• Frozen embryo transfer
• Platelet-rich plasma
• Recurrent implantation failure
• Thin endometrium

• Humans
• Female
• Endometrium/pathology
• Endometrium/diagnostic imaging
• Pregnancy
• Adult
• Embryo Implantation
• Platelet-Rich Plasma
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Infertility, Female/therapy
• Pregnancy Rate

• Autologous blood cell derivatives
• Endometrial insufficiency
• Normal endometrium
• Platelet-rich plasma
• Recurrent implantation failure
• Thin endometrium

• Humans
• Female
• Pregnancy
• Endometrium/pathology
• Adult
• Fertilization in Vitro/methods
• Embryo Implantation
• Pregnancy Rate
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Retrospective Studies
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Birth Rate
• Live Birth/epidemiology
• Infertility, Female/therapy
• Infertility, Female/pathology

• Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal

• IVF
• Immune cells
• Pathophysiology
• RIF
• Treatment

• Humans
• Female
• Embryo Implantation/immunology
• Pregnancy
• Immunity, Innate
• Adaptive Immunity
• Infertility, Female/immunology
• Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
• Macrophages/immunology
• Embryo Transfer

• Humans
• Female
• Platelet-Rich Plasma
• Prospective Studies
• Adult
• Endometrium
• Infertility, Female/therapy
• Infertility, Female/blood
• Anti-Mullerian Hormone/blood
• Pregnancy
• Ovarian Reserve
• Treatment Outcome

• Endometrial receptivity
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• Intrauterine perfusion
• Thin endometrium

• Humans
• Female
• Endometrium/blood supply
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
• Prospective Studies
• Pregnancy
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Pregnancy Rate
• Adult
• Perfusion

• endometrial blood perfusion
• estrogen
• platelet-rich plasma
• stem cells
• thin endometrium

• Female
• Humans
• Pregnancy
• Embryo Implantation
• Endometrium/pathology
• Infertility, Female/therapy

• granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• implantation failure
• in vitro fertilization
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection
• pregnancy outcome

• Humans
• Female
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Embryo Implantation/drug effects
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Rate
• Fertilization in Vitro/methods
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Treatment Failure

• Anti-Müllerian hormone
• Assisted reproductive technology
• Diminished ovarian reserve
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
• Oocyte developmental competence
• Preantral follicle growth
• Pregnancy rate

• Female
• Humans
• Pregnancy
• Anti-Mullerian Hormone
• Fertilization in Vitro/methods
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Live Birth
• Ovarian Reserve
• Ovulation Induction
• Pregnancy Rate
• Prospective Studies

After more than four decades of assisted reproductive technology (ART) practice worldwide, today more than 60% of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments fail to become pregnant after the first embryo transfer and nearly 20% of patients are suffering from unexplained recurrent implantation failures (RIFs) and repeated pregnancy loss (RPL). The literature reported different causes of RIF–RPL, mainly multifactorial, endometrial and idiopathic. RIF remains a black box because of the complicated categorization and causes of this physio-pathological dysregulation of implantation and pregnancy process after ovarian stimulation. Many options were suggested as solutions to treat RIF–RPL with controversial results on their usefulness. In this article, we reviewed different possible therapeutic options to improve implantation rates and clinical outcomes. Based on our experience we believe that endometrium immunomodulation after intrauterine insemination of activated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can be a promising therapeutic solution. On the other hand, peripheral lymphocyte balance typing, specific cytokines and interleukins profiling can be proposed as predictive biomarkers of implantation before embryo transfer.

• Pregnancy
• Humans
• Female
• Pregnancy Rate
• Leukocytes, Mononuclear
• Embryo Implantation/physiology
• Endometrium/pathology
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Fertilization in Vitro/methods
• Immunomodulation

• G-CSF
• G-CSFR
• Macrophage polarization
• Placenta accreta
• Trophoblasts

• Endometrium
• GCSF
• IUI
• unexplained infertility

Background

Infertility is presently an emanating preventive medicine issue with some severe societal repercussions associated with it. In India, approximately a score percent of couples bear the burden of infertility. Moreover, the declining fertility rates despite effective artificial reproductive techniques and increasing development of modern reproductive medicine from the last two censuses pose an alarm to the demographic progression data. Many studies have highlighted the importance of shifting the research focus to endometrial receptivity for increasing clinical pregnancy. 

Objective 

This research aims to compare the efficacy of treatments of vaginal sildenafil citrate and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) intrauterine injection in increasing endometrial thickness (ET).

Methodology 

This was a randomized control trial (RCT) conducted over a two months period. Women seeking infertility treatment were recruited from the hospital's gynecological outpatient department (OPD). After the subjects gave informed consent, their history, clinical examination, and investigations were assessed. From the sixth day of the menstrual cycle, group A and group B had serial trans-vaginal ultra-sonographic evaluations for baseline endometrial thickness measurements. From day six to day 12 of the menstrual cycle, patients of group A were requested to self-administer per vaginal sildenafil citrate 25 mg every six hours. ET was evaluated sonographically on day 12 and day 14 of their menstrual cycle. Patients of group B received G-CSF 300 mcg/ml as intrauterine instillation on day 10 and were evaluated sonographically on day 12 and day 14 of their menstrual cycle. Patients then underwent additional therapy in the form of intrauterine injection (IUI), intracytoplasmic sperm injection with/without embryo transfer (ICSI/ET), or a natural cycle. Paired as well as unpaired t-tests were applied to the study groups to detect significant differences in the measurement of endometrial thickness before and after treatment.

Results

It was noticed that both sildenafil and G-CSF are agents for increasing endometrial thickness. The mean increase in endometrial thickness in the sildenafil treated group was 3.87 mm, while the mean increase in endometrial thickness in G-CSF treated group was 3.27 mm.

Conclusion 

This study has evidence of better results in improving endometrial thickness in infertile women by using vaginal sildenafil with respect to endometrial growth with an intrauterine infusion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim, G-CSF).

• G-CSF
• Maternal-fetal interface
• Reproductive-related disease
• Therapeutic effect
• Trophoblast

• Immunomodulatory drugs
• implantation
• infertility

• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• Infusion
• Subcutaneous
• Thin endometrium

• Asherman syndrome
• Cell therapy
• Endometrium

• Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy
• Chorionic Gonadotropin
• Endometrium
• Female
• Gynatresia/therapy
• Humans
• Platelet-Rich Plasma

• Adult
• Endometrium/surgery
• Female
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Gynatresia/surgery
• Humans
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Rate
• Prospective Studies
• Uterine Diseases/surgery

Treatment of thin endometrium with granular leukocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) remains controversial.

To investigate the effect of G-CSF on the outcome of frozen embryo transfer in patients with thin endometrium.

A retrospective propensity score matching (PSM) study was performed to assess patients administered frozen embryo transfer at the Reproductive Medicine Center of the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, in 2012-2018. The patients were divided into G-CSF intrauterine perfusion (G-CSF) and non-G-CSF groups, and clinical pregnancy, implantation, ectopic pregnancy, and early abortion rates between the two groups were compared.

Before PSM, 372 cycles were enrolled, including 242 and 130 cycles in the G-CSF and non-G-CSF groups, respectively. Age (34.23 ± 5.76 vs 32.99 ± 5.59 years; P = 0.047) and the blastula/cleavage stage embryo ratio (0.68 vs 0.37; P = 0.011) were significantly elevated in the G-CSF group compared with the non-G-CSF group; however, clinical pregnancy (46.28% vs 51.54%; P = 0.371) and embryo implantation (35.21% vs 35.65%; P = 0.910) rates were similar in both groups. After PSM by age and blastula/cleavage stage embryo ratio, 244 cycles were included (122 cases each in the G-CSF and non-G-CSF groups). The clinical pregnancy (50.82 % vs 48.36%; P = 0.701) and embryo implantation (37.38% vs 34.11%; P = 0.480) remained similar in both groups.

Intrauterine infusion of G-CSF does not improve the clinical outcome of frozen embryo transfer in patients with thin endometrium.

• Thin endometrium
• Granular leukocyte-colony stimulating factor
• Intrauterine perfusion
• Frozen embryo transfer

Nearly 25-50% of infertile women have endometriosis. There are reports of disorders in the expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptors in women with endometriosis.

To examine the effect of intrauterine administration of G-CSF in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles on the fertility rate of infertile women with moderate-to-severe endometriosis.

This clinical trial was conducted on 66 infertile women with moderate-to-severe endometriosis, undergoing IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The participants were allocated into two groups via simple randomization: the G-CSF (n = 27) and control (n = 39) groups. In the G-CSF intervention group, on the oocyte pick-up day, immediately after an ovarian puncture, 300 μg of G-CSF was injected through a transcervical catheter under abdominal ultrasound guide to visualize flushing into the uterine cavity. Women in the control group received no intervention. The two groups were evaluated for clinical pregnancy.

No significant difference was noted in the demographic characteristics of the two groups. The rate of clinical pregnancy was 28.2% in the control group and 25.9% in the G-CSF group, indicating no significant difference (p = 0.83).

The results showed that the intrauterine injection of G-CSF had no effects on pregnancy in women with stage-3/4 endometriosis undergoing IVF.

• Endometriosis
• In vitro fertilization
• Pregnancy.
• G-CSF

A thin endometrium has become a common reason for the repeated implantation failure. Growth hormone (GH) can regulate the proliferation and metabolism of endometrial cells. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of GH on thin endometrium.

A total of 48 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to the following 4 groups with 12 rats in each group: blank control, model, subcutaneous, and GH groups. The blank control group was untreated and maintained in a routine manner. The model, subcutaneous, and GH groups were intrauterine perfused with 95% ethanol during estrus. After 6–8 h, the model group was intrauterine perfused with 0.2 mL normal saline, the subcutaneous group received subcutaneous injection of 0.12 mg/kg GH dissolved in 0.2 mL normal saline, and the GH group was intrauterine perfused with 0.12 mg/kg GH dissolved in 0.2 mL normal saline. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to examine the thickness of the endometrium. The expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

The intima thickness in the GH group and blank control group was increased compared with that in the model group (P<0.01). The intima thickness in the subcutaneous group was increased compared with that in the model group, but there was no significant difference. The expression of vimentin and cytokeratin was increased in the GH (P<0.01) and blank control (P<0.01) groups compared with that in the model group.

Intrauterine perfusion of GH can promote the regeneration and repair of thin endometrium in rats. The therapeutic effect of uterine infusion of GH is better than that of subcutaneous injection of GH.

• Growth hormone (GH)
• animal model
• intrauterine perfusion
• thin endometrium

• Clinical pregnancy rate
• Fresh embryo transfer
• Frozen embryo transfer
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• Intrauterine infusion
• Repeated implantation failure
• Subcutaneous injection
• meta-analysis

• Abortion, Spontaneous/epidemiology
• Embryo Implantation
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Female
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Infertility, Female/therapy
• Injections, Subcutaneous
• Instillation, Drug
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Rate
• Treatment Failure

• Applied Basic Research Key Project of Yunnan
• Scientific research fund project of the Yunnan Education Department
• Research project of ten thousand talents plan of the Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province

Objective: This trial was designed to assess the treatment effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on thin endometrium in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles.

Methods: Ninety-nine patients with previous cancellations of embryo transfer were included, 56 of whom were prospectively treated with intrauterine perfusion of G-CSF in subsequent FET cycles. The selected patients were randomized into the G-CSF perfusion only group and the G-CSF perfusion combined with TEAS group. The other 43 patients were retrospectively included as controls.

Results: Compared to previous cycles, endometrial thickness was statistically significantly increased in the two treatment groups (5.97 ± 0.60, 7.52 ± 0.56, 6.14 ± 0.52, and 7.66 ± 0.44; P = 0.00 and 0.00, respectively). The increases in endometrial thickness suggested that no statistically significant difference was found between the two treatment groups. The G-CSF with TEAS group suggested a higher embryo implantation rate than the G-CSF perfusion only and control groups (33.33 and 29.1% and 33.33 and 17.39%; P = 0.412 and 0.091, respectively). The G-CSF combined with TEAS group demonstrated nominally higher clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates than the G-CSF perfusion-only group and controls, though, the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: G-CSF has a potential role in improving endometrium thickness in patients with thin unresponsive endometrium in FET treatment cycles. In addition, when combined with TEAS, G-CSF perfusion treatment also improves the embryo implantation rate; however, randomized controlled trials are highly demanded to provide high-grade evidence regarding clinical pregnancy rate after G-CSF perfusion treatment.

• GCSF
• IVF
• Thin endometrium
• granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• recurrent implantation failure

• Animals
• Disease Models, Animal
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Embryo Implantation
• Endometrium/drug effects
• Female
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Uterine Diseases/drug therapy
• Rats

In this study, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121 expressed abundantly in endometrial stromal cells is encapsulated with poly-l-lactide and characterized the properties for endometrial angiogenesis. We studied the migration, proliferation and the protein levels of human immortalized endometrium stromal cells after treating the cells with recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (200 and 500 nanogram), and poly-l-lactide loaded Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121 (day 1, 20 and 30). The present study explains endometrium angiogenesis because endometrium plays an important role in pregnancy.

Migration and proliferation studies in endometrium cells proved the efficiency of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and poly-l-lactide loaded Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121. This proliferated and increased the migration of the cells in vitro and also activated the Protein kinase B, Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Beta, α-Smooth muscle actin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 pathways. Western blot analysis showed the increased expression levels of kinases, smooth muscle actin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 after the treatment with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and poly-l-lactide loaded Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121 particles in comparison to the control group. The elevated levels of α-Smooth muscle actin in endometrium cells with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor prove the regulation of angiogenesis in vitro.

Endometrium thickness is one of the important factors during implantation of embryo and pregnancy. Slow release of VEGF from PLA encapsulated microparticle further controls the endothelial cell proliferation and migration and helps in the promotion of angiogenesis. The combined effect studied in vitro could be used as a pro-angiogenic drug on further in vivo confirmation.

• Angiogenesis
• Endometrium
• Human endometrium stromal cells
• Migration
• Proliferation
• VEGF

• EMT
• G-CSF
• invasion
• macrophages
• migration
• trophoblasts

• colony cell stimulating factor
• frozen-thaw embryo transfer
• growth hormone
• pregnancy outcome
• thin endometrium

• Adult
• Cryopreservation
• Embryo Implantation/drug effects
• Embryo Transfer/statistics & numerical data
• Endometrium/drug effects
• Female
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
• Growth Hormone/administration & dosage
• Humans
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Rate
• Retrospective Studies

• Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province
• National Key Research and Development Program of China

• Asherman syndrome
• conception
• dilatation and curettage
• hyaluronic acid
• intrauterine adhesions
• miscarriage
• pregnancy
• reproductive outcome

• Abortion, Spontaneous/surgery
• Dilatation and Curettage/adverse effects
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Infant, Newborn
• Netherlands
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Rate
• Uterine Diseases/surgery

• Foundation for Scientific Investigation in Obstetrics and Gynecology (SWOGA)

• PPARγ
• alternative splicing
• endometrium
• inflammation
• pig
• transcriptome

To provide evidence available in the literature on the role of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in women submitted to in vitro fertilization, with repeated implantation failure associated with thin endometrium.

Systematic review of the use of G-CSF, as part of assisted reproduction techniques in women with repeated embryo implantation failures associated with thin endometrium. The study was carried out in the PubMed, BIREME and Elsevier databases from 2008 to 2018, in English, Spanish and Portuguese.

We included all the studies, which used intrauterine G-CSF. We found an increase in endometrial thickness in eight of the 10 studies included. Of these, the implantation rate improved significantly in two studies, but the gestation rate increased in only one. We found the highest rates of implantation (32%) and pregnancy (48%) in a non-randomized clinical trial. On the other hand, two other studies did not demonstrate an increase in endometrial thickness and in pregnancy rates in patients with thin endometrium submitted to the assisted reproduction in frozen embryo transfer cycles.

Studies published so far point to a positive influence on the use of G-CSF in relation to the improvement in endometrial receptivity and pregnancy rates. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to determine whether to use it, as well as the period, route of administration, dosage and duration of treatment.

• endometrium
• granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• in vitro fertilization

• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• endometrial thickness
• frozen-thawed embryo transfer
• pregnancy rate

• Adult
• Blastocyst
• Case-Control Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Cryopreservation
• Embryo Implantation/drug effects
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Endometrium/drug effects
• Endometrium/pathology
• Female
• Fertilization in Vitro/methods
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Infertility, Female/pathology
• Infertility, Female/therapy
• Organ Size/drug effects
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Pregnancy Rate
• Retrospective Studies

• Abortion, Spontaneous/epidemiology
• Birth Rate
• Endometrium/pathology
• Female
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Infertility, Female/drug therapy
• Live Birth/epidemiology
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Pregnancy Rate
• Pregnancy, Ectopic/epidemiology
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

Treatment-resistant thin endometrium (TTE) during in-vitro fertilization is a relatively uncommon and challenging problem.

The primary aim of the study was to assess the TTE rate during frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles and the secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of intrauterine instillation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in these cases.

In this cross-sectional study, all of the women who underwent FET cycles with hormonal endometrial preparation in Royan Institute from June 2015 to March 2018 were evaluated and all of the cases with TTE diagnosis (endometrial thickness < 7 mm after using high doses of estradiol) were included. In the eligible cases, 300 μgr of G-CSF was infused intrauterine. If the endometrium had not reached at least a 7-mm, a second infusion was prescribed within 48 hr later.

During the study, 8,363 of FET cycles were evaluated and a total of 30 infertile patients (0.35%) with TTE diagnosis were detected. Finally, 20 eligible patients were included. The changes of endometrial thickness after G-CSF therapy were significant (p < 0.001); however, the endometrial thickness did not reach 7 mm in nine patients (45%) and the embryo transfer was canceled.

It was found that the rate of TTE during the FET cycle is very low and intrauterine perfusion of G-CSF has a potential effect to increase the endometrial thickness in these patients; however, the rate of cancellation was still high and poor pregnancy outcomes were observed.

• Cryopreservation
• Embryo transfer
• Endometrial diseases.
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

• Embryo transfer
• Endometrial thickness
• In vitro fertilization
• Pregnancy

• G-CSF
• IVF
• implantation
• recurrent implantation failure

Successful implantation requires a receptive endometrium and a good quality egg. The challenges a physician encounters with regard to this in assisted reproductive technology are obtaining good quality embryo, achieving optimal endometrial thickness (EMT), and subsequently implantation, which is denotive of a receptive endometrium. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been observed to be a biomarker of oocyte quality and has been shown to enhance EMT and implantation because of its immunological effects. A systematic search for all relevant articles on G-CSF in follicular fluid and its therapeutic benefit in thin endometrium and recurrent implantation failure was performed, and peer-reviewed, full-text articles related to humans were included in the study. As a tool to determine the potentiality of oocyte, G-CSF shows promise with its predictability increasing in combination with morphological embryo scoring or interleukin 15. For the thin endometrium, G-CSF is especially useful in patients who are refractory to other treatment modalities. In recurrent implantation failure (RIF), G-CSF showed potential in a subset of patients with immunological deficiency lacking killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes. This review highlights the various forms of usage of G-CSF and the effectiveness of G-CSF in infertility. G-CSF equips embryologists with a tool to determine the potentiality of oocyte and physicians with therapy for thin endometrium and RIF, especially since the available treatment options are ineffective.

• follicular fluid g-csf
• g-csf
• g-csf for recurrent implantation failure
• g-csf for rif
• g-csf for thin endometrium
• g-csf in infertility
• infertility
• recurrent implantation failure
• rif
• thin endometrium

• Adjuvants
• Assisted Reproduction
• Endometrium

• Andrology/organization & administration
• Andrology/standards
• Canada
• Endometrium/pathology
• Female
• Fertility/physiology
• Humans
• Organ Size
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Reproductive Medicine/organization & administration
• Reproductive Medicine/standards
• Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/standards
• Societies, Medical/standards
• Uterine Diseases/diagnosis
• Uterine Diseases/pathology
• Uterine Diseases/therapy

• Adult
• Blood Platelets/metabolism
• Cytokines/genetics
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Embryo Implantation/drug effects
• Endometrium/drug effects
• Endometrium/metabolism
• Female
• Humans
• Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
• Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
• Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
• Platelet Transfusion
• Platelet-Rich Plasma/cytology
• Platelet-Rich Plasma/metabolism
• Pregnancy
• Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

• cytokine
• immune mediated miscarriages
• neutropenia
• recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor
• recurrent pregnancy loss
• semi-allogenic fetus
• unexplained recurrent miscarriages

• Abortion, Habitual/therapy
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Birth Rate
• Double-Blind Method
• Female
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Live Birth
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Pregnancy Rate
• Pregnancy Trimester, First
• Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
• United Kingdom
• Young Adult

• 17973 Cancer Research UK

• platelet-rich plasma
• pregnancy rate
• thin endometrium

• Adult
• Blood Transfusion, Autologous/methods
• Cryopreservation
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Endometrium/pathology
• Female
• Humans
• Infusions, Intravenous
• Platelet Transfusion/methods
• Platelet-Rich Plasma
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Rate
• Prospective Studies
• Treatment Outcome
• Uterine Diseases/pathology
• Uterine Diseases/therapy

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor in women undergoing ART.