|
1
|
Thomaidou E, Karlafti E, Didagelos M, Megari K, Argiriadou E, Akinosoglou K, Paramythiotis D, Savopoulos C. Acalculous Cholecystitis in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review. Viruses 2024; 16:455. [PMID: 38543820 PMCID: PMC10976146 DOI: 10.3390/v16030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) represents cholecystitis without gallstones, occurring in approximately 5-10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis in adults. Several risk factors have been recognized, while infectious diseases can be a cause of cholecystitis in otherwise healthy people. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide, leading to an unprecedented pandemic. The virus enters cells through the binding of the spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed in many human tissues, including the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and this explains the symptoms emanating from the digestive system. Acute cholecystitis has been reported in patients with COVID-19. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the current literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AAC in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Thomaidou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (M.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Eleni Karlafti
- Emergency Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- First Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matthaios Didagelos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (M.D.); (E.A.)
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Megari
- CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleni Argiriadou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (M.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece;
| | - Daniel Paramythiotis
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Christos Savopoulos
- First Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Thomaidou E, Karlafti E, Didagelos M, Megari K, Argiriadou E, Akinosoglou K, Paramythiotis D, Savopoulos C. Acalculous Cholecystitis in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review. Viruses 2024; 16:455. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/v16030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) represents cholecystitis without gallstones, occurring in approximately 5–10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis in adults. Several risk factors have been recognized, while infectious diseases can be a cause of cholecystitis in otherwise healthy people. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide, leading to an unprecedented pandemic. The virus enters cells through the binding of the spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed in many human tissues, including the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and this explains the symptoms emanating from the digestive system. Acute cholecystitis has been reported in patients with COVID-19. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the current literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AAC in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Thomaidou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Karlafti
- Emergency Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- First Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matthaios Didagelos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Megari
- CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Argiriadou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
| | - Daniel Paramythiotis
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Savopoulos
- First Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Ghazanfar H, Kandhi S, Shin D, Muthumanickam A, Gurjar H, Qureshi ZA, Shaban M, Farag M, Haider A, Budhathoki P, Bhatt T, Ghazanfar A, Jyala A, Patel H. Impact of COVID-19 on the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Clinical Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e23333. [PMID: 35464519 PMCID: PMC9017282 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
|
4
|
Bozada-Gutiérrez K, Trejo-Avila M, Chávez-Hernández F, Parraguirre-Martínez S, Valenzuela-Salazar C, Herrera-Esquivel J, Moreno-Portillo M. Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients with confirmed COVID-19: Ten case reports and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:1296-1310. [PMID: 35211563 PMCID: PMC8855198 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i4.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research concerning postoperative outcomes of confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients revealed unfavorable postoperative results with increased morbidity, pulmonary complications and mortality. Case reports have suggested that COVID-19 is associated with more aggressive presentation of acute cholecystitis. The aim of the present study is to describe the perioperative assessment and postoperative outcomes of ten patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with concomitant acute cholecystitis who underwent cholecystectomy.
CASE SUMMARY We report a total of 10 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with concomitant acute cholecystitis that underwent cholecystectomy. Six patients were males, the mean age was 47.1 years. Nine patients had moderate acute cholecystitis, and one patient had severe acute cholecystitis. All patients were treated with urgent/early laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Regarding the Parkland grading scale, two patients received a Parkland grade of 3, two patients received a Parkland grade of 4, and six patients received a Parkland grade of 5. Eight patients required a bail-out procedure. Four patients developed biliary leakage and required endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with biliary sphincterotomy. After surgery, five patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. One patient died after cholecystectomy due to ARDS complications. The mean total length of stay (LOS) was 18.2 d. The histopathology demonstrated transmural necrosis (n = 5), vessel obliteration with ischemia (n = 3), perforation (n = 3), and acute peritonitis (n = 10).
CONCLUSION COVID-19 patients with acute cholecystitis had difficult cholecystectomies, high rates of ICU admission, and a prolonged LOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katya Bozada-Gutiérrez
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
| | - Mario Trejo-Avila
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
| | - Fátima Chávez-Hernández
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Valenzuela-Salazar
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
| | - Jesús Herrera-Esquivel
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
| | - Mucio Moreno-Portillo
- Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City 14090, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Bozhinovska A. Coronavirus Disease and Abdominal Pain: Mechanism, Diagnostic, and Treatment. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: On March 11, 2020, the General Director of the World Health Organization has announced that according to the organization, the level of spread and severity of symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is becoming alarming and because of that, it can be characterized as a pandemic. The assessment of the World Health Organization stimulated more urgent and belligerent actions from the governments as the number of case reports and studies on COVID-19 symptoms and treatment increased dramatically.
AIM: In this paper, the aim is to make a review of the studies and case reports/series that indicate that abdominal pain is one of the manifestations of COVID-19.
METHODS: A search was performed on two electronic databases: PubMed Central and Google Scholar, using the key words “COVID-19 and abdominal pain.” Case reports and case series in adults and children were included regardless of the language, region, or the publication date. The methods of synthesis and comparison were also used.
RESULTS: In general, it can be noted that the manifestation of the COVID-19 infection on the digestive tract and the consequences on the same are not fully examined.
CONCLUSION: The conclusion of the analyzed papers is that clinical practitioners in COVID-19 pandemic should carefully distinguish abdominal pain and other GI symptoms from COVID-19 manifestations and should exclude acute surgical condition.
Collapse
|