with other E. multilocularis. CONCLUSIONS As a result of the discovery of E. multilocularis in an unusual intermediate host, which is considered to have the highest zoonotic potential, the result clearly demonstrated the necessity for expanded surveillance in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Abebe Shumuye
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology, Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Sciences, Kalamino Campus, P.O.Box: 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yao-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Nian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Guo-Dong Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wei-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Sheng-Zhi Gao
- Gansu Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Qi Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jun-Shi Liu
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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13
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Ahmad AA, Maurice MN, Monib MESM, Soliman M, Al-Thagfan SS, Huseein EAM. Eugenol Essential Oil and Nanoemulsion as Antihydatic Agents with Antifibrotic and Immunomodulatory Effects in Cystic Echinococcosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050253. [PMID: 37235301 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional scolicidal agents are still unsatisfactory in combating hydatid disease due to their low efficacy and increased drug side effects. Therefore, novel scolicides are required. This study aimed to evaluate the antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of eugenol essential oil (Eug) and its nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) in cystic echinococcosis (CE). Eug and Eug-NE were administered orally to CE-infected rats and compared to albendazole (ABZ). Hydatid cyst development was assessed based on organ weight and hypertrophy indicators of the infected organs, along with a histopathological and histochemical evaluation of collagen content. The immunomodulatory effects of treatment on CE were evaluated by serum cytokine levels measurement of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-4 and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) markers. Eug-NE was the most effective in reducing the cyst weights, organ weights, and hypertrophy indicators and improving histopathological lesions with reduced collagen content. Eug and Eug-NE significantly increased the IFN-γ levels and decreased the IL-4 levels, while IHC analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in STAT4 and GATA3 expression in all treated groups. Eug and Eug-NE demonstrated antihydatic and preventative effects, with a substantial decrease in liver fibrosis compared to that of ABZ. Besides their promising immunomodulatory effects, their good treatment response suggests their use as alternatives or complementary scolicidal agents in hydatid cyst treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Naged Maurice
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Sultan S Al-Thagfan
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30001, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Kwiedor I, Kratzer W, Schlingeloff P, Schmidberger J. [Spread and Development of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Germany, 1992-2018]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2023; 85:258-265. [PMID: 34872118 PMCID: PMC11248785 DOI: 10.1055/a-1670-7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GOAL OF THE STUDY Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare parasitosis caused by the pathogen Echinococcus multilocularis. There is an increase in the number of cases in many countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the current prevalence and the change in the geographical distribution pattern. METHODOLOGY Data were collected retrospectively for the period 1992-2018 using the registered cases in the national disease register for AE in Germany. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS statistical analysis system version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C., USA). RESULTS The study population of n=569 patients included n=322 (56,59%) women and n=247 (43,40%) men. The mean average age of patients with alveolar echinococcosis at first presentation was 53,90±17,54 years (median: 56,00 years). The Moran's I test statistic showed a positive spatial autocorrelation for the period 1992-2018 corresponding to a heterogeneous distribution of disease cases in Germany (I=0,4165; Z=10,9591, p=0,001). An increase in age- and sex-specific prevalence could be determined for the entire study period (1992-2018). The overall prevalence in the period 1992-2018 was 0,71 cases per 100,000 population. The determination of the prevalence for the period 1992-2018 resulted in 0,31 cases for men and 0,40 cases for women per 100,000 population. In the period 1992-1996, no AE cases had been registered in 11/16 (68,8%) federal states (Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein und Thüringen). The evaluation recently shows an increased occurrence of cases in the federal states of Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz and Nordrhein-Westfalen. CONCLUSIONS The analysis shows a rise in prevalence and an increasing number of cases outside the classic endemic areas of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kwiedor
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm,
Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm,
Ulm, Deutschland
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15
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Santa MA, Umhang G, Klein C, Grant DM, Ruckstuhl KE, Musiani M, Gilleard JS, Massolo A. It's a small world for parasites: evidence supporting the North American invasion of European Echinococcus multilocularis. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230128. [PMID: 36883278 PMCID: PMC9993045 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), is present in the Holarctic region, and several genetic variants deem to have differential infectivity and pathogenicity. An unprecedented outbreak of human AE cases in Western Canada infected with a European-like strain circulating in wild hosts warranted assessment of whether this strain was derived from a recent invasion or was endemic but undetected. Using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, we investigated the genetic diversity of Em in wild coyotes and red foxes from Western Canada, compared the genetic variants identified to global isolates and assessed their spatial distribution to infer possible invasion dynamics. Genetic variants from Western Canada were closely related to the original European clade, with lesser genetic diversity than that expected for a long-established strain and spatial genetic discontinuities within the study area, supporting the hypothesis of a relatively recent invasion with various founder events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Santa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald Umhang
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Claudia Klein
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Danielle M. Grant
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- NORCE Climate, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Zaffarano GP, Miambo RD, Ussivane ÉE, Poglayen G, Morandi B, Mukaratirwa S, Afonso SS. Cystic echinococcosis in cattle (Bos taurus) from rural communities of Limpopo National Park, Gaza province, Mozambique: a One Health perspective. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Brandell EE, Jackson MK, Cross PC, Piaggio AJ, Taylor DR, Smith DW, Boufana B, Stahler DR, Hudson PJ. Evaluating noninvasive methods for estimating cestode prevalence in a wild carnivore population. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277420. [PMID: 36378663 PMCID: PMC9665365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections are cryptic and can be difficult to study in wildlife species. Helminth research in wildlife hosts has historically required invasive animal handling and necropsy, while results from noninvasive parasite research, like scat analysis, may not be possible at the helminth species or individual host levels. To increase the utility of noninvasive sampling, individual hosts can be identified by applying molecular methods. This allows for longitudinal sampling of known hosts and can be paired with individual-level covariates. Here we evaluate a combination of methods and existing long-term monitoring data to identify patterns of cestode infections in gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park. Our goals were: (1) Identify the species and apparent prevalence of cestodes infecting Yellowstone wolves; (2) Assess the relationships between wolf biological and social characteristics and cestode infections; (3) Examine how wolf samples were affected by environmental conditions with respect to the success of individual genotyping. We collected over 200 wolf scats from 2018-2020 and conducted laboratory analyses including individual wolf genotyping, sex identification, cestode identification, and fecal glucocorticoid measurements. Wolf genotyping success rate was 45%, which was higher in the winter but decreased with higher precipitation and as more time elapsed between scat deposit and collection. One cestode species was detected in 28% of all fecal samples, and 38% of known individuals. The most common infection was Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (primarily E. canadensis). Adult wolves had 4x greater odds of having a cestode infection than pups, as well as wolves sampled in the winter. Our methods provide an alternative approach to estimate cestode prevalence and to linking parasites to known individuals in a wild host system, but may be most useful when employed in existing study systems and when field collections are designed to minimize the time between fecal deposition and collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Brandell
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Madeline K. Jackson
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, WY, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Antoinette J. Piaggio
- National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Taylor
- National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Douglas W. Smith
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, WY, United States of America
| | - Belgees Boufana
- National Wildlife Management Centre, National Reference Laboratory for Parasites (Trichinella and Echinococcus), Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Stahler
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, WY, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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18
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Kim JG, Han X, Kong Y. Echinococcus granulosus Protoscolex DM9 Protein Shows High Potential for Serodiagnosis of Alveolar Echinococcosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:25-34. [PMID: 35247951 PMCID: PMC8898642 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by infection with E. multilocularis metacestode, represents one of the most fatal helminthic diseases. AE is principally manifested with infiltrative, proliferating hepatic mass, resembling primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Sometimes metastatic lesions are found in nearby or remote tissue. AE diagnosis largely depends on imaging studies, but atypical findings of imaging features frequently require differential diagnosis from other hepatic lesions. Serological tests may provide further evidence, while obtaining reliable AE materials is not easy. In this study, alternative antigens, specific to AE were identified by analyzing E. granulosus protoscolex proteins. An immunoblot analysis of E. granulosus protoscolex showed that a group of low-molecular-weight proteins in the range from 14 kDa to 16 kDa exhibited a sensitive and specific immune response to AE patient sera. Partial purification and proteomic analysis indicated that this protein group contained myosin, tubulin polymerization promoting protein, fatty-acid binding protein, uncharacterized DM9, heat shock protein 90 cochaperone tebp P-23, and antigen S. When the serological applicability of recombinant forms of these proteins was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DM9 protein (rEgDM9) showed 90.1% sensitivity (73/81 sera tested) and 94.5% specificity (172/181 sera tested), respectively. rEgDM9 showed weak cross-reactions with patient sera from the transitional and chronic stages of cystic echinococcosis (3 to 5 stages). rEgDM9 would serve as a useful alternative antigen for serodiagnosis of both early- and advanced-stage AE cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Xiumin Han
- Clinical Research Institute of Hydatid Disease, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining 810007,
China
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
- Corresponding author ()
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19
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Biosa G, Bonelli P, Pisanu S, Ghisaura S, Santucciu C, Peruzzu A, Garippa G, Uzzau S, Masala G, Pagnozzi D. Proteomic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia multiceps metacestode cyst fluids. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106253. [PMID: 34822852 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) diagnosis by means of serological assays is hampered by the presence of parasites closely related to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), responsible of the zoonotic disease and with which share cross-reacting antigens. Thus, improvements on the characterization of Echinococcus specific antigens expressed in the larval stage are required, in order to provide useful information for the development of immunological assays for the serodiagnosis of CE in sheep. Here, the proteome of the hydatid cyst fluids (HFs) of Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid fluid, EgHF) and other ovine parasites cyst fluids (CFs), Taenia hydatigena (ThCF) and Taenia multiceps (TmCF) were analyzed by a shotgun proteomic approach. Parasite and host protein profiles in the three types of cyst fluids were characterized and compared. Among the identified proteins, differential parasitic markers with serodiagnostic potential, due to their well-known immunoreactivity in human, included Ag5, AgB proteins, 8-kDa glycoproteins, hydatid disease diagnostic antigen P29 and major egg antigen P40. In particular, seven proteoforms of AgB and 8-kDa glycoprotein resulted to be the most promising diagnostic biomarkers, as they might predict CE in ovine and discriminate between different types of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Biosa
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy
| | - Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pisanu
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ghisaura
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Santucciu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garippa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Sassari, Italy.
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20
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Kovač JD, Janković A, Đikić-Rom A, Grubor N, Antić A, Dugalić V. Imaging Spectrum of Intrahepatic Mass-Forming Cholangiocarcinoma and Its Mimickers: How to Differentiate Them Using MRI. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:698-723. [PMID: 35200560 PMCID: PMC8870737 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy, with mass-forming growth pattern being the most common. The typical imaging appearance of mass-forming ICC (mICC) consists of irregular ring enhancement in the arterial phase followed by the progressive central enhancement on portal venous and delayed phases. However, atypical imaging presentation in the form of hypervascular mICC might also be seen, which can be attributed to distinct pathological characteristics. Ancillary imaging features such as lobular shape, capsular retraction, segmental biliary dilatation, and vascular encasement favor the diagnosis of mICC. Nevertheless, these radiological findings may also be present in certain benign conditions such as focal confluent fibrosis, sclerosing hemangioma, organizing hepatic abscess, or the pseudosolid form of hydatid disease. In addition, a few malignant lesions including primary liver lymphoma, hemangioendothelioma, solitary hypovascular liver metastases, and atypical forms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), such as scirrhous HCC, infiltrative HCC, and poorly differentiated HCC, may also pose a diagnostic dilemma by simulating mICC in imaging studies. Diffusion-weighted imaging and the use of hepatobiliary contrast agents might be helpful for differential diagnosis in certain cases. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of mICC imaging features and to describe useful tips for differential diagnosis with its potential mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djokic Kovač
- Center for Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova No. 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica No. 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (A.A.); (V.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-65-8270-290
| | - Aleksandra Janković
- Center for Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova No. 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra Đikić-Rom
- Department of Pathology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova No.2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nikica Grubor
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica No. 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (A.A.); (V.D.)
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Koste Todorovica Street, No. 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrija Antić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica No. 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (A.A.); (V.D.)
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Koste Todorovica Street, No. 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dugalić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica No. 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (A.A.); (V.D.)
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Koste Todorovica Street, No. 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Santa MA, Musiani M, Ruckstuhl KE, Massolo A. A review on invasions by parasites with complex life cycles: the European strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America as a model. Parasitology 2021; 148:1532-1544. [PMID: 35060461 PMCID: PMC8564803 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a fast-changing and globalized world, parasites are moved across continents at an increasing pace. Co-invasion of parasites and their hosts is leading to the emergence of infectious diseases at a global scale, underlining the need for integration of biological invasions and disease ecology research. In this review, the ecological and evolutionary factors influencing the invasion process of parasites with complex life cycles were analysed, using the invasion of the European strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America as a model. The aim was to propose an ecological framework for investigating the invasion of parasites that are trophically transmitted through predator–prey interactions, showing how despite the complexity of the cycles and the interactions among multiple hosts, such parasites can overcome multiple barriers and become invasive. Identifying the key ecological processes affecting the success of parasite invasions is an important step for risk assessment and development of management strategies, particularly for parasites with the potential to infect people (i.e. zoonotic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Santa
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4Z6, Canada
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, 25030, France
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22
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Herzig M, Maksimov P, Staubach C, Romig T, Knapp J, Gottstein B, Conraths FJ. Red foxes harbor two genetically distinct, spatially separated Echinococcus multilocularis clusters in Brandenburg, Germany. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:535. [PMID: 34649615 PMCID: PMC8518320 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a clinically serious zoonosis caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. We studied the diversity and the distribution of genotypes of E. multilocularis isolated from foxes in Brandenburg, Germany, and in comparison to a hunting ground in North Rhine-Westphalia. Methods Echinococcus multilocularis specimens from 101 foxes, 91 derived from Brandenburg and 10 derived from North Rhine-Westphalia, were examined. To detect potential mixed infections with different genotypes of E. multilocularis, five worms per fox were analyzed. For genotyping, three mitochondrial markers, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (Nad1), and ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6), and the nuclear microsatellite marker EmsB were used. To identify nucleotide polymorphisms, the mitochondrial markers were sequenced and the data were compared, including with published sequences from other regions. EmsB fragment length profiles were determined and confirmed by Kohonen network analysis and grouping of Sammon’s nonlinear mapping with k-means clustering. The spatial distribution of genotypes was analyzed by SaTScan for the EmsB profiles found in Brandenburg. Results With both the mitochondrial makers and the EmsB microsatellite fragment length profile analyses, mixed infections with different E. multilocularis genotypes were detected in foxes from Brandenburg and North Rhine-Westphalia. Genotyping using the mitochondrial markers showed that the examined parasite specimens belong to the European haplotype of E. multilocularis, but a detailed spatial analysis was not possible due to the limited heterogeneity of these markers in the parasite population. Four (D, E, G, and H) out of the five EmsB profiles described in Europe so far were detected in the samples from Brandenburg and North Rhine-Westphalia. The EmsB profile G was the most common. A spatial cluster of the E. multilocularis genotype with the EmsB profile G was found in northeastern Brandenburg, and a cluster of profile D was found in southern parts of this state. Conclusions Genotyping of E. multilocularis showed that individual foxes may harbor different genotypes of the parasite. EmsB profiles allowed the identification of spatial clusters, which may help in understanding the distribution and spread of the infection in wildlife, and in relatively small endemic areas. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05038-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Herzig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut Für Biologie, Fachgebiet Parasitologie, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jenny Knapp
- UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France.,Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Berne, 3001, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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23
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Knapp J, Da Silva AM, Courquet S, Millon L. Assessment of the Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis from Copro-Isolated Eggs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101296. [PMID: 34684245 PMCID: PMC8541330 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis, the infectious agent of alveolar echinococcosis, is generally assessed on adult worms after fox necropsy. We aimed to investigate E. multilocularis polymorphism through the microsatellite EmsB marker using a noninvasive approach. We tested batches of isolated eggs (1, 5, and 10) from 19 carnivore fecal samples collected in a rural town located in a highly endemic area in France to determine the best strategy to adopt using a minimal quantity of parasite DNA while avoiding genetic profile overlapping in the analysis. Several molecular controls were performed to formally identify the Taeniidae eggs. In total, 112 egg batches were isolated and 102 EmsB electrophoregrams were obtained in duplicate. Quality sorting was performed through the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between each EmsB duplicate. Forty-nine batches with r > 0.9 remained in the analysis, mainly 5- or 10-egg batches. Three EmsB profiles were emphasized by hierarchical clustering and matched those from human lesions and adult worms previously genotyped and collected in the same area. We show that the genetic diversity of the parasite can be assessed from isolated E. multilocularis eggs in a spatiotemporal context using a noninvasive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Knapp
- National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France; (S.C.); (L.M.)
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249 Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-370-632-106
| | - Abdou Malik Da Silva
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249 Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France;
| | - Sandra Courquet
- National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France; (S.C.); (L.M.)
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249 Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France;
| | - Laurence Millon
- National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France; (S.C.); (L.M.)
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249 Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France;
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24
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Žele-Vengušt D, Lindtner-Knific R, Mlakar-Hrženjak N, Jerina K, Vengušt G. Exposure of Free-Ranging Wild Animals to Zoonotic Leptospira interrogans Sensu Stricto in Slovenia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092722. [PMID: 34573688 PMCID: PMC8468819 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wildlife can serve as a reservoir for highly contagious and deadly diseases, many of which are infectious to domestic animals and/or humans. Wildlife pathogen and disease surveillance is, thus, an essential tool that can provide valuable information on population health status and protect human health. Blood samples from 244 wild animals and 5 from carcasses were tested for specific antibodies against Leptospira serovars in Slovenia between 2019 and 2020 using the microscopic agglutination test. The results confirm that various wildlife species were exposed to Leptospira interrogans and may be used as a sentinel for leptospirosis, which is considered a significant health threat to other wildlife species and to humans. Abstract A total of 249 serum samples from 13 wild animal species namely fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 1), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 80), red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 22), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra, n = 21), mouflon (Ovis musimon, n = 4), brown hare (Lepus europaeus, n = 2), nutria (Myocastor coypus, n = 1), red fox (Vulpes vulpes, n = 97), stone marten (Martes foina, n = 12), European badger (Meles meles, n = 2), golden jackal (Canis aureus, n = 2) Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx, n = 2) and grey wolf (Canis lupus, n = 3) were analysed for the presence of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. Serum samples were examined via the microscopic agglutination test for the presence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Sejroe, Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Saxkoebing and Tarassovi. Antibodies to at least one of the pathogenic serovars were detected in 77 (30.9%; CI = 25–37%) sera. The proportion of positive samples varied intraspecifically and was the biggest in large carnivores (lynx, wolf and jackal; 86%), followed by mezzo predators: stone marten (67%) and red fox (34%), and large herbivores: red deer (32%), roe deer (25%), alpine chamois (10%) and mouflon (0%). Out of the 77 positive samples, 42 samples (53.8%) had positive titres against a single serovar, while 35 (45.4%) samples had positive titres against two or more serovars. The most frequently detected antibodies were those against the serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. The present study confirmed the presence of multiple pathogenic serovars in wildlife throughout Slovenia. It can be concluded that wild animals are reservoirs for at least some of the leptospiral serovars and are a potential source of leptospirosis for other wild and domestic animals, as well as for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Žele-Vengušt
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Renata Lindtner-Knific
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.L.-K.); (N.M.-H.)
| | - Nina Mlakar-Hrženjak
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.L.-K.); (N.M.-H.)
| | - Klemen Jerina
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gorazd Vengušt
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-4779-196
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25
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Abstract
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a rare but severe zoonosis caused by the pseudotumoral intrahepatic development of the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. HAE is present only in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in China. Currently, there is a significant resurgence of cases in historically endemic areas associated with emergence of HAE in countries not previously concerned. Today, in European countries, HAE is often discovered by chance; however, clinicians should be made aware of opportunistic infections that progressively emerged recently as a result of therapeutic or pathological immunosuppression. Ultrasonography is the key first-line diagnostic procedure, with specific serology providing confirmation in 95% of the cases. Albendazole, only parasitostatic, is the mainstay for treatment. Surgical resection, if feasible, is the gold standard for treatment, and more patients are currently eligible for this option because of an earlier diagnosis. The prognosis has considerably improved but remains poor in countries where access to care is less favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Bresson-Hadni
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Spahr
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland
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26
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Hassan KS. A novel method for treatment of pseudomonas pyogenic hepatic abscess complicating an echinococcal cyst by irrigation with acetic acid. A case report and literature review. IDCases 2021; 25:e01186. [PMID: 34189036 PMCID: PMC8217704 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic hydatid cysts can be complicated by pyogenic abscesses. We report a case of hepatic hydatid cysts presenting to Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) on 29 June 2010 complicated by secondary infection with fully sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The infection persisted despite standard treatment (drainage and systemic antibiotics) and was eventually cured with a novel method using acetic acid. Methods Instillation of acetic acid (in the form of white vinegar) into the hepatic abscess through the pig tail drainage tube. Results The administration of acetic acid (6%) in the form of white vinegar was well tolerated and safe to the patient and resulted in complete clinical and radiographic resolution of the hepatic abscess. Conclusion Acetic acid (vinegar) irrigation can be used to clear a refractory pyogenic hepatic abscess due toP aeruginosa infection.
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Greimelmaier K, Hager T, Moskalenko V, Mueller-Huelsbeck S, Feist H, Schmid KW, Seidel A, Jonigk D, Wohlschlaeger J. Pulmonary echinococcosis: A rare pseudotumour of the lung. Rare Tumors 2021; 13:20363613211009769. [PMID: 33953895 PMCID: PMC8044558 DOI: 10.1177/20363613211009769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a widely endemic helminthic disease worldwide but occurs only rarely in Central Europe. Humans are infected as ‘aberrant’ hosts by Echinococcus granulosus and develop cysts in numerous different organs. 20%–30% of the affected individuals develop hydatid disease in the lungs with associated complications including pleuritis, lung abscess and pneumothorax. Radiologically, the pulmonary lesions of cystic echinococcosis occasionally pose difficulties in the differential diagnosis of primary lung carcinoma or metastatic disease and vice versa. Herein we report on a case of pulmonary hydatid disease in a 25-year-old Iraqi male presenting with a cystic lesion of the lung associated with thoracic pain and involuntary weight loss. Despite of its rare occurrence in Central Europe, clinicians, radiologists and pathologists should be aware of this entity and its pulmonary manifestations. During frozen section examination, imprint cytology specimens may facilitate the detection of the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Vasily Moskalenko
- Department of General Surgery, St.-Franziskus-Hospital Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | | | - Henning Feist
- Institut für Pathologie, DIAKO Hospital Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Alice Seidel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institut für Pathologie, DIAKO Hospital Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Tehranian A, Ghahghaei-Nezamabadi A, Seifollahi A, Karimi R, Aghajani F. An Ovarian Hydatid Disease Imitating Ovarian Neoplasm: A Case Report. J Gynecol Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2020.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Tehranian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Development Center, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Ghahghaei-Nezamabadi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Seifollahi
- Department of Pathology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana Karimi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Aghajani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Umhang G, Demerson JM, Legras L, Boucher JM, Peytavin de Garam C, Bastid V, Vannard E, Pinot A, Giraudoux P, Boué F. Rodent control programmes can integrate Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance by facilitating parasite genotyping: the case of Arvicola terrestris voles screening in France. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1903-1908. [PMID: 33742248 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, the most serious parasitic disease for humans in Europe. In Europe, the E. multilocularis lifecycle is based on a prey-predator relationship between the red fox and small rodents. Over the last three decades, the surveillance of E. multilocularis infection in red foxes has led to the description of a wider distribution pattern across Europe. France constitutes the current European western border, but only the north-eastern half of the country is considered endemic. The red fox is the host mainly targeted in E. multilocularis surveillance programmes, but surveys targeting small rodents may be useful for obtaining molecular data, especially when the time-consuming trapping is already carried out in dedicated pest-control programmes. Here, we screened for parasitic lesions in the livers of 1238 Arvicola terrestris voles originating from the historical, but neglected focal area located in central France (Auvergne region) and from Hautes-Alpes, a recently identified endemic department in south-eastern France. This screening identified six voles infected with E. multilocularis in Hautes-Alpes and none in Puy-de-Dôme (Auvergne region) after molecular confirmation. The absence of infected rodents from Puy-de-Dôme can be mainly explained by the generally low prevalence reported in intermediate hosts. The infected Hautes-Alpes samples come all from the same trapping site situated at around 5 km from one of the three fox faecal samples with E. multilocularis DNA collected 15 years prior, thereby confirming the existence and persistence of the E. multilocularis lifecycle in the area. All the rodent E. multilocularis samples from Hautes-Alpes showed the same EmsB microsatellite marker profile. This profile has previously been described in Europe only in the Jura department (central eastern France), located at least 180 km further north. Successive migrations of infected foxes from the historical focal area, including from Jura, to Hautes-Alpes may explain the detection of the parasite in A. terrestris in Hautes-Alpes. Existing trapping efforts in areas where farmers trap A. terrestris for surveillance and pest control can be an effective complement to sampling foxes or fox faeces to obtain E. multilocularis molecular profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Umhang
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, 54220, Malzéville, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Demerson
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Léo Legras
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, 54220, Malzéville, France.,Groupe Tétras Jura, 39370, Les Bouchoux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Boucher
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Carine Peytavin de Garam
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Vanessa Bastid
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Eric Vannard
- Parc national des Écrins, Secteur du Briançonnais, 05100, Briançon, France
| | - Adrien Pinot
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Rongeurs Sauvages Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations, RS2GP, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, 54220, Malzéville, France
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Yan S, Wang D, Zhang J, Mo X, Feng Y, Duan L, Liu D, Li F, Dao Y, Zhang T, Hu W, Feng Z, Zheng B. Epidemiological survey of human echinococcosis in east Gansu, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6373. [PMID: 33737680 PMCID: PMC7973574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is endemic in pastoral regions of south, west and mid-Gansu province, China. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of echinococcosis in east Gansu, and analyze its associated risk factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2011 in 12 villages of Xiaonangou township, Huan County in east Gansu province by ultrasound abdominal scan and auxiliary serotest, and a prevalence surveillance study from 2008 to 2014 was performed in one villages by ultrasonography screening. Questionnaire information analysis indicates that the risk factors are in association with the gender, age, and education level. The cross-sectional survey found a cystic echinococcosis prevalence of 2.21% (107/4837). Higher prevalence was seen in females (χ2 = 4.198, P < 0.05), older ages (> 60 years) (χ2trend = 96.30, P < 0.05), and illiterates (χ2 = 90.101, P < 0.05). Prevalence surveillance showed changing profile of 3.35% in 2011 to 0.88% (1/113) in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Junrui Zhang
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Liling Duan
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Deyu Liu
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yongchun Dao
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Ahmad I, Ilyas M, Ashraf A, Rather AA, Gojwari TA. Prevalence of Hepatic Alveolar hydatid in a Nonendemic Region of North India in Hospital-based Population. JOURNAL OF DATTA MEGHE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY 2021; 16:86-89. [DOI: 10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_86_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
Abstract
Objective:
The objective of this study was to calculate the prevalence of hepatic alveolar hydatid disease in hospital-based population in North India, a nonendemic region for alveolar hydatid disease.
Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted at a tertiary care center in North India between April 2017 and March 2019. Patients with suspected hepatic alveolar hydatid on ultrasonography were evaluated with further imaging studies based on classical radiological findings and then confirmed by histopathology.
Results:
Twenty-five cases of hepatic alveolar hydatid were diagnosed primarily based on the classical imaging/radiological findings with histopathology confirmation, with a 2-year period prevalence of 0.207 cases/1000 population. Majority of the cases were in the age group of 41–60 years, with a mean age of 53.04 years. Fifty-two percent of the cases were female. Majority of them were from hilly areas and working with livestock animals. Abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom.
Conclusion:
Hepatic alveolar hydatid is considered as a rare disease in India; however, the increased number of cases been diagnosed in our study could be either due to increased diagnostic modalities or due to actual increase in the number of cases. Therefore, hepatic alveolar hydatid should be considered in the differentials of suspicious liver mass in nonendemic regions.
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Fischer I, Graeter T, Kratzer W, Stark K, Schlingeloff P, Schmidberger J. Distribution of alveolar echinococcosis according to environmental and geographical factors in Germany, 1992-2018. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105654. [PMID: 32783956 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Despite its low world-wide prevalence, this disease shows differences in the regional distribution of cases. In the present cohort study, we analyse the distribution of AE according to environmental and geographical factors in Germany. We identified the place of residence of 591 cases of AE from the national database for AE, and georeferenced these localities in the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system. Data on elevation, air temperature, precipitation height and land cover were mapped out and correlated with the distribution of cases of disease during the period 1992-2018. Moran's I statistic was used for spatial autocorrelation. Differences in frequency distribution between elevation, air temperature, precipitation height and landscape feature classes were analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. With the multiple linear regression analysis, we determined the influences and interactions of geographical and climatic factors on the number of AE cases. The results showed a heterogeneous distribution of AE cases with a higher concentration in southern Germany than in the rest of Germany (I = 0.225517, Z = 35.8182 and p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in frequency distribution between precipitation height, air temperature, elevation and landscape feature classes and AE cases in Germany (p < 0.0001). In regions with higher elevations (505-672 m), moderate average air temperatures (6.0-7.9°C) and higher precipitation rates (701-1000 mm) most AE cases were recorded. It seems, that regions with higher precipitation rates, higher elevations and moderate average air temperatures have a higher infection burden and infection conditions. It is therefore extremely important to generate greater awareness of the disease in these regions, with the aim of recognising potential cases of AE as early as possible and introducing the appropriate therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tilmann Graeter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julian Schmidberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Kuroki K, Morishima Y, Neil J, Beerntsen BT, Matsumoto J, Stich RW. Intestinal echinococcosis in a dog from Missouri. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1041-1046. [PMID: 32301665 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.9.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 17-week-old 14.4-kg (31.7-lb) female German Shepherd Dog from Missouri with a history of multiple intermittent episodes of vomiting and diarrhea underwent exploratory celiotomy. CLINICAL FINDINGS At the time of surgery, the dog was bright, alert, and responsive, with a tender abdomen and palpable mesenteric lymph nodes. Hematologic data revealed mild leukocytosis, mild hypoproteinemia, and mild hypoalbuminemia. Moderate petechiation of the jejunal serosa and prominent mesenteric lymph nodes, but no palpable obstructions, were found during surgery. Jejunal and lymph node biopsies were performed; histologic examination revealed multiple segments of adult cestodes up to 700 μm long in the jejunum. Segments had a scolex and contained approximately 30- to 35-μm-diameter ova, morphologically compatible with Echinococcus spp. Fecal flotation revealed numerous proglottids and ova similar to those recognized histologically. Results of PCR assays confirmed Echinococcus multilocularis of E4 haplotype (a European strain). TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Praziquantel (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], SC, once) was administered after surgery; treatments after hospital discharge included praziquantel (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, once). No proglottids or ova were observed by fecal flotation after the treatments. The dog remained healthy without gastrointestinal signs 1 year later. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The dog of this report had no travel history outside the state of Missouri. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of intestinal E multilocularis infection in a pet dog in the contiguous United States and first detection of a European strain of E multilocularis in this country. Findings suggested possible establishment of a European strain of this zoonotic pathogen in the contiguous United States.
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Jansen F, Claes M, Bakkers E, Aryal A, Madimba KC, Gabriël S, Dermauw V, Van Hul A, Vervaeke M, Dorny P. Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in North Belgium: Prevalence and trends in distribution. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100470. [PMID: 33308751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional systematic sampling was carried out during three consecutive winters from 2012 to 2015, to update the knowledge on the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) distribution in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Flanders. Earlier studies reported the low endemicity status of this tapeworm in the northern region of Belgium, in contrast to the south of the country and neighbouring countries. Using a modified Segmental Sedimentation and Counting Technique, followed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing, 923 foxes' intestines were examined for the presence of E. multilocularis. Based on microscopic examination, 38 out of 923 foxes were suspected to be infected with either E. multilocularis or Amoebotaenia spp., of which 19 were molecularly confirmed to be E. multilocularis, 18 were found positive for Amoebotaenia spp. and one was negative. The overall prevalence for E. multilocularis of 2.1% confirms the low endemicity of the fox tapeworm in Flanders. However, in one area in the most eastern part of Flanders (Voeren), neighbouring the Netherlands and Wallonia, a prevalence of 57% (12/21) was observed. Continuous monitoring of the fox tapeworm remains needed to assess spatio-temporal trends in distribution and to assess the risk of this zoonotic infection in Europe. The challenging differential diagnosis of E. multilocularis and Amoebotaenia spp. based on microscopic examination calls for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Claes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Anim Core Facility, VUB Health Campus, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - E Bakkers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Aryal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Central Referal Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - K C Madimba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11, Democratique Republic of Congo.
| | - S Gabriël
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - V Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - A Van Hul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Vervaeke
- Agency for Nature and Forests, Flemish Government, Havenlaan 88 bus 75, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - P Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Trimmel NE, Walzer C. Infectious Wildlife Diseases in Austria-A Literature Review From 1980 Until 2017. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 32154271 PMCID: PMC7046627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review examines infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. We analyzed 226 research papers, published between 1980 and 2017. We determined that wildlife disease papers increased significantly from 0.8 ± 0.8 publications per year in the first decade (1980–1989) when compared to 2008–2017 with an average of 12.9 ± 4.1 publications per year. We illustrate information about the most investigated diseases and highlight the lack of research into certain wildlife pathogens. A special emphasis was given to diseases with zoonotic potential. The review showed that research focused on a few select species like the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa), all game species. Moreover, diseases affecting livestock and human health were seen more often. The review also found that only a low number of publications actually stated disease prevalence and confidence interval data. The reported diseases identified were classified according to their notifiable status and the distribution at the wildlife–human and wildlife–livestock interface. Furthermore, we try to argue why research into some diseases is prioritized, and why other diseases are underrepresented in current Austrian research. While spatiotemporal indicators could not be assessed due to the variability in methodologies and objectives of various studies, the information provided by this review offers the first comprehensive evaluation of the status of infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. Therefore, this study could assist investigators to identify further areas of priorities for research and conservation efforts and for wildlife management professionals to inform policy and funding strategies. With this review, we want to encourage research in the field of wildlife diseases in Austria to enhance current knowledge in the prevention of further loss in biodiversity and to find new measures to promote “One Health” on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Eva Trimmel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States
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36
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Baumann S, Shi R, Liu W, Bao H, Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Li W. Worldwide literature on epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis: a systematic review of research published in the twenty-first century. Infection 2019; 47:703-727. [PMID: 31147846 PMCID: PMC8505309 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially lethal zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The aim of this systematic review is to establish a comprehensive global AE literature overview taking into account the epidemiologically relevant AE research of the twenty-first century. METHODS We systematically searched the global literature published from 2001 through 2018 via MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Russian databases eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, the Chinese databases CNKI, VIP, Journals. RESEARCH ac.ir (Farsi language-based), Jordan E-Library (Arab language-based) and supplementary Google Scholar, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. QGIS software was used for the mapping of the affected countries. RESULTS We have listed 154 relevant publications in the final literature synopsis in consideration of our quality assessment. Including non-autochthonous cases, human AE was reported in 36 countries within the northern hemisphere from 2001 to 2018. The first publication of AE in Tajikistan, Pakistan, South Korea, Belgium, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia and Morocco occurred in this century; further first cases in Taiwan, Thailand, and Denmark were considered to be non-autochthonous by the authors. The highest total case numbers (n ≥ 100 in a single article) were reported in France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Lithuania, including China and Kyrgyzstan with by far the highest prevalence figures. CONCLUSIONS Our paper emphasises the increasing spread of reported cases and the rise in its numbers in the literature of the twenty-first century, especially in western, northern and eastern Europe, as well as in central Asia. Epidemiological studies on human infections are lacking in many parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Baumann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wenya Liu
- Xinjiang Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Bao
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Julian Schmidberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Weixia Li
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
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Kotwa JD, Isaksson M, Jardine CM, Campbell GD, Berke O, Pearl DL, Mercer NJ, Osterman-Lind E, Peregrine AS. Echinococcus multilocularis Infection, Southern Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:265-272. [PMID: 30666935 PMCID: PMC6346450 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.180299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, the disease caused by infection with the intermediate stage of the Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm, is typically fatal in humans and dogs when left untreated. Since 2012, alveolar echinococcosis has been diagnosed in 5 dogs, 3 lemurs, and 1 chipmunk in southern Ontario, Canada, a region previously considered free of these tapeworms. Because of human and animal health concerns, we estimated prevalence of infection in wild canids across southern Ontario. During 2015–2017, we collected fecal samples from 460 wild canids (416 coyotes, 44 foxes) during postmortem examination and analyzed them by using a semiautomated magnetic capture probe DNA extraction and real-time PCR method for E. multilocularis DNA. Surprisingly, 23% (95% CI 20%–27%) of samples tested positive. By using a spatial scan test, we identified an infection cluster (relative risk 2.26; p = 0.002) in the western-central region of the province. The cluster encompasses areas of dense human population, suggesting zoonotic transmission.
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Latatu-Córdoba MÁ, Ruiz-Blanco S, Sanchez M, Santiago-Boyero C, Soto-García P, Sun W, Ramia JM. Hydatid cyst of the colon: A systematic review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:1634-1642. [PMID: 31367622 PMCID: PMC6658375 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i13.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hydatid disease in the colon is an extremely rare finding. We performed a systematic review of cases of hydatidosis of the colon published to date. AIM To systematic review the published papers about hydatidosis of the colon. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we performed an unlimited search for articles on CH in the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane, Latindex and Scielo databases, published in English, Spanish, French, German or Italian between January 1, 1960 and December 15, 2018. The search items were: (Colon) AND [(hydatidosis) OR (hydatid disease) OR (echinococcosis)]. RESULTS Nine case reports were found [five men, four women, median age 64.55 years (range: 21-81)]. The most frequent clinical manifestation was abdominal pain (8/9) (88.9%). In almost all cases several image studies were carried out, but abdominal computed tomography was the most used (66.7%). Five resections of the colon (62.5%) and three sutures of the fistula between cyst and colon (37.5%) were performed. Four patients did not present post-operative complications, but one died. Postoperative period was recorded for a mean period of 35 months. No recurrences were recorded. CONCLUSION The most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (evidence level 4). Computed tomography was the most frequently used diagnostic imaging technique (evidence level 4). Colectomy was the most appropriate treatment (evidence level 5). All the diagnostic and therapeutic options for hydatid cysts located in colon have a low level of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ruiz-Blanco
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain
| | - Matilde Sanchez
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain
| | | | - Paula Soto-García
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain
| | - Wenzhong Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain
| | - José M Ramia
- Servicio de Cirugía Generaly del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 19002, Spain
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Choh NA, Ilyas M, Ahmad Z, Shafi F, Yattoo GN, Kazimi MJA, Gojwari TA, Shaheen FA. Alveolar Hydatid. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2019; 27:219-225. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background
The aim of the present study was to study the different imaging appearances on proven cases of hepatic alveolar hydatid, which is often misdiagnosed as a tumor.
Materials and Methods
We studied ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 21 histopathologically proven cases of hepatic alveolar hydatid disease over a period of 1½ year. The ultrasonography findings were heterogeneous hyperechoic mass in 14 cases, multilocular cystic mass in 3 cases, and hyperechoic mass with calcification giving dense acoustics in 4 cases. Computed tomography findings were a sheet-like hypodense, infiltrative, nonenhancing mass without biliary or portal encasement or infiltration in 16 cases, biliary infiltration in 4 cases, and portal encasement in 3 cases. The magnetic resonance imaging findings showed that all 21 patients had a characteristic microvesicular appearance of the parasitic mass on T2-weighted images corresponding to the microvesicles demonstrated on histopathology. The portal encasement and biliary infiltration were also demonstrated on magnetic resonance (MR) images.
Conclusions
T2-weighted MR images correlate with the histologic characteristic of the hepatic alveolar hydatid disease. Ultrasonography and computed tomography may help in initial assessment of the extent of the disease, but MR helps in exact diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ghulam Nabi Yattoo
- Gastroenterology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Girling SJ, Naylor A, Fraser M, Campbell‐Palmer R. Reintroducing beaversCastor fiberto Britain: a disease risk analysis. Mamm Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Girling
- Veterinary Department Royal Zoological Society of Scotland 134 Corstorphine Road EdinburghEH12 6TSUK
| | - Adam Naylor
- Veterinary Department Royal Zoological Society of Scotland 134 Corstorphine Road EdinburghEH12 6TSUK
| | - Mary Fraser
- G&F Training and Consultancy PerthshirePH2 9QDUK
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Laivacuma S, Deksne G, Jokelainen P, Ivanovs A, Zaharova L, Zeltiņa I, Vīksna L, Krūmiņa A. Risk Factors for Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Latvia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:430-433. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sniedze Laivacuma
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR,” Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Andrejs Ivanovs
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Larisa Zaharova
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Ludmila Vīksna
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Angelika Krūmiņa
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR,” Riga, Latvia
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Maksimov P, Isaksson M, Schares G, Romig T, Conraths FJ. Validation of PCR-based protocols for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in the final host using the Intestinal Scraping Technique as a reference. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00044. [PMID: 32095616 PMCID: PMC7034050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral uptake of infectious Echinococcus multilocularis eggs shed by canids with their faeces may lead to development of alveolar echinococcosis in humans, which is clinically similar to a malignant infiltrative tumor and may be fatal if left untreated. E. multilocularis is therefore regarded as one of the most important and neglected metazoan parasites in the Northern hemisphere. The diagnosis of this tapeworm in the final host plays a key role in the epidemiology of E. multilocularis. The diagnostic performance of a magnetic-capture (MC) DNA extraction protocol in combination with a minor groove-binder real time PCR (MC-MGBqPCR) for the detection of E. multilocularis eggs was determined relative to a highly sensitive variant of the Intestinal Scraping Technique (IST) using faecal samples of foxes. In addition, we compared results obtained by MC-MGBqPCR with those of a previously validated protocol (QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (QT) combined with a TaqMan qPCR). Furthermore, a workflow using the NucleoMagVet DNA extraction kit (NM) in combination with MGBqPCR and TaqMan-qPCR was also included in the comparisons. To estimate the analytical sensitivity, phosphate-buffered saline and fox faecal samples were spiked with different numbers of eggs and tested in defined combinations of DNA extraction and PCR protocols. To assess the diagnostic sensitivity of the different workflows, samples were used that had been collected from the ampulla recti or the rectum of 120 foxes hunted in Brandenburg, Germany. The samples represented five IST categories formed according to the E. multilocularis worm burden of the foxes. For DNA extraction by MC or using two other commercial extraction kits, the supernatants obtained from 3 g of bead-beaten faecal samples were used. The extracted DNAs were then processed in the respective PCR protocols. The MC-MGBqPCR showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity (93%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 86–97%) relative to IST. The QT extraction protocol in combination with TaqMan-qPCR had the second highest sensitivity (89%; 95% CI: 80–94%), followed by NM with MGBqPCR (86%; 95% CI: 77–93%) in comparison to IST. The lowest diagnostic sensitivity was found for the NM combined with the TaqMan-qPCR protocol (72%; 95% CI: 62–82%). In conclusion, the MC-MGBqPCR seems to represent a suitable alternative to IST. However, applied to 3 g faecal samples, the less costly QT-TaqMan-qPCR workflow yielded a similar diagnostic sensitivity relative to IST. However, differences between these two workflows were not statistically significant.
PCR based protocols can be used for the detection of E. multilocularis in faeces of final hosts after careful validation A DNA capture method seems to represent a suitable alternative to the Intestinal Scraping Technique The QT-TaqMan-qPCR workflow yielded also a similar diagnostic sensitivity relative to the Intestinal Scraping Technique None of the DNA extraction kits was able to remove faecal PCR inhibitors completely
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Isaksson
- Department of Virology Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T Romig
- FG Parasitologie 220B, Universität Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Hepatic alveolar hydatid disease (Echinococcus multilocularis), a mimic of liver malignancy: a review for the radiologist in non-endemic areas. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:247-256. [PMID: 30755313 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar hydatid disease or alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis and is increasingly seen as an imported disease in non-endemic areas such as the UK. It is rare compared to cystic echinococcosis (CE), but like CE commonly affects the liver. AE does have imaging features that can aid in diagnosis, but is often initially misdiagnosed as liver malignancy. It is usually fatal if untreated, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis. This review highlights the role of imaging in AE diagnosis with the broader objective of increasing radiologists' awareness of this unusual, but increasingly prevalent disease.
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Bhutani N, Kajal P. Hepatic echinococcosis: A review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2018; 36:99-105. [PMID: 30450204 PMCID: PMC6226561 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widely endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes (larval stage) of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm and transmitted by dogs. E. granulosus are common parasites in certain parts of the world, and are present on every continent with the exception of Antarctica. As a result, a large number of people are affected by CE. In humans, the disease is characterized by slowly growing cyst commonly occurring in liver and lungs. Clinical features are mainly right upper quadrant pain, feeling of lump and enlarged tender liver. The cyst may be complicated by infection or rupture and may lead to anaphylactic reaction. The diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion. They appear in two ways as general (systemic) symptoms, and local symptoms based on the site and organ on which the larva settles. While cysts sometimes recover spontaneously, more severe clinical presentations are observed in immunosuppressed individuals. Ultrasonography supported by serology is the main diagnostic modality. The treatment varies from surgical intervention to minimally invasive treatments (percutaneous drainage) or medical therapies. Surgery is still the best treatment modality. Percutaneous drainage of the cyst is a good option in selected cases. New sensitive and specific diagnostic methods and effective therapeutic approaches against echinococcosis have been developed in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradeep Kajal
- Dept. of Paediatric Surgery, PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India
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45
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Beaussant-Cohen S, Richou C, Lenoir M, Grenouillet F, Bresson-Hadni S, Delabrousse E. MR imaging features of peritoneal alveolar echinococcosis. Diagn Interv Imaging 2018; 99:511-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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French SK, Jajou S, Campbell GD, Cai HY, Kotwa JD, Peregrine AS, Jardine CM. Echinococcus multilocularis in a wild free-living eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in Southern Ontario: A case report and subsequent field study of wild small mammals. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:234-237. [PMID: 31014882 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Southern Ontario has recently been identified as a risk area for Echinococcus multilocularis, based on surveys of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans) which act as definitive hosts of the parasite. In this manuscript, we describe the first detection of E. multilocularis in an eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in North America. This case, submitted to the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) in August 2016 as part of ongoing wildlife disease surveillance activities, represents the first report of alveolar echinococcosis in a wild, free living, intermediate host from southern Ontario, providing further evidence of an established sylvatic cycle of E. multilocularis in this region. The finding prompted a field investigation to identify additional cases of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals in the summer of 2017. Echinococcus multilocularis was not detected in any of the 196 small mammals submitted to the CWHC from across southern Ontario or in any of the 43 small mammals trapped in the area where the infected chipmunk was found. However, given the suspected low prevalence and patchy distribution of E. multilocularis in small mammals, our negative results do not preclude the established presence of the parasite. This case emphasizes the importance of passive surveillance networks for monitoring new and emerging diseases in wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K French
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jajou
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - G Douglas Campbell
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hugh Y Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathon D Kotwa
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Prevalence and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep in Narok County, Kenya. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2065-2073. [PMID: 29736732 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus species (sensu lato, s.l.). In East Africa, several species/strains occur in livestock, wildlife, and humans, but there is limited information on frequencies of infection by different genotypes in the various mammalian hosts. We have obtained data on E. granulosus infection prevalence in sheep sampled from abattoirs in Narok County, southern Kenya. We inspected carcasses for the presence of hydatid cysts in 180 sheep randomly selected in five sub-locations. The overall prevalence was 16.0% (144/900 animals), with the majority of cysts (50.7%) found in the liver, followed by the lungs (36.8%), while infections involving the liver and lungs were detected in 12.5% of the sheep. PCR-RFLP genotyping of the mitochondrial nad-1 gene in all the 343 cysts identified E. granulosus G1-G3 (sensu stricto, s.s.) as the only genotype. The majority of the cysts (62.1%) were fertile, and 35.2% were sterile, while 2.7% were calcified. Considering cyst fertility, 73.02% of lung cysts were fertile compared to 53.4% in liver cysts. Our data extends previous CE studies in livestock and indicates a high level of CE infection of sheep in Narok, with a predominance of E. granulosus s.s., which is highly pathogenic and commonly infects humans. Given the high fertility rates observed in the cysts, there is an urgent need to determine whether there is a significant incidence of human infection in Narok, and initiate "One Health" control measures.
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El-Gendi AM, El-Shafei M, Bedewy E. The Role of Prophylactic Endoscopic Sphincterotomy for Prevention of Postoperative Bile Leak in Hydatid Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2018; 28:990-996. [PMID: 29641366 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2017.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile leak is the main cause of morbidity and mortality after surgery for hydatid liver cysts. Aim was to assess the role of prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) in reducing postoperative bile leak in patients undergoing partial cystectomy. METHODS Fifty-four patients with hepatic hydatid cyst met inclusion criteria, 27 were excluded or declined to participate. Twenty-six women and 28 men (mean age 44.6 ± 10.1, range: 22-61 years) were randomly assigned to either group I with ES (n = 27) or group II without ES (n = 27). RESULTS Demographics and clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of cysts were not statistically different between two groups. Group I had a significant decrease in bile leak rate compared with group II (11.1% versus 40.7%, P = .013), with significantly shorter duration of hospital stay (P < .0001). Biliary fistula in group I had significantly lower daily output (100 mL/day versus 350 mL/day) with gradual reduction till stoppage of leak in 3-4 days without intervention. Biliary fistula in group II had a significantly higher need for biliary intervention through postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with ES compared with biliary fistula in group I (FEP = .002), with significantly longer mean time of fistula closure (P = .011) and longer time to drain removal (P < .0001). Nonbiliary complications were comparable between two groups. CONCLUSION Prophylactic ES provides significant reduction in postoperative bile leak rate with shorter hospital stay after partial cystectomy of hydatid cyst. Biliary fistula in patients with ES has significantly lower daily output with shorter time of drain removal and shorter time to closure than patients without ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M El-Gendi
- 1 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shafei
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Essam Bedewy
- 3 Department of Hepatology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
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Abstract
Echinococcosis has been recognized as one of the most important helminth zoonosis in China. Available models always consider dogs as the mainly definitive hosts. However, such models ignore the distinctions between domestic dogs and stray dogs. In this study, we propose a 10-dimensional dynamic model distinguishing stray dogs from domestic dogs to explore the special role of stray dogs and potential effects of disposing stray dogs on the transmission of Echinococcosis. The basic reproduction number R0, which measures the impact of both domestic dogs and stray dogs on the transmission, is determined to characterize the transmission dynamics. Global dynamic analysis of the model reveals that, without disposing the stray dogs, the Echinococcosis becomes endemic even the domestic dogs are controlled. Moreover, due to the difficulties in estimating the parameters involved in R0 with real data and the limitation of R0 in real-world applications, a new risk assessment tool called relative risk index Irisk is defined for the control of zoonotic diseases, and the studies of the risk assessment for Echinococcosis infection show that it is essential to distinguish stray dogs from domestic dogs in applications.
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Aydın MF, Adıgüzel E, Güzel H. A study to assess the awareness of risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in Turkey. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:280-289. [PMID: 29543307 PMCID: PMC5893918 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.3.21771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and awareness for risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosis (CE) among animal breeders, nurses, nursing students, dietitians, food professionals and other public groups in Turkey. Methods: Questionnaire forms were prepared in compliance with the individuals' diversity, and a survey was created about agents, transmission modes, epidemiology, treatment, and risk factors for CE. The descriptive survey was performed between May 2015 and May 2016 by face-to-face communication. Data were collected from a total of 647 individuals, including 95 animal breeders, 92 nurses, 249 nursing students, 49 dietitians, 28 food professionals and 134 people from other public groups from Turkey. Survey data were evaluated in terms of percentages and means and analyzed by the Pearson's chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test to determine the relationships between questionnaire answers and socio-demographic attributes, such as age, gender, educational level, and profession. Non-categorical variables were compared via Spearman's rho correlation analysis with statistical significance set at the 0.05 level. Results: We determined low awareness for vegetable washing, raw vegetables and offal consumption, informative courses, contact with dogs, and administration of antiparasitic drugs to dogs. Conclusion: The participants of this survey were found to be with insufficient knowledge regarding risk factors of CE. We advocate the implementation of training programs to improve public awareness on this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet F Aydın
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Karamanoglu Mehmetbey, Karaman, Turkey. E-mail.
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