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Alsofi L, Al-Habib M, Zahran S, Alsulaiman M, Barayan M, Khawaji S, Sanari M, Altorkestani M, Alshehri L, Zarei L, Almarghlani A, Howait M. Three-dimensional evaluation of root canal morphology in mandibular premolars of Saudi individuals: a CBCT study. Libyan J Med 2025; 20:2464292. [PMID: 39921485 PMCID: PMC11809164 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2025.2464292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/10/2025] Open
Abstract
In-depth knowledge of the anatomical structure of the root canal system is fundamental for successful endodontic treatment. This research aimed to evaluate the root canal structures of lower premolars in the Saudi western demographic via Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans. 760 CBCT scans were reviewed, which incorporated 2747 mandibular premolar teeth. SPSS was employed for descriptive statistics and Pearson chi-square tests. The Kappa tests were executed for intra- and inter-observer consistency. The number of roots, canals, and canal configurations based on Vertucci's classification were assessed. The study further explored the prevalence, patterns, and variations of the root canal systems, considering gender-based variations and bilateral resemblance. Predominantly, mandibular premolars possessed a single root, though a minority displayed two or three roots. The occurrence of multiple canals was also on the lower side, with the type I canal pattern emerging predominantly. Gender-based distinctions were evident, as males exhibited a higher frequency of two-rooted premolars and multiple canals than females. It was noted that the anatomical differences were more in the mandibular first premolars than in the second premolars. A significant bilateral consistency was observed, with most teeth showcasing consistent root and canal numbers. This research offers essential perspectives on the diverse nature and variability of root canal anatomy within the Saudi Western cohort, facilitating better understanding and treatment planning in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai Alsofi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mey Al-Habib
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha Zahran
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alsulaiman
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Barayan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Khawaji
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sanari
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Layan Alshehri
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamees Zarei
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Almarghlani
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Howait
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Lin CY, Yu YY. Mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2025; 13:100822. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v13.i13.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary, and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.
CASE SUMMARY In this article, we review the root and root canal conditions for the mandibular first premolar and report the case of a mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals in a male patient, with suggestions for clinical diagnosis and treatment. The patient was referred by an orthodontist for the extraction of the tooth. Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography examination revealed that it had three roots. Under local anesthesia, the extraction socket was carefully expanded, and the tooth was successfully removed intact using forceps. The procedure was uneventful, with no root fractures, postoperative bleeding, or sensory abnormality observed.
CONCLUSION The mandibular first premolar is characterized by multiple roots and canal variations that can increase the difficulty of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Lin
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue-Yuan Yu
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
- Stomatology Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
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Ahmed HMA, Farook MS. Micro-computed tomography analysis and ex-vivo detection of six root canals in a four-rooted mandibular first premolar. BMC Oral Health 2025; 25:498. [PMID: 40197269 PMCID: PMC11978089 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-025-05781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mandibular first premolar teeth show a wide range of root and canal anatomical variations including accessory roots, deep root proximal grooves and multiple canals. This study provides qualitative and quantitative morphological analysis of a rare four-rooted mandibular first premolar scanned using micro-CT. In addition, it provides clinical implications through endodontic access cavity preparation and negotiation of canals under dental operating microscope (DOM) to assess the difficulty for locating the canals. METHODS An extracted four-rooted mandibular first premolar tooth sample was subjected to 2D radiographic imaging in two views and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning with a resolution of 25 μm. Subsequently, 3D- reconstruction of the tooth sample was performed using Mimics software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). 3D (volume and surface area) and 2D measurements (distances between orifices, area, perimeter, maximum and minimum diameter, roundness, aspect ratio and form factor) were obtained. In addition, endodontic access was prepared, and the canals were explored under the DOM. Location of the canals were confirmed by periapical radiographs with the aid of hand files. RESULTS The 2D imaging showed the presence of four canals. Micro-CT analysis showed a complex canal anatomy which was classified using Ahmed et al. coding system as 444 MB1-2-1-2 DB2-1-2-1-3-2-3 1(ML1 DL1). Quantitative analysis showed that the MB root had the highest canal volume and surface area compared to other canals. The 2D measurements showed wide variations among canals, which reflects the complexity of the canals in terms of size and geometry. The MB and DB canals tend to have more aspect ratio values (more oval/flattened) than other canals. After access cavity preparation and exploration, six root canals were identified [mesio-buccal one (MB1), mesio-buccal two (MB2), disto-buccal (DB), mesio-lingual (ML), disto-lingual (DL) and lingual disto-buccal (LDB)]. The canals in the MB root showed two locations of splitting. CONCLUSIONS Mandibular first premolars may have complex variations in the number of roots and canal configurations. The different anatomical presentations demonstrated in the 2D and 3D measurements of the six canals presented in this report signifies the anatomical variabilities, which could complicate the detection and negotiation of canals during root canal treatment. Ahmed et al. coding system is useful in classifying teeth with complex root and canal anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohideen Salihu Farook
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
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Castro BAB, Costa BG, Verner FS, de Souza LA, Santos RC, Junqueira RB. Evaluating key predictors of anatomical complexity in mandibular incisors: insights from CBCT analysis considering premolar anatomy, sex, and age. Odontology 2025:10.1007/s10266-025-01062-z. [PMID: 39883333 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-025-01062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of premolar root anatomy, sex, and age on incisor complexity can aid in developing tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study evaluated if the anatomical complexity of mandibular premolars, sex and age can predict the anatomical complexity in mandibular incisors. Using CBCT scans, 3944 mandibular incisors from 493 patients were analyzed. Intra and inter-examiner reproducibility was confirmed using weighted Kappa tests. A mixed predictive model was employed to assess whether premolar root anatomy, sex, or age could predict incisor complexity (α = 0.05). The variables that influenced the presence of complex anatomical morphology in central and lateral incisors were 2nd premolar, 1st premolar and sex, increasing the odds that the central incisors had a complex anatomical morphology in 2.16, 1.69 and 0.47 times, respectively. These odds increased 1.86, 1.92 and 0.69 times, respectively for lateral. There was no age association with incisor complexity, suggesting that anatomical complexity is primarily influenced by fixed structural characteristics rather than age-related changes. The anatomical complexity of mandibular premolars and the sex (male) were able to predict the occurrence of anatomical complexity in mandibular incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Araujo Borges Castro
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus GV, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Guimarães Costa
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus GV, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francielle Silvestre Verner
- Health Applied Science Post-Graduate Program and Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus GV, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Caires Santos
- Dental Clinic, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Binato Junqueira
- Health Applied Science Post-Graduate Program and Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus GV, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Alkahtany SM, AlHussain AA, AlMthen HA, AlDokhi HD, Bukhary SM, Almohaimede AA, AlNeshmi B. Obturation quality of bioceramic sealers with different obturation techniques: a micro-CT evaluation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:31146. [PMID: 39732759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis in vitro study was designed to compare void volume in root canal fillings performed using the single-cone (SC) technique and the continuous wave condensation (CWC) technique with bioceramic (BC) sealer. Forty human-extracted, single-rooted mandibular premolars were cleaned, shaped, and divided into two groups (n = 20) based on the obturation technique. In the first group, obturation was performed using the CWC technique with TotalFill HiFlow BC sealer. In the second group, obturation was performed using the SC technique with the conventional TotalFill BC sealer. All roots were scanned with micro-CT, and ©CTAn software version 1.20.8.0 was used to measure the void volume of each root third in all samples. Despite the different obturation techniques, both groups exhibited voids in filled root canals. The overall mean void volume in the SC group (0.253 ± 0.186) was significantly higher (p = 0.000) than that in the CWC group (0.035 ± 0.043). The difference was significant in the coronal (p = 0.000) and middle (p = 0.017) thirds. The CWC technique with TotalFill HiFlow BC sealer achieved superior obturation quality compared to the SC technique with conventional BC sealer in oval-shaped premolars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Alkahtany
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 68004, 11527, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asma A AlHussain
- East of Riyadh Dental Center, Riyadh Second Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa A AlMthen
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 68004, 11527, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya D AlDokhi
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sundus M Bukhary
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 68004, 11527, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Almohaimede
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 68004, 11527, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma AlNeshmi
- Dental University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gonçalves BFA, Reddy D, Machado R, Soares Júunior PC, Ignácio SA, Fernandes Couto DA, Frasquetti KS, Ditzel Westphalen VP, Carneiro E, Silva Neto UXD. Smear layer removal comparing conventional irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, EndoActivator System, and a new sonic device (Perfect Clean System) by scanning electron microscopy: An ex vivo study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0314940. [PMID: 39729517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/29/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the smear layer removal provided by conventional, sonic, and ultrasonic irrigation techniques. METHODOLOGY Forty extracted human mandibular first premolars were selected and instrumented using the ProTaper Next System files and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Afterward, they were divided into 4 groups (n. 10) according to the irrigation technique used to perform the final irrigation with a chelating solution (17% EDTA): conventional irrigation (CI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), EndoActivator System (EAS), and Perfect Clean System (PCS). The smear layer removal was determined through a score after evaluating scanning electron microscope images (1.000x) obtained at 1, 5, 8, and 12mm from the working length (WL). Statistical analyses were carried out by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests with a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05). RESULTS All irrigation techniques were unable to promote an effective smear layer removal at 1mm from the WL in comparison with the other locations (P < .05). At 5, 8, and 12mm from the WL, no statistically significant differences were observed among CI, PUI, EAS, and PCS (P > 0.05). At 12mm from the WL, statistically significant differences were only identified after comparing PCS and CI (P < .05). CONCLUSION The smear layer removal was only efficient at 5, 8, and 12 from the WL with no significant statistical differences among CI, PUI, EAS, and PCS (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Fernanda Alionço Gonçalves
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Divya Reddy
- Advanced Standing for International Dentist Program-ASPID Program, Health Sciences Center, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Machado
- Health Sciences Center, Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Paulo César Soares Júunior
- Department of Materials Science, Polytechnical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Douglas Augusto Fernandes Couto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karine Santos Frasquetti
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia Portela Ditzel Westphalen
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Everdan Carneiro
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Xavier da Silva Neto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná -PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Hu P, Feng S, Li X, Li G, Li S. Endodontic treatment of a two-rooted mandibular first premolar with four root canals: a case report. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2024; 5:1498167. [PMID: 39917697 PMCID: PMC11797773 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2024.1498167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Mandibular first premolar has a complex and variable anatomy of the root canal system, which often leads to failure of endodontic treatment due to missing root canals. Identifying the complete structure of the root canal system to ensure that all root canals are perfectly cleared and filled becomes critical to the success of root canal therapy. This report introduced a unique case of endodontic treatment of a two-rooted mandibular first premolar in the buccolingual direction with a total of four canals. Case presentation An adult male patient with a lower left first premolar was diagnosed with acute apical periodontitis and treated with open pulp drainage in a general hospital. One day later, due to the complexity of the root canal structure, the patient was referred to our clinic for subsequent treatment. The tooth #34 was diagnosed with abnormal central cusp, apical periodontitis, and incomplete fracture through clinical and x-ray examinations. Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) results showed that the tooth #34 processed two roots with a buccolingual bifurcation and a total of 4 root canals: 1 lingual canal, 2 mesiobuccal canals, and 1 distobuccal canal. Notably, the buccal root presented a C-shaped configuration, and the mesiobuccal canals were of 2-1 type. The tooth was treated with microendodontics and crown restoration. One year after the treatment, the follow-up results showed that the tooth #34 was functioning normally without any abnormalities. Conclusion This report enhances our understanding of the anatomical variations in the root canal system of the mandibular first premolar and emphasizes the importance of CBCT in identifying anatomical variations within the root canal system. Clinicians must be aware of such changes in the mandibular first premolar during treatment to ensure a perfect treatment and better prognosis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Hu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Guangwen Li
- Department of Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Shiting Li
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
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Datta S, Mukherjee S, Mazumdar P, Mukherjee S. An In-Vitro Study of the Root Canal Configuration of Mandibular First Premolars in a Bengali Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Cureus 2024; 16:e75187. [PMID: 39759698 PMCID: PMC11700544 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.75187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aims to analyze the root canal configuration system of mandibular first premolars in the Bengali subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on Vertucci's classification, the root canal morphology of 100 randomly selected mandibular first premolars in 56 males and 44 females from the Bengali subpopulation of West Bengal was assessed in vitro. The location of the apical foramen, lateral canal, C-shaped canal, types of canal orifice cross-sections, minor constriction diameter, tooth length, and root length were noted. A chi-square test was conducted to test the categorical variables at a 5% significance level. RESULTS Vertucci's type I (75%, n=75), followed by Vertucci's type V (23%, n=23), were significantly more common in the present study sample. Most of the two-rooted teeth showed a division at the middle one-third (82.8%, n=18). Cross-sectional evaluation of the samples inferred that an ovular cross-section was most common (78%, n=78). All the above-mentioned proportions were significantly higher (P<0.0001). A C-shaped canal was found in 19% (n=19) of the study samples, and significant associations were found. CONCLUSION Vertucci type I and type V canal configurations are the most frequently observed in mandibular first premolars among a Bengali sub-population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik Datta
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, IND
| | - Sayantan Mukherjee
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, IND
| | - Paromita Mazumdar
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Evershine Dental Clinic, Kolkata, IND
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, IND
| | - Shaon Mukherjee
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Oromax Imaging, Kolkata, IND
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Arshad H, Zahra F, Naved N, Khalid T, Iqbal A, Karobari MI, Maqbool I, Umer F. Evaluation of root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in Pakistani population using the new classification: a CBCT study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:1414. [PMID: 39568006 PMCID: PMC11577896 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-05149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive understanding of the root form and canal anatomy is essential for successful endodontic treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the root canal anatomy of mandibular premolars in the Pakistani population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to classify the findings with the new classification proposed by Ahmed et al. METHODS: Ethical exemption was obtained from Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. A total of 707 CBCT scans from Karachi and Lahore were included, comprising 592 scans from a tertiary care hospital in Karachi and 115 scans from a radiology center in Lahore. The study focused on sound, fully formed mandibular first and second premolars, excluding those with significant caries, restorations, or prior root canal treatments. Scans from different equipment were used, and calibration was achieved between a specialist endodontist and two dental residents. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 26. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests to determine association between the variables, and a significance level set at 5% (p <0.05) were utilized. RESULTS A total of 2403 mandibular premolars were analyzed. The most common configuration was 1MPM1 (82.90%), with rare variations such as 1MPM1-3-1 (0.04%) and 2MPM1 B1 L2 (0.04%). Single-rooted premolars were predominant (98.87%), and no significant differences were observed when data was stratified by age or gender. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in Pakistan involving multiple centers and using the classification system by Ahmed et al. to understand the anatomy of mandibular premolars. The findings indicate that while most premolars have a single root and canal, variations exist. These variations highlight the importance of understanding canal morphology for improving the success of endodontic treatment. Future studies should include a larger and more diverse dataset to fully represent the Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Zahra
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Naved
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Taimur Khalid
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Dental Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | | | - Fahad Umer
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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A J, Jayakumar Nair S, Gupta S, Chansoria H, Rawat G. Unusual Canal Morphology in Mandibular Premolars With Two Distal and One Mesial Canal: A Case Series. Cureus 2024; 16:e73832. [PMID: 39691135 PMCID: PMC11650329 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.73832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mandibular premolars exhibit intricate and diverse root canal anatomy, presenting substantial challenges in endodontic treatment. Uncommon variations, such as the presence of three canals, demand meticulous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to mitigate the risk of overlooking canals and subsequent treatment failure. This case report highlights three cases of mandibular premolars exhibiting a rare root canal configuration with one mesial and two distal canals, successfully managed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for accurate diagnosis and ultrasonic activation for disinfection. The findings underscore the significance of utilizing three-dimensional imaging and precise canal identification in addressing anatomical anomalies in mandibular premolars, which have been sparsely documented in the existing literature. This report aims to contribute to understanding and managing the rare and complex root canal configurations in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinesh A
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, IND
| | - Sanjana Jayakumar Nair
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, IND
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, IND
| | - Harsh Chansoria
- Department of Prosthodontics, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, IND
| | - Gaurav Rawat
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, IND
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Elsayed MA, Elmesellawy MY, Schäfer E. Prevalence of multiple roots and complex canal morphology in mandibular premolars among a selected Southern Egyptian sub-population: a CBCT-analysis. Odontology 2024; 112:1257-1264. [PMID: 38351258 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The mandibular premolars can pose a significant challenge in root canal treatment due to their complex canal system. This study investigated the prevalence of multiple roots and complex canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a selected Egyptian sub-population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). 283 CBCT scans (131 males, 152 females, age 18-70) included 1132 mandibular premolars (566 first, and 566 second premolars) were viewed for incidences ofvariation in root numbers and canal configuration according to Vertucci's classification. CBCT images were assessed by two endodontists, data were statistically analyzed using Fisher exact and Chi-square tests. The majority of first premolars (85.7%) exhibited a single root, whereas 14.7% had 2 roots with a significantly higher frequency in males (19.8%) than in females (9.5%) (P < .05). The most prevalent type was type I (57.8%), followed by type V (21.7%), while types II and VII made up only 1%. Types V and III were more prevalent among females, while males had a higher prevalence of types I and IV. In 2.5% of cases, mandibular second premolars were found to have 2 roots, with a higher incidence in males (P < .05). Type I canals were significantly more prevalent (90.8%) than other types, followed by type V (5.3%) (P < .05). A statistically significant gender correlation was found regarding root number and canal configuration. It is not uncommon to find mandibular first premolars with two roots in the southern Egyptian population, particularly in males. These observations may be valuable for dentists who treat Southern Egyptians, in Egypt and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Elsayed
- Department of Endodontics, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Edgar Schäfer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance, School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Paul S, Gupta A, Ingole RS, Ingole YS, Vaidya SB, Manek PV, Arya S. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Study on Gender Difference and Root Canal Morphology in Mandibular Premolars. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S2321-S2323. [PMID: 39346417 PMCID: PMC11426840 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_248_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study examined mandibular premolars' root and canal distribution across genders and sides. Materials and Methods Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging of mandibular premolars was performed using SINORA ORTHOPHOS XG 3D, with specific parameters set. Results Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging of 100 participants revealed mostly single-rooted premolars, with slight variations, notably among females. Mandibular first premolars predominantly had single canals and roots, with a higher occurrence of two canals in females. Statistical analysis showed no significant gender- or side-based differences in root distribution. The findings underscore gender-specific variations in premolar morphology, highlighting the importance of tailored treatment planning, especially for the left side. Conclusion While CBCT proves valuable, further research is needed to optimize its utility in endodontic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Paul
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankita Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sree Bankey Bihari Dental College and Research Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranu S. Ingole
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh S. Ingole
- Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Seema B. Vaidya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dr. R R Kambe Dental College and Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pranav V. Manek
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College and Research Centre Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sugandha Arya
- Department of Oral Medicine Radiology, RR Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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13
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Karobari MI, Batul R, Khan M, Patil SR, Basheer SN, Rezallah NNF, Luke AM, Noorani TY. Micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) characterization of root and root canal morphology of mandibular first premolars: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:1. [PMID: 38167114 PMCID: PMC10763367 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mandibular first premolars are familiar with their varied root canal morphology, causing difficulties and challenges for successful endodontic procedures. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to study the characterization of root and canal morphology of the first mandibular premolar using micro-computed tomography. METHODOLOGY The literature search was conducted using electronic web databases like PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Cochrane with the chosen MeSH key words and data was retrieved until May 2023. Further to perform the statistical analysis, R v 4.3.1 software with "meta", 'metafor" "metaviz" " ggplot2" package was used, and results were represented by odds ratios (OR) and the percentage of forest plots along a 95 per cent confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The total number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was 13; these studies were conducted on mandibular first premolar using Micro-CT; the total sample size was 1817. To scan the sample, an X-ray micro-focus CT system (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany) was used in four studies and seven different machines were used in the respective studies. Mimics 10.01 software (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium) and NRecon v.1.6.9 software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) were commonly operated. The minimum and maximum voxel size ranges between 11.94 and 50 μm. Vertucci's classification was frequently used (9), while one study applied Ahmed et al. and Vertucci's classification. CONCLUSION This systematic review provides essential information about the root and canal configurations, radicular grooves, accessory canals, and apical foramina through Micro-CT, aiming to improve the accuracy of endodontic treatment and help practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia.
- Dental Research Unit, Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Rumesa Batul
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khan
- New Age Health Science Research Center, Muradpur, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Santosh R Patil
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College & Research Institute, Sundra, India
| | - Syed Nahid Basheer
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alexander Maniangat Luke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBAHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Tahir Yusuf Noorani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Nurulaqmar Iwani S, Kamaruzaman M, Jawami AA. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis of apical mandibular premolar in relation to clinical sign presentation: An in vitro study. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:129-133. [PMID: 38375388 PMCID: PMC10874801 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Variations in anatomic apex and apical foramina of root canals are common in different teeth types. The sophisticated 3D micro-CT aids researchers in investigating the apical morphology, such as the apical foramen (AF) and constriction (AC). Objectives To measure the length between the foramen and the apex and the physiological length to the apex, in lower premolar teeth. Furthermore, a measurement was conducted on the average length from the foramen to the apex of the lower premolar teeth with respect to the presence of clinical and non-clinical signs. Methods A total of 80 lower premolar teeth were selected based on the inclusion criteria. All samples were scanned using micro-CT ZEISS X-Radia (17 µm), and the datasets were analysed. The root canal AF and AC were reconstructed using Drishti software (V3.0) by utilising a 4-digit system code in millimetres (mm). Results More than half of the lower premolars (n = 47, 58.8 %) demonstrated a clinical signs presentation, while the rest had a non-clinical sign (n = 33, 41.3 %). There was a significant difference (p = 0.013) between the non-clinical and clinical groups in the mean length from the apical foramen to the apex (AFA) at 0.59 mm and 0.47 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-clinical and clinical mean length from apical constriction to apex (ACA) were 0.75 mm and 0.73 mm, and the mean length from AF to AC (AFC) was 0.48 mm and 0.53 mm, respectively. Nonetheless, no significant differences were detected between the ACA and AFC of non-clinical and clinical groups. Conclusion The clinical signs presentation observed in lower premolars mainly affected the apical morphology, particularly the position and length of the root AF, and less so the AC position and length. Therefore, the information is useful for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsudin Nurulaqmar Iwani
- Centre of Comprehensive Care Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Marlena Kamaruzaman
- Centre of Comprehensive Care Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afiq Azizi Jawami
- Centre of Comprehensive Care Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
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Marceliano-Alves MF, Amoroso-Silva P, Alves FRF, Soimu G, Provenzano JC, Campello AF, Duarte ML, Moreno JO, Sierra-Cristancho A, Calle JT, Rôças IN, Siqueira JF. Multipopulation evaluation of the internal morphology of mandibular first premolars from different South American countries. A micro-computed tomography study. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 156:105809. [PMID: 37832245 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare several anatomical parameters of mandibular first premolars from individuals from different Latin American countries using micro-computed tomography. DESIGN Five hundred extracted mandibular first premolars from Brazilian, Argentinian, Chilean, Colombian, and Ecuadorian individuals were scanned using micro-computed tomography (n = 100 teeth/country). Root canal configurations were classified according to established parameters. Analyses also included: canal volume and surface area, structure model index, distances from the apical foramen to the root apex or the cementoenamel junction, major/minor apical canal diameters, canal orifice shape, and prevalence of ramifications. RESULTS A single root was the most common anatomy in all countries (range, 97%-100%). Vertucci's type-I canal was the most frequent configuration (range, 36%-66%), followed by C-shaped and type-V canals. The oval-shaped canal orifice was the most predominant in all countries (range, 34%-58%), followed by the circular shape (range, 16%-47%). C-shaped canals occurred in all subpopulations (range, 14%-26%), always associated with radicular grooves. Ranges for canal ramifications were as follows: accessory canals, 36%-73%; lateral canals, 4%-12%; and apical delta, 4%-14% of the teeth. Many anatomic parameters differed significantly between countries (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Vertucci's types-I and -V, and C-shaped canals were the most prevalent configurations in the subpopulations investigated. Accessory canals and several complex anatomies were found, with some significantly different frequencies between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Amoroso-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Giuliana Soimu
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José C Provenzano
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Campello
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jaime O Moreno
- Dental School, Santo Tomás University, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | | | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Wolf TG, Basmaci S, Schumann S, Waber AL. Internal Morphology of Mandibular Second Premolars Using Micro-Computed Tomography. J Imaging 2023; 9:257. [PMID: 38132675 PMCID: PMC10743552 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9120257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine root canal morphology of mandibular second premolars (Mn2P) of a mixed Swiss-German population by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Root canal configuration (RCC) of 102 Mn2P were investigated using micro-CT unit (µCT 40; SCANCO Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland) with 3D software imaging (VGStudio Max 2.2; Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), described with a four-digit system code indicating the main root canal from coronal to apical thirds and the number of main foramina. A total of 12 different RCCs were detected. 1-1-1/1 (54.9%) was most frequently observed RCC, followed by 1-1-1/2 (14.7%), 1-1-2/2 (10.8%), 1-2-2/2 (4.9%), 1-1-3/3 (3.9%), 1-1-1/3 (2.9%), 2-1-1/1 (2.9%) and less frequently 1-1-2/3, 1-2-1/2, 2-1-2/2, 1-1-2/5, 1-1-1/4 with each 1.0%. No accessory foramina were present in 35.3%, one in 35.3%, two in 21.6%, three and four in 2.9%, and five in 2.0%. In 55.9% Mn2Ps, accessory root canals were present in apical third and 8.8% in middle third of a root. Connecting canals were observed less frequently (6.9%) in apical and 2.9% in the middle third, no accessory/connecting canals in coronal third. Every tenth tooth showed at least or more than three main foramina. Almost two thirds of the sample showed accessory root canals, predominantly in apical third. The mainly single-rooted sample of Mn2Ps showed less frequent morphological diversifications than Mn1Ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (S.B.)
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, DE-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Samuel Basmaci
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (S.B.)
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, DE-55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Andrea Lisa Waber
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (S.B.)
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Wang Y, Lu Y, Gu Y, Cai Y, Zhang C, Li J. Finding appropriate nickel-titanium instruments for lingual canals in mandibular first premolars with two canals: A micro-CT study. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:89-98. [PMID: 36251403 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to find appropriate nickel-titanium instruments for lingual canals in mandibular first premolars with two canals. Forty-two extracted mandibular first premolars with lingual canals (Vertucci type V) verified by micro-CT scanning were selected. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups, and their lingual canals were instrumented by M3, HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper, respectively. After instrumentation, the canal morphology was scanned again by micro-CT. The canal morphologies of pre- and post-instrumentation were reconstructed and aligned. Morphological changes of the lingual canals were evaluated. No instrument breakages occurred during the procedure of root canal instrumentation. HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper performed better than M3 files in preparation of lingual canals (Vertucci type V) of mandibular first premolars in terms of apical transportation and unprepared surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of VIP Clinic, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqian Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of VIP Clinic, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchun Gu
- Department of Dentistry and Central Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Yixin Cai
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of VIP Clinic, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of VIP Clinic, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Tadano JPG, Bueno CEDS, Silveira CFDM, Yamanaka TB, Piai GG, Duarte MAH, Vivan RR, De Martin AS. Effect of different activation methods on the intratubular penetration of CaOH 2 paste: Ex-vivo analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:18-26. [PMID: 36093994 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the maximum penetration depth (MPD) and penetration area (PA) of CaOH2 paste agitated by different methods and to measure the pH after performing these methods. Fifty-five mandibular premolars were divided into control, GL and 4 experimental groups, GEC, GXP, GEDDY and GI (n = 11), where the paste was agitated with Easy Clean, XP-endo Finisher, EDDY and Irrisonic, respectively. The canals were instrumented and irrigated with NaOCl. The paste was manipulated with propylene glycol and rhodamine B dye. Root sections were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. There was no difference between groups regarding PA (p > 0.05). At 5 mm, MPD was greater in GEC than in GL or GEDDY, and greater in GI than in GL (p < 0.05). At 2 mm, MPD was greater in GEC than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both Easy Clean and Irrisonic promoted deeper paste penetration and were associated with higher pH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Gasparin Tadano
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Endodontia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tainara Bielecki Yamanaka
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Endodontia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Gonçalez Piai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sigrist De Martin
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Endodontia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ramos GT, Lucisano MP, Victorio DJB, Ramirez-Sotelo LR, Nelson-Filho P, da Silva RAB, Koecklin KHU, da Silva LAB. Estimation of root canal conicity of deciduous canines evaluated by nano-CT. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2023:10.1007/s40368-023-00809-y. [PMID: 37306868 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-023-00809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the taper of root canals of deciduous maxillary and mandibular canines by nano computed tomography (nano-CT). METHODS This in vitro study involved CT scan analysis of nine maxillary and five mandibular primary canines. The images of each tooth were reconstructed using OnDemand3D software. Thereon, diameter and taper analyses were performed on the free FreeCAD 0.18 software for the three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design model. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata v14.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5%. RESULTS 3D image reconstruction was performed, considering the diameters obtained along the entire length of the tooth root, and the conical model was built with a height of 10 mm. The diameters of the maxillary canine at points D0 (0 mm), D5 (5 mm), D7 (7 mm), and D10 (10 mm) were 1.62, 1.07, 0.78, and 0.49 mm, respectively, with a significant difference between the four points (p = 0.0001). Regarding maxillary canine root taper values in the cervical, middle, and apical regions, the values were 12%, 14%, and 10%, respectively. For mandibular canines, the mean diameter values obtained at points D0, D5, D7, and D10 were 1.51, 0.83, 0.64, and 0.45 mm, respectively, with significant differences among the four points (p = 0.005). The inferior canine root tapers in the cervical, middle, and apical regions were 14%, 10%, and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSION The detailed knowledge of the root morphology of maxillary and mandibular deciduous canines, as it has been shown in vitro using nano-CT, is critical to achieve accurate and efficient endodontic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmer Torres Ramos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
- Departamento de Odontopediatría, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Daniel José Blanco Victorio
- Departamento de Estomatología Médico Quirúrgico, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Laura Ricardina Ramirez-Sotelo
- Departamento de Estomatología Médico Quirúrgico, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | | | - Lea Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
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Karobari MI, Iqbal A, Syed J, Batul R, Adil AH, Khawaji SA, Howait M, Khattak O, Noorani TY. Evaluation of root and canal morphology of mandibular premolar amongst Saudi subpopulation using the new system of classification: a CBCT study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:291. [PMID: 37189077 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinician should have complete knowledge of the normal anatomy of the root as well as complexities in the root canal configuration for a better outcome, as missed or improper handling of the canal system can lead to the failure of an entire endodontic procedure. The present study aims to assess the morphology of roots and canals in permanent mandibular premolars in the Saudi subpopulation with a new classification system. METHODS The present study includes 1230 mandibular premolars (645 first premolars and 585-second premolars) from 500 CBCT images of the patients, including retrospective data. iCAT scanner system (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) was used to obtain the images; scanning of 8 × 8 cm images was performed at 120 KVp and 5-7 mA with a voxel size of 0.2 mm. The new method of classification presented by Ahmed et al. 2017 was used to record and classify the root canal morphology, followed by recording the differences regarding the age and gender of the patients. Comparison of canal morphology in lower permanent premolars and its association with gender and age of the patients was done by Chi-square test/ Fisher exact test; the significance level was set at 5% (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS The left mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars with one root were 47.31%, with two roots were 2.19%. However, three roots (0.24%) and C-shaped canals (0.24%) were reported only in the left mandibular 2nd premolar. The right mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars with one root were 47.56%, with two roots were 2.03%. The overall percentage of the number of roots and canals in the first and second premolars 1 PM 1 (88.38%), 2 PM 1 B 1 L 1 (3.5%), 2 PM B 1 L 1 (0.65%), 1 PM 1-2-1 (3.08%), 1 PM 1-2 (3.17%), 1 PM 1-2-1-2 (0.24%), 3 PMMB 1 DB 1 L1 (0.48%). However, the C-shaped canals (0.40%) were reported in right and left mandibular second premolars. No statistically significant difference was reported between mandibular premolars and gender. A statistically significant difference was reported between mandibular premolars and the age of the study subjects. CONCLUSION Type I (1 TN 1) was the major root canal configuration in permanent mandibular premolars, which was higher among males. The CBCT imaging provides thorough details about the root canal morphology of lower premolars. These findings could support diagnosis, decision-making, and root canal treatment, for dental professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia.
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamaluddin Syed
- Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, p.o box 80209, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rumesa Batul
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Habeeb Adil
- Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Sara Akili Khawaji
- Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, p.o box 80209, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Howait
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, p.o box 80209, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Khattak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Yusuf Noorani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
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Khanna S, Jobanputra L, Mehta J, Parmar A, Panchal A, Mehta F. Revisiting Premolars Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis and Classifying Their Roots and Root Canal Morphology Using Newer Classification. Cureus 2023; 15:e38623. [PMID: 37284378 PMCID: PMC10240846 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to compare the internal morphology of premolars while applying the Vertucci and recent classification system for root canal variations in the Gujarat population using CBCT. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY A sample size of 537 CBCT images collected from various diagnostic centers in Gujarat was analyzed. The root canal morphology was then classified by using two methods - Ahmed et al. and Vertucci classification system. Fisher's exact test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS All the premolars revealed a varied canal configuration. More than half of maxillary first and 42% of maxillary second premolars were double rooted. Vertucci type IV classification was the most common in first maxillary premolars and Type I and type IV were commonly seen in second premolars. According to the new system, the code 2N B1 P1 was commonly seen for first maxillary premolars. The majority of mandibular premolars were single rooted. Classification wise type I Vertucci and 1 N1 were the most common types observed. CONCLUSION Premolars - both maxillary and mandibular - in this subpopulation had a wide range of root canal anatomical variations. Clinicians should be aware of this for a successful treatment outcome. The new system for classifying canal morphology describes the root and canal configurations in a more accurate and practical manner compared to the Vertucci classification and hence can be used routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Khanna
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Leena Jobanputra
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Jahnvi Mehta
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Akshali Parmar
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Aarti Panchal
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Foram Mehta
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
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Prevalence of Second Root and Root Canal in Mandibular and Maxillary Premolars Based on Two Classification Systems in Sub-Population of Northern Region (Saudi Arabia) Assessed Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): A Retrospective Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030498. [PMID: 36766603 PMCID: PMC9914268 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to assess the prevalence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars based on two classification systems of root canal morphology using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. A total of 286 CBCT scans from the archive of the Radiology department of a hospital were assessed for the presence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars. The canal configuration and its assessment was undertaken using Vertucci and Ahmed's classification. A Chi-square test was used to test the significance of the difference between gender and age. A total of 286 premolars were examined (217 mandibular premolars and 69 maxillary premolars); of these, 173 teeth (60.5%) were from males and 113 were from females (39.5%). Some 62% of maxillary left first premolars had two roots, followed by maxillary right first premolars (47%), and then maxillary left second premolars (30%) and maxillary right ones (27%), respectively. Type IV Vertucci were seen in maxillary premolars, while type I were ordinarily seen in the included mandibular premolars. Surprisingly, Vertucci type III was only found in mandibular left first premolars at a frequency of 2%. One orifice with two separate canals and two orifices of two distinct canals with two portals of exit were predominantly noticed with maxillary first premolars (2 FP B1 P1) in 73% and 81%, respectively, followed by (1 FP 2) 19%. The prevalence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars was low in the investigated premolars in comparison to the premolars that had just one root and canal, as assessed based on Vertucci and Ahmed's root canal system classification.
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Root canal narrowing patterns of mandibular first premolars on panoramic radiographs according to the number of root canals diagnosed on cone beam computed tomographic images. Odontology 2023; 111:172-177. [PMID: 35554774 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the variations in root canal morphology is important for successful endodontic treatment. Mandibular first premolars have a single root in 98% of cases, and multiple root canals are found in approximately 20% of cases. However, the details of these characteristic findings in panoramic radiography and their diagnostic accuracy are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the characteristic radiographic findings of mandibular first premolars possessing multiple root canals and determine the diagnostic accuracy using panoramic radiography. Four radiologists evaluated 347 mandibular first premolars in 186 patients who underwent panoramic radiography and dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Two radiologists confirmed the existence of single or multiple root canals using CBCT. The remaining two radiologists evaluated the imaging findings of the root canal morphology and classified them into two patterns: gradual narrowing and sudden narrowing. In the case of the sudden narrowing pattern, the location of sudden narrowing was also evaluated. A gradual narrowing pattern was observed in 56% of teeth with a single root canal, and a sudden narrowing pattern was observed in 83% of teeth with multiple root canals. When sudden narrowing between the cervical and apical 1/4 of the root canal was used as the diagnostic criterion for multiple root canal teeth, the highest diagnostic performance was observed (sensitivity, 76.1%; specificity, 73.9%). The sudden narrowing between the cervical level and the apical 1/4 level of the root canal is a practical diagnostic criterion for mandibular first premolar with multiple root canals.
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Fournier G, Maret D, Duchesne S, Telmon N, Diemer F, Savall F. Root and canal morphology of the permanent teeth in medieval and current French population. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 140:105452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Choi YJ, Lee C, Jeon KJ, Jang JT, Han SS. Canal configuration and root morphology of mandibular premolars using cone-beam computed tomography in a Korean population. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3325-3332. [PMID: 34846559 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the anatomy of mandibular premolars from two perspectives-the canal configuration and radicular grooves-using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a large Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS CBCT images of mandibles acquired from March 2018 to December 2019 for dental treatment were randomly selected. In each image, the root canal of premolars was classified into 8 types according to the canal merging or diverging pattern and the number of apical foramens. The presence and the location of radicular grooves were also assessed. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 1463 first and 1448 s premolars from 732 patients (390 males, 342 females, mean age of 36.1 years) were evaluated. A single canal with one foramen predominated in both first (85.7%) and second (99.5%) premolars, while complete or partial multi-canals accounted for 14.3% and 0.5% of first and second premolars, respectively. The prevalence of radicular grooves was significantly higher in first premolars (13.2%) than in second premolars (0.5%) and in males (4.3%, n = 119) than in females (2.5%, n = 73). CONCLUSIONS Although most premolars were complete single canals, the first premolars showed a relatively higher number of complex canals compared to the second premolar. In addition, radicular grooves in mandibular premolars were significantly more common in male patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE When planning the endodontic treatment of mandibular premolars, clinicians should be aware of their morphologic complexity, especially in the first premolar of male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Joo Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Chena Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Kug Jin Jeon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji-Taek Jang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sang-Sun Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Mashyakhy M, Jabali A, AbuMelha A, Almasrahi MY, Alshahrani MA, Alamir A, Alkahtany M, Bhandi S. Anatomical Evaluation of Mandibular Premolars in Saudi Population: An In Vivo Cone-beam Computed Tomography Study. Open Dent J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742106-v16-e2201170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers a three-dimensional (3D) image of the anatomical structures in the maxillofacial region. CBCT can provide images with sufficient spatial resolution and low radiation dose in endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a Saudi sub-population by showing the importance of cone-beam computed tomography radiographic analysis in detecting varieties of the root canal system.
Methods:
A total of 776 mandibular first and second premolars were analyzed. Teeth that have completed root development and apical closure were included. To accurately evaluate the external and internal morphologies of the teeth, three sections (i.e., the serial axial, coronal, and sagittal sections) were acquired for each tooth. Data are presented in terms of frequencies and percentages. The chi-squared test was used to determine the differences between two sides (right and left). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results:
Among the 397 mandibular first premolars, 99.5% had one root, 69.5% had one canal, and 29.5% had two canals. In terms of root canal configuration, 69.5%, 6.3%, 22.2%, and 0.3% of the teeth had Vertucci type I, type III, type V, and type VII canal configurations, respectively. Similarly, among the mandibular second premolars, 100% had one root, 96.8% had one canal, and 2.1% of teeth had two canals. Most of the samples (96.8%) had Vertucci type I canal configuration, and 1.6% and 0.8% of the teeth had Vertucci type III and type V canal configurations, respectively. In both groups of teeth, no statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides (P> 0.05).
Conclusion:
Mandibular premolars could have challenged internal morphology, and CBCT small field of view is advised in case periapical x-ray is inconclusive.
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Yu YH, Kim M, Kratchman S, Karabucak B. Surgical management of lateral lesions with intentional replantation in single-rooted mandibular first premolars with radicular groove. J Am Dent Assoc 2022; 153:371-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Root Canal Configuration of Burmese (Myanmar) Maxillary First Molar: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:3433343. [PMID: 34887924 PMCID: PMC8651397 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3433343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the root canal anatomy of Burmese (Myanmar) permanent maxillary first molar (BMFM) with micro-computed tomography. Methodology. One hundred and one extracted BMFMs were scanned by a SkyScan 1272 scanner (Bruker microCT, Belgium) and reconstructed with NRecon software (Bruker microCT). CTAn software (Bruker microCT) was used to create 3D models of root and internal canal anatomy, while CTVol software (Bruker microCT) was used to visualize 3D models. In each root, Vertucci's canal types, incidence and location of the lateral canal, incidence, location, and type of isthmus, and number and position of foramina were examined. Results In 101 specimens, 83 (82.18%) mesiobuccal roots had multiple canals. The most common canal type is type IV (45.5%), followed by type II (17.8%) and I (17.8%) canals. Type III, V, VI, VII, and VIII canals are less than 10% in total. Seven additional canal types were seen for 10% in total. Fourteen (13.86%) distobuccal roots had multiple canals, and the predominant canal type is type I (86.1%), followed by type II (5.9%) and V (4%) canals. Three additional canal types were observed for 4% in total. All palatal roots possessed the simplest type I canal. Apical ramification occurred in 69 mesiobuccal roots (68.3%), 36 distobuccal roots (35.6%), and 37 palatal roots (36.6%). A total of 240 lateral canals were observed in 101 specimens. Each specimen had 2.38 ± 2.22 lateral canals on average. The highest incidence, 136 (56.67%) lateral canals, occurred in the mesiobuccal root, followed by 57 (23.75%) and 47 (19.58%) lateral canals from the distobuccal root and the palatal root, respectively. Each specimen had 6.17 ± 2.42 foramina. Mesiobuccal root had the highest incidence of apical foramina compared to other roots. Seventy-two mesiobuccal roots (71.29%) had isthmus, while only 7 distobuccal roots (6.93%) had isthmus somewhere along the root. Conclusions The root canal anatomy of BMFM was quite complex, especially in the mesiobuccal root. The predominant canal type was Vertucci type IV in the mesiobuccal root and type I in the distobuccal and palatal roots. In addition, this micro-computed tomography study disclosed complemented canal types and a higher prevalence of lateral canal than the previous studies.
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Sameshima GT, Iglesias-Linares A. Orthodontic root resorption. J World Fed Orthod 2021; 10:135-143. [PMID: 34785166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
External apical root resorption (EARR) is one of the most frequently reported iatrogenic side effects of orthodontic movement. Nevertheless, no robust and unequivocal scientific evidence is yet available in the literature regarding the clinical and biological factors that trigger EARR. The purpose of the present position paper is to provide clinicians, residents, and investigators a summary of our current understanding about root resorption caused by orthodontic tooth movement, based on up-to-date available scientific evidence. Morphological, structural, biomechanical, and biological differences account for predisposing the apical third to EARR compared to other root surfaces during orthodontic treatment. In addition, a relevant number of patient and treatment-related factors increase risk of EARR. The main patient-related factors are reviewed and discussed: genetic factors, tooth anatomy, demographic factors, malocclusion factors, previous endodontic treatment, medical history, short root anomaly. Similarly, the influence of treatment-related factors are analyzed with regard to the effect of: biomechanical factors, type of orthodontic appliance, adjunctive therapies to accelerate tooth movement, early treatment, maxillary expansion, teeth extractions, the duration of treatment and the amount of apical displacement. Clinical management of EARR from pre-treatment records to the monitoring strategy as well as recommendations for the post orthodontic-treatment period are presented as a guide for the clinician. Despite years of studies, we still do not fully understand EARR, but the future is promising. True three-dimensional imaging with higher resolution and low radiation, and predictive tools towards an earlier detection without radiographs, will mark future developments in the field of EARR in orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Sameshima
- Advanced Orthodontics, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Shetty A, Bhat R, Babu B, Hegde MN, Shetty C, Shetty P, Latha Senthilkumar P. Occurrence and Morphology of MB2 Canals in Maxillary First Molars in an Indian Subpopulation: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Molars have been known to display varied morphologies. Maxillary first molar is the tooth with the largest volume and most complex root and root canal anatomy; also, possibly the most treated and least understood posterior tooth. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence and morphology of MB2 canals in maxillary first molars in an Indian subpopulation (Dakshina kannada) using cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging.
Materials and Methods A total of 330 maxillary molars were placed on “U-” shaped modelling wax template, mimicking the natural arch and digitally scanned, of which 196 scans met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed for unusual root canal anatomy by CBCT. To analyze the occurrence and morphology of the canals, the acquired data was examined by two endodontists and discussed till an agreement was reached.
Results The results were subjected to descriptive analysis. The majority of patients 103 (52.6%) teeth showed the presence of MB2 canals. As much as 83.5% of teeth depicted Vertucci's type II morphology, and 16.5% teeth presented with Vertucci's type IV morphology.
Conclusion CBCT overcomes the limitations of conventional radiography. However, the decision to use CBCT in the management of endodontic problems must be based on a case-by-case basis and only when sufficient diagnostic information is not obtained from diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India
| | - Raksha Bhat
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India
| | - Bessy Babu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India
| | - Mithra N. Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India
| | - Chitharanjan Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India
| | - Preethesh Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Latha Senthilkumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India
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Thanaruengrong P, Kulvitit S, Navachinda M, Charoenlarp P. Prevalence of complex root canal morphology in the mandibular first and second premolars in Thai population: CBCT analysis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:449. [PMID: 34530811 PMCID: PMC8444426 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mandibular premolars demonstrate high variability in root canal morphology, especially mandibular first premolars. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of root canal configurations of mandibular premolars according to Vertucci classification in a Thai population. Methods Total of 1159 CBCT images of Thai patients who received radiographic imaging at the Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University in 2017–2018 was evaluated. The data were reported using descriptive statistics and the relationship between the prevalence of the root canal complexities and sex was analyzed using the chi-squared test. Results The most common root canal configuration was Vertucci type I, with a 63.1% and 98% prevalence in the mandibular first and second premolars, respectively. More than 98% of mandibular premolars had a single root. The prevalence of a bifurcation was 28.5% and 1.5% in the mandibular first and second premolars, respectively. The prevalence of a trifurcation was 3.2% in the mandibular first premolar. A C-shaped root canal was observed at 23.7% and 0.7% in the mandibular first and second premolars, respectively. The level of branching was mostly found at the middle 1/3 of the root. Bilateral appearance of the same root canal configuration was identified in 80.3% and 95.9% in the mandibular first and second premolars, respectively. There was no relationship between sex and the prevalence of a bifurcation, trifurcation, or C-shaped root canal. Conclusion Mandibular first premolars have more root canal complexities than mandibular second premolars. Horizontal tube shift x-ray technique, CBCT, dental operating microscope, and knowledge of root canal configurations have an important role in root canal identification in mandibular premolar with suspected complex root canal morphology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01822-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramee Thanaruengrong
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirinya Kulvitit
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Mettachit Navachinda
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornkawee Charoenlarp
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Govind S, Jena A, Pattanaik S, Anarasi M, Mohapatra S, Shivagange V. Enhanced visualization of the root canal morphology using a chitosan-based endo-radiopaque solution. Restor Dent Endod 2021; 46:e33. [PMID: 34513639 PMCID: PMC8410998 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of ionic and non-ionic-based contrast media (in vitro study) and the combinatorial effect of chitosan-based endo-radiopaque solution (CERS) (in vivo study) for visualization of the root canal anatomy. Materials and Methods In vitro study (120 teeth): The root canal of maxillary premolars and molars (in vitro group 1 and 2 respectively, n = 60 each) were analyzed using 4 different contrast media (subgroups: Omnipaque 350, Iopamidol, Xenetix 350, and Urografin 76; n = 15 each) in combination with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Based on the results of the in vitro study, in vivo study (80 teeth) was done to compare Xenetix 350 + 5.25% NaOCl with CERS (in vivo group 1 and 2 respectively, n = 40 each) on maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars. Two endodontists used radiovisiography to assess the depth of ingress and identify the aberrant root anatomy after access cavity preparation, and after initial cleaning and shaping of canals. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for in vitro comparison (p < 0.05), and Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test for in vivo analysis (p < 0.01). Results In vitro study, Xenetix 350 + 5.25% NaOCl facilitated a significant higher visualization (p < 0.05). For in vivo study, CERS had a statistically significant depth of ingress (p < 0.01), and was efficient in identifying the aberrant root canal anatomy of premolars and molars. Conclusions CERS facilitates better visualization of the root canal anatomy of human premolars and molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashirekha Govind
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Jena
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sriram Chandra Bhanja Dental College & Hospital, Utkal University, Odisha, India
| | - Satabdi Pattanaik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Odisha, India
| | - Mahaprasad Anarasi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College & Hospital, Utkal University, Odisha, India
| | - Satyajit Mohapatra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sriram Chandra Bhanja Dental College & Hospital, Utkal University, Odisha, India
| | - Vinay Shivagange
- Adult Restorative Dentistry - Endodontics, Oman Dental College, University Complutense of Madrid, Oman, Sultanate of Oman
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Al-Zubaidi SM, Almansour MI, Al Mansour NN, Alshammari AS, Alshammari AF, Altamimi YS, Madfa AA. Assessment of root morphology and canal configuration of maxillary premolars in a Saudi subpopulation: a cone-beam computed tomographic study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:397. [PMID: 34389013 PMCID: PMC8364052 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to use CBCT to look into the root canal morphology of maxillary premolars in a Saudi Arabian subpopulation and associate the results to existing canal morphology classifications. METHODS The sample size for this analysis was 500 right and left untreated maxillary first and second premolars with fully formed roots from 250 Saudi residents (125 male and 125 female). The following observations were made using CBCT on the teeth related: (1) The number and morphology of roots; (2) The canal morphology for each root according to Vertucci's classification. The frequency and similarities between the right and left sides, as well as between females and males, were studied. The Chi-square test was used to assess the results. RESULTS Of the 500 maxillary first premolars studied, 199 teeth had one root (39.8%), whilst 293 (58.6%) were two-rooted. Three-rooted maxillary first premolars were found in 8 (1.6%). For maxillary second premolars, 416 premolars had one root (83.2%), whilst 79 (15.8%) had two roots and the rest 5 (1.0%) were three roots. There were significant differences of number of root were found between groups (p > 0.05). For maxillary first premolar, Type IV was the most frequent, accounting for 57.8% of the sample (n = 289), followed by type II (32.8%, n = 164). For maxillary second premolar, Type I was mainly occurrence 302 (60.4%), followed by Type II (16.4%, n = 82). CONCLUSIONS The majority of maxillary first premolars had two roots and two root canals, while one root and one root canal was the most common anatomical configuration for maxillary second premolars. Additional canal forms do occur on occasion, and clinicians should pay close attention to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Al-Zubaidi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moazzy I Almansour
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ahad F Alshammari
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed S Altamimi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Madfa
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of C-shaped root and canal morphology of mandibular premolars. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:236. [PMID: 33947383 PMCID: PMC8097939 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mandibular premolars are complicated teeth to endodontically treat due to the anatomical variations that can present. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of C-shaped configurations in mandibular premolars by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS 380 mandibular first premolars and 308 mandibular second premolars cone-beam computed tomographic images were obtained from 292 patients (175 female and 117 male). Tooth position, number of roots, root canals, C-shaped root canal system configuration, level of canal bifurcation and radicular grooves were evaluated by two endodontists trained in CBCT evaluation; previously calibrated between them, and a radiologist with endodontic experience. Data were statistically compared by The Chi-square test (α = 0.05) to examine any significant difference between gender and C-shaped root canal system and any significant difference between C-shaped configuration according to Fan criteria and gender. RESULTS Overall 100% (n = 688) teeth examined, 19.2% (n = 132) had a C-shaped root canals system. 9.16% (n = 63) in male patients and 10.03% (n = 69) in female patients. The prevalence of C-shaped root canal system in mandibular first premolar was 83.33 and 16.66% in mandibular second premolars. According to Fan classification, the mandibular first premolars showed 3.63% as C1, 9.09% C2, 59.09% C3, 21.81% C4a, 1.8% C4b. Mandibular second premolars showed 13.63% as C1, 18.18% C2, 13.63% C3, 27.27% C4a, 9.09% C4b. Male patients showed 4.54% as C1, 3.78% C2, 22.72% C3, 11.36% C4a, 0.75% C4b, and 4.54% out of classification. Female patients showed 0.75% as C1, 6.81% C2, 30.03% C3, 9.84 C4a, 2.27% C4b, and 2.27% out of classification. The 53.36% canal bifurcation in mandibular first premolars and 50.09% in mandibular second premolars were in the middle third. No statistical differences were found between C-shaped root canal system and gender or C-shaped configuration according to Fan criteria and gender. P was < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitation of this study, the presence of C-shaped anatomical system is relatively low in mandibular second premolars than in mandibular first premolars.
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Algarni YA, Almufarrij MJ, Almoshafi IA, Alhayaza HH, Alghamdi N, Baba SM. Morphological variations of mandibular first premolar on cone-beam computed tomography in a Saudi Arabian sub-population. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:150-155. [PMID: 33679108 PMCID: PMC7910648 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth knowledge of common and aberrant pulp morphology is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning prior to commencing root canal treatment. Radicular morphology of mandibular premolars has been extensively studied. Considerable variation in the number of canals and roots found in these teeth has been reported. Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate the root and root canal morphology of mandibular first premolar among Saudi Arabian subpopulation in Aseer using CBCT. Methods Cone-beam computed tomography images of Mandibular first premolar were taken from 166 patients which were referred to Armed Forces Hospitals Southern Region (AFHSR), Khamis Mushayt, Asir region Saudi Arabia. All the images were assessed by two Evaluators (An Endodontist and a Radiologist). Inter-examiner reliability was determined and was assessed by KAPPA value. Results The mandibular first premolar (n = 216) distributed as 120 teeth in female and 96 teeth in male. Out of the 120 teeth examined in female groups one canal was seen in 95 (79.2%) teeth, two canals in 19 (15.8%) teeth and three canals in 6 (5%) teeth where as in the Male group out of 96 teeth, 52 (54.1%) teeth showed one canal, 32 (33.3%) teeth with two canals whereas 12 (12.5%) teeth showed presence of three canals. Chi-Square test for mandibular first premolars demonstrated the chance of second canal in the mandibular first premolar more in male than female and these differences was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Endodontic therapy of mandibular premolars is a challenge for clinician because of their frequent morphological and anatomical abnormalities. Proper knowledge about number of root canals and canal configuration is a key to success in Endodontic. There is a great variability in different population regarding the root canal configuration in mandibular pre-molars. However, most studies state the mandibular first premolar has one root canal. Also, the most prevalent type of root canal found was Type I vertucci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Algarni
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Nuha Alghamdi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suheel Manzoor Baba
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
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Sierra-Cristancho A, González-Osuna L, Poblete D, Cafferata EA, Carvajal P, Lozano CP, Vernal R. Micro-tomographic characterization of the root and canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:93. [PMID: 33420202 PMCID: PMC7794380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the root anatomy and root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. 186 teeth were scanned using micro-computed tomography and reconstructed three-dimensionally. The root canal system morphology was classified using both Vertucci’s and Ahmed’s criteria. The radicular grooves were categorized using the ASUDAS system, and the presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was associated with Ahmed’s score. A single root canal was identified in 65.05% of teeth, being configuration type I according to Vertucci’s criteria and code 1MP1 according to Ahmed’s criteria. Radicular grooves were observed in 39.25% of teeth. The ASUDAS scores for radicular grooves were 60.75%, 13.98%, 12.36%, 10.22%, 2.15%, and 0.54%, from grade 0 to grade 5, respectively. The presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was identified only in teeth with multiple root canals, and it was more frequently associated with code 1MP1–2 of Ahmed’s criteria. The root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars showed a wide range of anatomical variations in the Chilean population. Teeth with multiple root canals had a higher incidence of radicular grooves, which were closely related to more complex internal anatomy. Only teeth with multiple root canals presented Tomes’ anomalous root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Poblete
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla P Lozano
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Penukonda R, Pattar H, Siang Lin G, Kacharaju K. Cone-beam computed tomography diagnosis and nonsurgical endodontic management of a taurodontic mandibular first premolar with two roots and four canals: A rare case report. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:634-639. [PMID: 35558678 PMCID: PMC9089763 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_580_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful root canal treatment requires a thorough understanding of the normal root canal anatomy and possible variations for each tooth. Variations in the root canal anatomy are frequently associated with complex orientations of pulp tissues and complicating mechanical and chemical debridement. Inability to manage such complications may result in endodontic failure. Mandibular first premolars often exhibit a wide range of anatomic variations, complicating clinicians’ treatment. This clinical case report discusses the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) diagnosis and nonsurgical management of a taurodontic mandibular first premolar with two roots and four canals under a dental operating microscope (DOM). In endodontically challenging cases, using a DOM and CBCT imaging can help the clinician gain a better understanding of the complex root canal anatomy, allowing the clinician to more efficiently explore, clean, shape, and obturate the root canal system.
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Postoperative pain after different irrigation activation techniques: a randomized, clinical trial. Odontology 2020; 109:385-392. [PMID: 32915346 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of irrigation activation techniques on postoperative pain (PP) in mandibular premolar teeth with irreversible pulpitis after single-visit endodontic treatment. A total of 160 patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were included in this prospective randomized clinical study. Four different activation methods were used in mandibular premolar teeth. In group 1, teeth were irrigated with side-port endodontic needles (NI) without any agitation; in groups 2 and 3, sonic activation was performed using EDDY and EndoActivator (EA), respectively; and in group 4, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) was used. Patients' analgesic intake-as well as pain intensity during and after treatment-were recorded at 8, 24, 48 h and 7 days. The data relating to age, sex and analgesic intake was evaluated using the Chi-square test and the preoperative pain and PP intensity at different time intervals was evaluated with the Kruskal-Wallis test at a 5% significance level. Highest PP was recorded at 8 h, pain intensity decreased in all groups by the time. Pain in the NI group was found higher than that of EDDY group at 24 h (P < 0.05). EA and PUI had caused mild pain and had similar pain scores at 24 h. (P > 0.05). No statistically difference was found among the groups with regard to analgesic intake (P > 0.05). Although there were slight differences in PP levels between the groups at 24 h, pain levels decreased in all groups after 24 h. Activation of the irrigation solution did not make any difference in terms of PP after 24 h.
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Mandibular first premolar with five root canals: a case report. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:253. [PMID: 32912222 PMCID: PMC7488035 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the anatomical morphology of the root canal is key for successful root canal treatment. The aims of this case presentation are to report a unique case of root canal treatment involving five root canals in the mandibular first premolar and to highlight the importance of variation in root canals of mandibular first premolars in clinical practice. Case presentation A 25-year-old male with intermittent pain in relation to the lower right posterior teeth over 3 weeks was diagnosed with symptomatic pulpitis in tooth #44. Four root canals were found, including mesiobuccal, distobuccal-1, distobuccal-2, and distolingual roots, and the Mtwo rotary system was used for root canal preparation. The four root canals were filled after 2 weeks, when a fifth canal was found, located in the buccal cavity. The fifth canal was confirmed to be the mesiolingual root canal by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and was found to be curved. After completion of the root canal filling, CBCT was performed, and a three-dimensional root canal image was reconstructed. After 1 week of observation, the tooth was repaired using composite resin filling. Conclusions This is the first case presentation of a fifth canal of the mandibular first premolar and advances our understanding of variations in the anatomy of the mandibular first premolar. This case report provides a reference for the treatment of mandibular first premolars.
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Arayasantiparb R, Banomyong D. Prevalence and morphology of multiple roots, root canals and C-shaped canals in mandibular premolars from cone-beam computed tomography images in a Thai population. J Dent Sci 2020; 16:201-207. [PMID: 33384798 PMCID: PMC7770317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Variations in root and root canal morphology of mandibular premolars of Thais has not been reported, and understanding these variations enhances endodontic success. The purpose was to investigate prevalence and morphology of multiple roots, root canals and C-shaped canals in mandibular premolars in a Thai population from cone-bean computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and methods A total of 349 first mandibular premolars and 416 second premolars from CBCT images with 0.125-mm voxel size and 60 × 60 mm field of view were evaluated. Number of roots, root canals, and C-shaped canals were recorded and statistically analyzed using chi-square test. Root canal configurations were defined according to the Vertucci's classification. Levels and distances of separated multiple canals were reported. Results Multiple roots in mandibular first premolars were found at 5.73% while none of second premolars had. Multiple root canals were found in the first premolars at 19.48% and the second premolars at 3.85%. C-shaped canals (C1/C2) were found in the first premolars at 3.72% and the second premolars at 0.48%. All parameters in the first premolars were significantly higher than in the second premolars (p < 0.01). The majority of multiple root canals were defined as Vertucci's type V (1–2 canals). Multiple root canals were frequently separated at the middle level of roots about 6.5–7.0 mm from the cementoenamel junction. Conclusion Prevalence of multiple roots/root canals and C-shaped canals in mandibular first premolars were significantly higher than in mandibular second premolars. Level of separation in multiple root canals was frequently at the mid-root level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raweewan Arayasantiparb
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Danuchit Banomyong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Thailand
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Lu Y, Liu Y, Xiong Y, Geng N, He F, Sun C, Li J, Gu Y. Preparation of the lingual canal in mandibular first premolar with canal bifurcation. Odontology 2020; 109:231-238. [PMID: 32435937 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish an effective method of locating and negotiating the lingual canal in mandibular first premolars with two canals during root canal preparation. A total of 125 mandibular first premolars with radicular grooves were collected, and after micro-computed tomography scanning, 50 mandibular first premolars with a Vertucci V/III canal form were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Access cavities were prepared, and the lingual canals (LCs) were searched in four following steps: step 1 direct vision and a straight K-file; step 2 stereomicroscopy and a straight K-file; step 3 stereomicroscopy and a pre-curved K-file; and step 4 a long-neck bur. After localization, the LCs were instrumented. In most cases, access to the LC was achieved by step 2 (19/50, 38%) or step 3 (22/50, 44%). In three cases (6%), step 1 alone was enough to achieve access to the orifice, and in six cases (12%), access to the lingual canal was not achieved until step 4. Overall, 43 of the 50 mandibular first premolars (86%) were successfully instrumented, and the remaining seven failed. Two cases failed in the process of negotiating the canal to full length and five cases failed due to procedural errors (ledge formation, canal perforation, vertical fracture, or instrument separation). The LC in mandibular first premolars is a major endodontic challenge. A stereomicroscope and a pre-curved K file are suggested to be valuable tools for detecting and accessing the extra LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Medical University, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Medical University, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Medical University, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Medical University, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Medical University, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Sunshine Dental Haishu Clinic, 8 Lengjing Street, Ningbo, 315000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Medical University, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongchun Gu
- Departments of Dentistry, Department of Central Laboratory, The Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou, 2666 Ludang Road, Suzhou, 215200, People's Republic of China.
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Wu D, Hu DQ, Xin BC, Sun DG, Ge ZP, Su JY. Root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular first premolars analyzed using cone-beam computed tomography in a Shandong Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20116. [PMID: 32443322 PMCID: PMC7254478 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the root morphology and root canal configuration of first premolars among Shandong Chinese residents using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Randomly selected CBCT images were collected from 648 patients (44% women, 56% men). In total, 1268 maxillary and 1296 mandibular first premolars were analyzed. The number of roots and the canal configuration were recorded and identified based on Vertucci's classification.The majority of the maxillary first premolars had 1 root (67.4%), followed by 2 roots (32%). A 2-canal configuration (89%) was the most prevalent observation. For mandibular first premolars, 98.8% had 1 root and 81% presented the type I configuration. There were no statistical differences in the number of roots or morphology in terms of the left/right side or sex (P > .05).Among Chinese residents, the majority of maxillary first premolars had 1 root and 2 canals, whereas the most common anatomical configuration for mandibular first premolars was 1 root with 1 canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Radiology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital
| | - Dan-qing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bing-chang Xin
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Radiology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital
| | - De-gang Sun
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Radiology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital
| | - Zhi-pu Ge
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Radiology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital
| | - Jing-yuan Su
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Radiology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital
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Root and Canal Morphology of Mandibular Premolar Teeth in a Kuwaiti Subpopulation: A CBCT Clinical Study. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:248-256. [PMID: 33353914 PMCID: PMC7881383 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.40085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the root and root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a Kuwaiti subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS 152 CBCT images were obtained from the radiology department archives of four dental centers in Kuwait. A total of 476 mandibular premolar teeth were analyzed by two observers. The number of roots, root canal configuration types and canal curvature measurements were examined. The relationship between sex, tooth position, and incidence of an additional canal were compared using the chi-square test, and the level of significance was set at 0.05 (P=0.05). RESULTS The number of roots in mandibular first premolars was one in 73.9%, two in 24.9%, three and four in 1.2%. On the other hand, the number of roots in mandibular second premolars was one in 79.2% and two in 20.8%. Based on Vertucci's classification system, 18.7% of the teeth were type II followed by type VI (14.3%). The majority of the examined teeth were straight (74.8%) and the incidence of distal root angulation was about 21%. Canal configurations not included in the Vertucci classification were reported in 102 teeth (21.4%). Variability was significantly higher in the second premolars compared to first premolar (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The Kuwaiti population has complex root canal morphology in mandibular premolar teeth.
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Jang YE, Kim Y, Kim B, Kim SY, Kim HJ. Frequency of non-single canals in mandibular premolars and correlations with other anatomical variants: an in vivo cone beam computed tomography study. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:272. [PMID: 31801495 PMCID: PMC6894311 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A knowledge regarding anatomical variants is important to achieve success in endodontic treatment. Root canal treatment of mandibular first premolars (PM1 s) is challenging due to the existence of numerous variations in canal configurations, including a C-shaped variant. We aim to determine the frequency and morphologic characteristics of non-single canals of mandibular first (PM1 s) and second (PM2 s) premolars in a Korean population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to evaluate correlations between non-single canals of PM1 s and other anatomical variants, such as distolingual roots (DLRs) in mandibular first molars (M1 s) and C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars (M2 s). Methods A total of 971 PM1 s and 997 PM2 s from 500 patients were examined in vivo by CBCT. Root canal configurations and C-shaped canals were determined in accordance with the Vertucci classification and Fan classification, respectively. The correlation between non-single canals in PM1 s and DLRs in M1 s was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results PM2 s typically had one root (99.89%) with one canal (98.4%). Among PM1 s with non-single canals (21.2%), Vertucci type V (10.9%) and C-shaped (3.7%) canals were prevalent. Among C-shaped PM1 canals, the majority were Vertucci type V (77.8%); a C-shaped configuration (C2) was predominant mostly at the middle and/or apical third of the root. After adjusting for other variables (i.e., sex, age, and side), C-shaped canals in PM1 s was significantly correlated with the presence of DLRs in M1 s (odds ratio = 2.616; 95% confidence interval, 1.257–5.443; p = 0.010). Conclusions The presence of C-shaped PM1 canals was positively related to the presence of DLRs in M1 s. Although C-shaped canals in PM1 s are difficult to distinguish, this finding could aid clinicians in predicting C-shaped canal configurations in PM1 s of patients who exhibit DLRs in M1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Jang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| | - Yemi Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea.
| | - BomSahn Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sin-Young Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jong Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
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Root and root canal diversity in human permanent maxillary first premolars and upper/lower first molars from a 14th-17th and 18th-19th century Radom population. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 110:104603. [PMID: 31835191 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether analyzed groups from two historical periods: Late Medieval (LMP), and Modern (MP) from Radom varied in the number of tooth roots and root canal system morphology. METHODS Root morphology of 229 permanent human teeth were analyzed using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Additionally, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 29 individuals from the LMP and 31 from the MP was analyzed. RESULTS In LMP, the maxillary first premolars were dominated by one root, while in MP second and third roots also appeared. Maxillary first molars in LMP presented three roots, while two-rooted forms occurred in MP. All mandibular first molars from the LMP and almost all (98%) from MP presented two roots. The greatest diversity in terms of root canal number occurred in one-rooted maxillary first premolars, the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molars, and the mesial and distal roots of the mandibular first molars in both groups. A few haplogroups from outside Europe (C, N, and R) were recorded in the MP Radom population. Moreover, this population had substantially higher haplogroup diversity compared with the LMP population. CONCLUSION Odontological research indicates an increase in the diversity in the number of roots and the shape of root canals in MP. This information corresponds to genetic research, which also indicates an increase in the diversity of haplogroups during the MP.
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Corbella S, Baruffaldi M, Perondi I, Taschieri S. Surgically-oriented anatomical study of mandibular premolars: A CBCT study. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e877-e882. [PMID: 31636856 PMCID: PMC6797462 DOI: 10.4317/jced.55848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The knowledge of root canal anatomy and of the anatomical relationship should be considered mandatory when planning surgical endodontics. The aim of the study was to investigate the anatomical features of mandibular premolars, evaluating their relationship with mental nerve. Material and Methods CBCT scans were evaluated recording the number of roots, root canal configuration and the relationship with mental nerve of 100 mandibular premolars. After simulating a resection of 3 mm of the root, the shape and the number of canals, and the distance to the buccal and lingual bone plate and to the mental foramen was evaluated. Results The one root - one canal configuration was the most common configuration. The mental foramen was located at the level of MSPs in 40% cases, and it was between MSP and MFP in 46% of cases. The distance between the apex and the vestibular plate was lower than the distance to the lingual one. Conclusions We found a significant heterogeneity in the anatomy of mandibular premolars. CBCT could be considered important when planning surgical endodontics in this region. Key words:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, bicuspid, root canal, root canal therapy, apicoectomy, mandibular nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corbella
- Visiting Professor, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic, Milan, Italy. Professor, Institute of Dentistry, Dept. of Oral Surgery, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow state medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Martino Baruffaldi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Perondi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Visiting Professor, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic, Milan, Italy. Professor, Institute of Dentistry, Dept. of Oral Surgery, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow state medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Davies TW, Delezene LK, Gunz P, Hublin JJ, Skinner MM. Endostructural morphology in hominoid mandibular third premolars: Geometric morphometric analysis of dentine crown shape. J Hum Evol 2019; 133:198-213. [PMID: 31358180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In apes, the mandibular third premolar (P3) is adapted for a role in honing the large upper canine. The role of honing was lost early in hominin evolution, releasing the tooth from this functional constraint and allowing it to respond to subsequent changes in masticatory demands. This led to substantial morphological changes, and as such the P3 has featured prominently in systematic analyses of the hominin clade. The application of microtomography has also demonstrated that examination of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) increases the taxonomic value of variations in crown morphology. Here we use geometric morphometric techniques to analyze the shape of the P3 EDJ in a broad sample of fossil hominins, modern humans, and extant apes (n = 111). We test the utility of P3 EDJ shape for distinguishing among hominoids, address the affinities of a number of hominin specimens of uncertain taxonomic attribution, and characterize the changes in P3 EDJ morphology across our sample, with particular reference to features relating to canine honing and premolar 'molarization'. We find that the morphology of the P3 EDJ is useful in taxonomic identification of individual specimens, with a classification accuracy of up to 88%. The P3 EDJ of canine-honing apes displays a tall protoconid, little metaconid development, and an asymmetrical crown shape. Plio-Pleistocene hominin taxa display derived masticatory adaptations at the EDJ, such as the molarized premolars of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus, which have well-developed marginal ridges, an enlarged talonid, and a large metaconid. Modern humans and Neanderthals display a tall dentine body and reduced metaconid development, a morphology shared with premolars from Mauer and the Cave of Hearths. Homo naledi displays a P3 EDJ morphology that is unique among our sample; it is quite unlike Middle Pleistocene and recent Homo samples and most closely resembles Australopithecus, Paranthropus and early Homo specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Davies
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lucas K Delezene
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Corbella S, Baruffaldi M, Perondi I, Taschieri S. Cone-beam computed tomography investigation of the anatomy of permanent mandibular premolars in a cohort of Caucasians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:e12373. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corbella
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi; Milan Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, Department of Dental Surgery, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - Martino Baruffaldi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi; Milan Italy
| | - Isabella Perondi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi; Milan Italy
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi; Milan Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, Department of Dental Surgery, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
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Relationship of the Incidence of C-shaped Root Canal Configurations of Mandibular First Premolars with Distolingual Roots in Mandibular First Molars in a Taiwanese Population: A Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Study. J Endod 2018; 44:1492-1499.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary Premolars in a Saudi Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8170620. [PMID: 30186867 PMCID: PMC6114071 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8170620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the root canal morphology of maxillary first and second premolars in a Saudi population using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study assessed CBCT images of 707 Saudi patients. The number of roots and canal configuration were identified based on Vertucci's classification. Fisher's exact Chi-square tests were performed to analyze the association between sex and number of roots and sex and root canal configuration. Results Most teeth had two roots in maxillary first premolars (75.1%) and one root in maxillary second premolars (85.2%). Type IV was the most prevalent canal configuration in maxillary first premolars (69.1%), while Type I was the most in maxillary second premolars (49.4%). All types of canal configurations were observed in maxillary premolars except Type VII for the maxillary second premolar. Chi-square tests showed no significant association between gender and number of roots and sex and root canal configuration in both maxillary first and second premolars although higher number of roots was seen in men (P > 0.05). Conclusion Most maxillary first premolars had two roots with Type IV being the most predominant canal configuration, while a single root with Type I canal configuration was the most frequently observed morphology in maxillary second premolars. In maxillary first premolars, 21.3% had one canal apically, 75.4% had two canals apically, and 3.3% had three canals apically. In maxillary second premolars, 80.2% had one canal apically, 18.9% had two canals apically, and 0.9% had three canals apically.
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