SARS-CoV-2 first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Looking at the prevalence data in the world and in Indonesia, the highest mortality rate due to COVID-19 involves age, gender and comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. Severity of the condition also refers to coagulation abnormalities, such as abnormal prothrombin time values.

This systematic review study and meta-analysis used online literature sourced from PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO, Cochrane and Google Scholar. The literature used here is literature that has data on age, sex and prothrombin time of COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus whose quality is assessed by the NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) criteria and processing data using Review Manager 5.4.

Out of 8711 literatures that were traced from various search sources, there were 45 literatures that were included in this study. The results of the analysis on age showed the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) value of 0.45 and P <0.0001 (95% CI: 0.23-0.68), the gender analysis showed an Odds Ratio (OR) value of 3.28 and P = 0.01 (95% CI: 1.26-8.52) and the prothrombin time analysis showed SMD values of 0.41 and P = 0.07 (95%CI = -0.03-0.85).

Patients with COVID-19 who have DM have a higher risk compared to those without DM. Among COVID-19 patients with DM admitted to hospitals, they were older compared to those without DM and prothrombin time values similar but slightly higher in COVID-19 patients with DM.

Body Mass Index (BMI) has a significant impact on Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patient outcomes; however, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular outcomes in patients with severe sepsis have been poorly understood. Our study aims to explore and provide insight into its association.

This is an observational study looking at the impact of BMI on COVID-19-severe sepsis hospitalizations. The primary outcomes are adjusted odds of all-cause in-hospital mortality, respiratory failure, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which include acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and acute ischemic stroke. The secondary outcome was healthcare resource utilization. Coexisting comorbidities and patient features were adjusted with multivariable regression analyses.

Of 51,740 patients with severe COVID-19-sepsis admissions, 11.4% were overweight, 24.8% had Class I obesity (BMI 30-34.9), 19.8% had Class II obesity (BMI 35-39.9), and 43.9% had the categorization of Class III obesity (BMI >40) cohorts with age>18 years. The odds of MACCE in patients with class II obesity and class III obesity (OR 1.09 and 1.54; 95CI 0.93-1.29 and 1.33-1.79) were significantly higher than in overweight (p < 0.001). Class I, Class II, and Class III patients with obesity revealed lower odds of respiratory failure compared to overweight (OR 0.89, 0.82, and 0.82; 95CI 0.75-1.05, 0.69-0.97, and 0.70-0.97), but failed to achieve statistical significance (p = 0.079). On multivariable regression analysis, all-cause in-hospital mortality revealed significantly higher odds in patients with Class III obesity, Class II, and Class I (OR 1.56, 1.17, and 1.06; 95CI 1.34-1.81, 0.99-1.38, and 0.91-1.24) vs. overweight patients (p < 0.001).

Patients with Class II and Class III obesity had significantly higher odds of MACCE and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19-severe sepsis admissions.

Biochemical markers are essential in the monitoring and the clinical care of patients as they inform clinicians. Here, we characterized biochemical alterations in sub-Saharan Black African individuals with COVID-19.

The study includes COVID-19 patients cared for at the Akanda Army Hospital in Libreville (Gabon). A total of 2237 patient records were extracted and reviewed. Patients were classified based on hospital admission (intensive care unit [ICU], internal medicine ward, and outpatient).

One thousand six hundred seventy-one were included in the study. ICU patients were significantly older than non-ICU hospitalized patients (P < 0.001) and outpatients (P < 0.0001). Hyperglycemic patients had 6.4 odds of being in ICU (P < 0.0001). Patients with abnormally high urea had 54.7 odds of being in ICU (P < 0.0001). Patients with abnormally high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (>33 IU/L) had 3.5 odds of being in ICU (P < 0.0001). Hyperlactatemia (>246 IU/L) odds in ICU patients were 14 (P < 0.0001). The odds of abnormally high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (>147 IU/L) in ICU patients were 4.6 (P < 0.0001). Odds for hypochloremia (<98 mmol/L) were 1.6 in ICU (P < 0.05). Dysnatremia patients (<135 or >145 mmol/L) had 9.5 odds of being found in ICU patients (P < 0.0001). The odds of potassium imbalance (<3.6 or >5 mmol/L) in ICU patients were 12.2 (P < 0.0001).

COVID-19-associated biochemical alterations observed in the Black African population are similar to those observed in other populations, and the association between COVID-19 severity, hyperglycemia, and multi-organ affection is confirmed.

The world's population is growing rapidly and the number of elderly people with undernutrition and malnutrition is increasing. Common health problems among seniors are cardiovascular, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, and cognitive disorders, cancer, diabetes, psychological and dental problems. The food industry is trying to meet the demands of an aging society, but these efforts are not sufficient. New strategies are needed, and they demand foods development with modified textures that are easy to swallow, such as gels suitable for seniors. Depending on the specific needs of the elderly, bioactive compounds with health benefits should be included in food systems. Novel foods may play an important role in the prevention, maintenance, and treatment of age-related diseases. One of the most studied bioactive compound is β-glucan, a polysaccharide with approved health claims confirmed by clinical trials, such as "β-glucan contributes to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels" and "the consumption of β-glucan from oats or barley contributes to the reduction of postprandial glucose spikes." In this review, the health benefits, and technological properties of β-glucan for the development of senior-friendly ready-to-swallow gels were described. In addition, some patents and studies conducted in connection with the development of the gel systems were collected.

Remdesivir (GS-5734), an inhibitor of the viral RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase was early identified as a promising therapeutic candidate against COVID-19. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of several metabolic parameters on Remdesivir effectiveness among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

We conducted an observational study on patients with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia admitted between May 2020 and September 2021 to the COVID-19 Units of Internal Medicine, Pneumology and Intensive Care of Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy, and treated with Remdesivir. The "Ordinal Scale For Clinical Improvement" was used to assess patients' clinical improvement within 28 days of hospitalization. Short-term mortality rate was also evaluated. A total of 142 patients with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia were studied. The prevalence of obesity (20.7% vs. 41.9%, p = 0.03), the average BMI (27.1 ± 4.4 vs. 31.1 ± 6.1, p < 0.01) and the mean LDL-C levels (78 ± 19 mg/dl vs. 103 ± 18 mg/dl, p = 0.03) were significantly lower in early-improved (EI) compared to not-improved (NI) individuals. Obesity was negatively associated to clinical improvement after Remdesivir (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.17-0.97, p = 0.04). Both obesity (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.05-7.71, p = 0.04) and dyslipidemia (OR 2.78, 95%CI 1.17-7.16, p = 0.03) were significantly related to patients' mortality. Dyslipidemic subjects experienced a slower clinical improvement than non-dyslipidemic ones (Long-Rank p = 0.04).

Our study showed that unfavorable metabolic conditions such as obesity and dyslipidemia could predict a worse clinical response to Remdesivir as well as the mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Further prospective and larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

In the context of the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), this paper proposes an innovative and systematic decision support model based on Bayesian networks (BNs) to identify and control the risk of COVID-19 patients spreading the virus, which requires the following three steps. First, by consulting the related literature and combining this with expert knowledge, we identify and classify the characteristics (risk factors) of COVID-19 and obtain a conceptual framework for COVID-19 Risk Assessment Bayesian Networks (CRABNs). Second, data on COVID-19 patients with expert scoring results on patient risk levels were collected from hospitals in Hubei Province of China and are used as the training set, and the structure and parameters of the CRABNs model are obtained through machine learning. Finally, we propose two indicators, namely, Model Bias and Model Accuracy, and use the remaining data to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the CRABNs model to ensure that there are no significant differences between the predicted results of the model and the actual results provided by experts who have relevant experience in treating COVID-19. At the same time, we compared the CRABNs model with the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbour (KNN) models through four indicators: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F-score. The results suggest the reliability of the model and show that it has promising application potential. The proposed model can be used globally by doctors in hospitals as a decision support tool to improve the accuracy of assessing the severity of COVID-19 symptoms in patients. Furthermore, with the further improvement of the model in the future, it can be used for risk assessments in the field of epidemics.

Since December of 2019, coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly around the world. Our understanding of the infection has grown over the past year, and its impact on older adults is particularly significant. Apart from the direct impacts of COVID-19 infections, it has also led to lockdowns which, in turn, result in isolation and loneliness.

We conducted a literature review of publicly available articles of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the geriatric population between December 2019 and April 2021, a total of 748 articles.

The review will be presented with the Bio-Psycho-Social model, covering how the biological, psychological, and sociological aspects of health are intertwined and impact older adults. Early studies have also highlighted the prevalence of post-COVID infection symptoms that typically fall under geriatric medicine care. We highlight the bidirectional impact of isolation and COVID-19 infections on geriatric health, as well as discuss pertinent topics such as vaccine efficacy, long-term sequelae of COVID-19 infections, and ageism.

This review seeks to present a one-year report of what is known about COVID-19 and geriatric medicine, as well as provide guidance to practitioners who care for older adults based on the most up-to-date literature.

Older people have higher rates of comorbidities and may experience more severe inflammatory responses; therefore, are at higher risk of death. Herein, we aimed to systematically review the mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and its predictors in this age group.

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct using relevant keywords. Retrieved records underwent a two-step screening process consisting of title/abstract and full-text screenings to identify the eligible studies.

Summarizing findings of 35 studies demonstrated that older patients have higher mortality rates compared to the younger population. A review of articles revealed that increasing age, body mass index, a male gender, dementia, impairment or dependency in daily activities, presence of consolidations on chest X-ray, hypoxemic respiratory failure, and lower oxygen saturation at admission were risk factors for death. High d-dimer levels, 25-hydroxy vitamin D serum deficiencies, high C-reactive protein (≥5 mg/L) levels plus any other abnormalities of lymphocyte, higher blood urea nitrogen or lactate dehydrogenase, and higher platelet count were predictors of poor prognosis and mortality in the elderly. Studies have also shown that previous treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, pharmacological treatments of respiratory disorders, antibiotics, corticosteroids, vitamin K antagonist, antihistamines, azithromycin, Itolizumab (an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody) in combination with other antivirals reduces COVID-19 worsening and mortality. Vaccination against seasonal influenza might also reduce COVID-19 mortality.

Overall, a critical consideration is necessary for the care and management of COVID-19 in the aged population considering the drastic contrasts in manifestation and prognosis compared to other age groups. Mortality from COVID-19 is independently associated with the patient's age. Elderly patients with COVID-19 are more vulnerable to poor outcomes. Thus, strict preventive measures, timely diagnosis, and aggressive therapeutic/nontherapeutic care are of great importance to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe complications in older people.

Older people have higher rates of comorbidities and may experience more severe inflammatory responses; therefore, are at higher risk of death. Herein, we aimed to systematically review the mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and its predictors in this age group.

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct using relevant keywords. Retrieved records underwent a two-step screening process consisting of title/abstract and full-text screenings to identify the eligible studies.

Summarizing findings of 35 studies demonstrated that older patients have higher mortality rates compared to the younger population. A review of articles revealed that increasing age, body mass index, a male gender, dementia, impairment or dependency in daily activities, presence of consolidations on chest X-ray, hypoxemic respiratory failure, and lower oxygen saturation at admission were risk factors for death. High d-dimer levels, 25-hydroxy vitamin D serum deficiencies, high C-reactive protein (≥5 mg/L) levels plus any other abnormalities of lymphocyte, higher blood urea nitrogen or lactate dehydrogenase, and higher platelet count were predictors of poor prognosis and mortality in the elderly. Studies have also shown that previous treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, pharmacological treatments of respiratory disorders, antibiotics, corticosteroids, vitamin K antagonist, antihistamines, azithromycin, Itolizumab (an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody) in combination with other antivirals reduces COVID-19 worsening and mortality. Vaccination against seasonal influenza might also reduce COVID-19 mortality.

Overall, a critical consideration is necessary for the care and management of COVID-19 in the aged population considering the drastic contrasts in manifestation and prognosis compared to other age groups. Mortality from COVID-19 is independently associated with the patient's age. Elderly patients with COVID-19 are more vulnerable to poor outcomes. Thus, strict preventive measures, timely diagnosis, and aggressive therapeutic/nontherapeutic care are of great importance to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe complications in older people.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease that poses major public health risks. Fewer studies link high CRP and D-dimer levels to severe COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this study investigates the association of serum CRP and D-dimer concentration with COVID-19 severity in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Relevant published articles were identified using electronic search engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, and Researchgate. A total of 29 articles reporting on 15,282 patients (4,733 diabetes and 10,549 non-diabetes) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. RevMan V5.4, STATA V14 software, and SPSS V25 were used for the meta-analysis. Egger's regression and Begg-Mazumdar's test were used for assessing publication bias. The pooled result of all studies revealed that serum CRP (Standard mean difference (SMD) 0.41 mg/L; P < 0.0001; I2 93%) and D-dimer (SMD 0.32 mg/L; P < 0.0001; I2 83%) concentration was significantly higher in COVID-19 diabetic patients. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection was comparatively higher in male diabetic patients (OR 2.41; P < 0.00001; I2 88%). There was no publication bias. CRP and D-dimer rose with age in COVID-19 diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Overall, the serum CRP and D-dimer concentration in COVID-19 diabetic patients was significantly higher than non-diabetic patients indicating severe illness.

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 213 patients with COVID-19 who did not have a clinical history of diabetes at hospital admission. One week after hospitalization, they were stratified by random blood glucose levels. It was found that 25.4, 22.5 and 52.1% of COVID-19 patients were classified as normoglycemia, prediabetes and diabetes, respectively. The study indicated that diabetes may be a risk factor for COVID-19 or the disease may be associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have posed a problematic healthcare situation worldwide since December 2019. Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While interacting with various other risk factors, high blood sugar was found to reduce immunity and increase the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines are greater in diabetic individuals than in healthy people, worsening the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in diabetics. Increased expression of furin and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor in the hyperglycemic environment may promote the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the host cell. COVID-19 infection primarily modulates immune and inflammatory responses, and may cause a cytokine storm, resulting in possible lethal outcomes in diabetics. An experimental report suggests that ACE expressed in the pancreas and the SARS-CoV-2 virus invariably destroy β-cells which contain ACE-2 receptors and results in acute diabetes. Moreover, COVID-19 also causes hyperglycemia in an individual with diabetes which may be related to insulin resistance and destruction of β-cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early observations also suggest a correlation between oral hypoglycemic agents and the risk of COVID-19. This review focused on the possible cause and mechanism involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection in diabetics and the role of antidiabetic drugs in COVID-19.