|
1
|
Davenport FR, Leestma JK, Staten A, Bhakta K, Fernandez J, Mazumdar A, Young AJ, Sawicki GS. Electromyography-Informed Estimates of Joint Contact Forces Within the Lower Back and Knee Joints During a Diverse Set of Industry-Relevant Manual Lifting Tasks. J Appl Biomech 2025; 41:151-160. [PMID: 39805265 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Repetitive manual labor tasks involving twisting, bending, and lifting commonly lead to lower back and knee injuries in the workplace. To identify tasks with high injury risk, we recruited N = 9 participants to perform industry-relevant, 2-handed lifts with a 11-kg weight. These included symmetrical/asymmetrical, ascending/descending lifts that varied in start-to-end heights (knee-to-waist and waist-to-shoulder). We used a data-driven musculoskeletal model that combined force and motion data with a muscle activation-informed solver (OpenSim, CEINMS) to estimate 3-dimensional internal joint contact forces (JCFs) in the lower back (L5/S1) and knee. Symmetrical lifting resulted in larger peak JCFs than asymmetrical lifting in both the L5/S1 (+20.2% normal [P < .01], +20.3% shear [P = .001], +20.6% total [P < .01]) and the knee (+39.2% shear [P = .001]), and there were no differences in peak JCFs between ascending versus descending motions. Below-the-waist lifting generated significantly greater JCFs in the L5/S1 and knee than above-the-waist lifts (P < .01). We found a positive correlation between knee and L5/S1 peak total JCFs (R2 = .60, P < .01) across the task space, suggesting motor coordination that favors sharing of load distribution across the trunk and legs during lifting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia R Davenport
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Leestma
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana Staten
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishan Bhakta
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua Fernandez
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anirban Mazumdar
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron J Young
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory S Sawicki
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Chen D, Sun D, Li F, Wang D, Zhou Z, Gao Z, Gu Y. Identifying the Primary Kinetic Factors Influencing the Anterior-Posterior Center of Mass Displacement in Barbell Squats: A Factor Regression Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:572. [PMID: 39860942 PMCID: PMC11769179 DOI: 10.3390/s25020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2024] [Revised: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barbell squats are commonly used in strength training, but the anterior-posterior displacement of the Center of Mass (COM) may impair joint stability and increase injury risk. This study investigates the key factors influencing COM displacement during different squat modes.; Methods: This study recruited 15 male strength training enthusiasts, who performed 60% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the Front Barbell Squat (FBS), High Bar Back Squat (HBBS), and Low Bar Back Squat (LBBS). Joint moments at both the hip, knee, and ankle were collected using a motion capture system and force plates, and a factor regression analysis was conducted using SPSS.; Results: In the FBS, primary factors influencing COM displacement included right knee adduction-abduction (38.59%), knee flexion-extension (31.08%), and hip internal-external rotation (29.83%). In the HBBS, they were right ankle internal-external rotation (19.13%), hip flexion-extension (-19.07%), and left knee flexion-extension (19.05%). In the LBBS, the key factors were left knee adduction-abduction (27.82%), right ankle internal-external rotation (27.59%), and left ankle internal-external rotation (26.12%).; Conclusion: The study identifies key factors affecting COM displacement across squat modes, with knee flexion-extension being dominant in the FBS and hip moments more significant in the HBBS and LBBS. These findings have implications for optimizing squat training and injury prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diwei Chen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.C.); (F.L.); (D.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Dong Sun
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.C.); (F.L.); (D.W.); (Z.Z.)
- Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Fengping Li
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.C.); (F.L.); (D.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.C.); (F.L.); (D.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhanyi Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.C.); (F.L.); (D.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.C.); (F.L.); (D.W.); (Z.Z.)
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Rojas-Jaramillo A, Cuervo-Arango DA, Quintero JD, Ascuntar-Viteri JD, Acosta-Arroyave N, Ribas-Serna J, González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D. Impact of the deep squat on articular knee joint structures, friend or enemy? A scoping review. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1477796. [PMID: 39640505 PMCID: PMC11618833 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1477796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The squat exercise has been shown to improve athletic performance. However, the use of the deep squat has been questioned due to claims that it may cause knee joint injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize existing literature concerning the impact of deep squats on knee osteoarticular health in resistance-trained individuals. Methods This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The original protocol was prospectively registered in Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24945033.v1). A systematic and exhaustive search was conducted in different databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Additional searches were performed in Google Scholar and PEDro. The main inclusion criteria were the following: (1) Articles of experimental, observational, or theoretical nature, including randomized controlled trials, longitudinal studies, case reports, integrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses(Primary studies were required to have a minimum follow-up duration of 6 weeks, whereas secondary studies were expected to adhere to PRISMA or COCHRANE guidelines or be registered with PROSPERO; (2) Peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2024; (3) Publications written in English, Spanish and Portuguese; (4) Studies reporting the effects of deep half, parallel or quarter squats on the knee or evaluating squats as a predictor of injury. Results The keyword search resulted in 2,274 studies, out of which 15 met all inclusion criteria. These 15 studies comprised 5 cohort studies, 3 randomized controlled trials, 4 literature or narrative reviews, 1 case study, and 2 systematic reviews, one including a meta-analysis. Overall, the risk of bias (ROB) across these studies was generally low. It is worth noting that only one study, a case study, associated deep squats with an increased risk of injury, the remaining 14 studies showed no negative impact of deep squats on knee joint health. Conclusion The deep squat appears to be a safe exercise for knee joint health and could be included in resistance training programs without risk, provided that proper technique is maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo
- Educational and Pedagogical Studies and Research Group (GEIEP), Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel A. Cuervo-Arango
- Universidad Corporación en Estudios de la Salud (CES), Area of Epidemiology, Medellín, Colombia
- Methodology and Research Department, Indeportes Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan D. Quintero
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan D. Ascuntar-Viteri
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Juan Ribas-Serna
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Research, Development and Innovation (R&D+I) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Yao X, Li H, Xiu C. Biomechanical Analysis of Injury Risk in Two High-Altitude Landing Positions Using Xsens Inertial Units and EMG Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6822. [PMID: 39517719 PMCID: PMC11548184 DOI: 10.3390/s24216822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
High-altitude landing maneuvers can pose a significant injury risk, particularly when performed with different landing techniques. This study aims to compare the biomechanical parameters and injury risks associated with two landing positions-staggered foot landing and simultaneous bilateral landing-using Xsens inertial units and electromyography (EMG) sensors. A total of 26 university students (13 males, 13 females) participated in this study. Kinematic data were collected using inertial measurement units (IMUs), muscle activity was recorded with EMG, and ground reaction forces were captured using 3D force plates. The data were processed and analyzed using the AnyBody modeling system to simulate joint forces, moments, and muscle activation. This study found that simultaneous bilateral landing exhibited greater hip flexion-extension, knee flexion-extension, and ankle inversion. Vertical joint forces were also significantly higher in the hip, knee, and ankle during simultaneous bilateral landing. Staggered foot landing showed higher muscle forces in the gluteus maximus, iliopsoas, and quadriceps femoris (p < 0.001). The EMG analysis revealed significant differences in the biceps femoris (p = 0.008) and quadriceps femoris (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that simultaneous bilateral landing increases joint load, while staggered foot landing increases muscle activation, which may lead to different injury risks between the two techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen Xiu
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Tao H, Zhu P, Xia W, Chu M, Chen K, Wang Q, Gu Y, Lu X, Bai J, Geng D. The Emerging Role of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Skeletal Aging. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1784-1812. [PMID: 37815897 PMCID: PMC11272194 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for ensuring healthy mitochondria and normal cellular function. This process is primarily responsible for regulating processes that include mitochondrial OXPHOS, which generates ATP, as well as mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, and mitophagy. Bone mesenchymal stem cells express factors that aid in bone formation and vascular growth. Positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow affects the differentiation of osteoclasts. Furthermore, the metabolic regulation of cells that play fundamental roles in various regions of the bone, as well as interactions within the bone microenvironment, actively participates in regulating bone integrity and aging. The maintenance of cellular homeostasis is dependent on the regulation of intracellular organelles, thus understanding the impact of mitochondrial functional changes on overall bone metabolism is crucially important. Recent studies have revealed that mitochondrial homeostasis can lead to morphological and functional abnormalities in senescent cells, particularly in the context of bone diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal diseases results in abnormal metabolism of bone-associated cells and a secondary dysregulated microenvironment within bone tissue. This imbalance in the oxidative system and immune disruption in the bone microenvironment ultimately leads to bone dysplasia. In this review, we examine the latest developments in mitochondrial respiratory chain regulation and its impacts on maintenance of bone health. Specifically, we explored whether enhancing mitochondrial function can reduce the occurrence of bone cell deterioration and improve bone metabolism. These findings offer prospects for developing bone remodeling biology strategies to treat age-related degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenyu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Miao Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiufei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People’s Hospital of Changshu City, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People’s Hospital of Changshu City, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Stone MH, Hornsby G, Mizuguchi S, Sato K, Gahreman D, Duca M, Carroll K, Ramsey MW, Stone ME, Haff GG. The Use of Free Weight Squats in Sports: A Narrative Review-Squatting Movements, Adaptation, and Sports Performance: Physiological. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1494-1508. [PMID: 39072660 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, MH, Hornsby, G, Mizuguchi, S, Sato, K, Gahreman, D, Duca, M, Carroll, K, Ramsey, MW, Stone, ME, and Haff, GG. The use of free weight squats in sports: a narrative review-squatting movements, adaptation, and sports performance: physiological. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1494-1508, 2024-The squat and its variants can provide numerous benefits including positively affecting sports performance and injury prevention, injury severity reduction, and rehabilitation. The positive benefits of squat are likely the result of training-induced neural alterations and mechanical and morphological adaptations in tendons, skeletal muscles, and bones, resulting in increased tissue stiffness and cross-sectional area (CSA). Although direct evidence is lacking, structural adaptations can also be expected to occur in ligaments. These adaptations are thought to beneficially increase force transmission and mechanical resistance (e.g., resistance to mechanical strain) and reduce the likelihood and severity of injuries. Adaptations such as these, also likely play an important role in rehabilitation, particularly for injuries that require restricted use or immobilization of body parts and thus lead to a consequential reduction in the CSA and alterations in the mechanical properties of tendons, skeletal muscles, and ligaments. Both volume and particularly intensity (e.g., levels of loading used) of training seem to be important for the mechanical and morphological adaptations for at least skeletal muscles, tendons, and bones. Therefore, the training intensity and volume used for the squat and its variations should progressively become greater while adhering to the concept of periodization and recognized training principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Guy Hornsby
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Satoshi Mizuguchi
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | | | - Daniel Gahreman
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Marco Duca
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kevin Carroll
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Michael W Ramsey
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Margaret E Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University. Joondalup, Western Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Williams B, Johnson D. Effects of the NeuroHAB Program on Low Back Pain and Oswestry Disability Index Scores: A Retrospective Wait-List Control Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:118. [PMID: 39051279 PMCID: PMC11270219 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Movement theory and the study of movement dysfunction mark a paradigm shift in the treatment of low back pain symptoms, the majority of which are mechanical in origin at the outset. Treating movement dysfunction centers around unified and consistent rehabilitation that defines proficient movement for the lumbopelvic spine. The purpose of this study is to document the improvement in pain and disability of 290 patients who underwent NeuroHAB Functional Movement Therapy to reverse their lumbopelvic movement dysfunction attributed to causing their back pain symptoms between 2019 and 2023. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were collected from each participant on three occasions: the first consultation, after a waiting period/pre-intervention, and after the eight-week intervention. A single-factor ANOVA of all three ODI data sets was conducted, along with supporting descriptive statistics. A post-hoc t-test pairwise comparison was conducted for accuracy. The average ODI 1 score (taken at the first consultation) was 15.26 ± 6.1% (CI: 14.3-16.2); ODI 2 (after a waiting period, before NeuroHAB) was 14.71 ± 6.0% (CI: 13.82-15.59); and ODI 3 (post-intervention) was 9.09 ± 8.6% (CI: 8.305-9.875). There was no significant change from ODI 1 to ODI 2 (between the consultation and waitlist control periods). However, a significant reduction between ODI 2 and ODI 3 was observed (pre- and post-intervention) (mean difference: 5.62, p ≤ 0.001), and a 40.41% reduction was observed between ODI 1 (the ODI score taken at the first consultation) and ODI 3 (the ODI score taken after NeuroHAB, post-intervention) (mean difference: 6.17, p ≤ 0.001). A 50% ODI reduction was reported in the "Crippled" category (mean difference 16.15, p ≤ 0.001). The inclusion of functional movement proficiency and stability in future guidelines is a necessary step towards meaningful improvement in epidemic levels of back pain-related clinical and economic morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brogan Williams
- The Back Pain and Functional Movement Training Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Chae S, Long SA, Lis RP, McDowell KW, Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Mizuguchi S, Stone MH. Combined Accentuated Eccentric Loading and Rest Redistribution in High-Volume Back Squat: Acute Kinetics and Kinematics. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:640-647. [PMID: 38090980 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chae, S, Long, SA, Lis, RP, McDowell, KW, Wagle, JP, Carroll, KM, Mizuguchi, S, and Stone, MH. Combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution in high-volume back squat: Acute kinetics and kinematics. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 640-647, 2024-The purpose of this study was to explore acute kinetic and kinematic responses to combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution (AEL + RR). Resistance-trained men ( n = 12, 25.6 ± 4.4 years, 1.77 ± 0.06 m, and 81.7 ± 11.4 kg) completed a back squat (BS) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and weight releaser familiarization session. Three BS exercise conditions (sets × repetitions × eccentric/concentric loading) consisted of (a) 3 × (5 × 2) × 110/60% (AEL + RR 5), (b) 3 × (2 × 5) × 110/60% (AEL + RR 2), and (c) 3 × 10 × 60/60% 1RM (traditional sets [TS]). Weight releasers (50% 1RM) were attached to every first repetition of each cluster set (every first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth repetition in AEL + RR 5 and every first and sixth repetition in AEL + RR 2). The AEL + RR 5 resulted in significantly ( p < 0.05) greater concentric peak velocity (PV) (1.18 ± 0.17 m·s -1 ) and peak power (PP) (2,304 ± 499 W) compared with AEL + RR 2 (1.11 ± 0.19 m·s -1 and 2,148 ± 512 W) and TS (1.10 ± 0.14 m·s -1 and 2,079 ± 388 W). Furthermore, AEL + RR 5 resulted in significantly greater PV and PP across all 10 repetitions compared with TS. Although AEL + RR 5 resulted in significantly greater concentric mean force (MF) (1,706 ± 224 N) compared with AEL + RR 2 (1,697 ± 209 N) and TS (1,685 ± 211 N), no condition by set or repetition interactions existed. In conclusion, AEL + RR 5 increases PV and PP but has little effect on MF. Coaches might consider prescribing AEL + RR 5 to increase especially peak aspects of velocity and power outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Chae
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina; and
| | - S Alexander Long
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Ryan P Lis
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kurt W McDowell
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - John P Wagle
- University of Notre Dame, Athletics, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kevin M Carroll
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Satoshi Mizuguchi
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Goršič M, Rochelle LE, Layer JS, Smith DT, Novak D, Dai B. Biomechanical comparisons of back and front squats with a straight bar and four squats with a transformer bar. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:166-181. [PMID: 33161870 PMCID: PMC8106690 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1832563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to quantify trunk and lower extremity biomechanics among back and front squats with a straight bar and four squats with different anterior-posterior load placements imposed by a transformer bar. Ten males and eight females performed six squat conditions: back and front squats with a straight bar, back and front squats with a transformer bar, and squats with more posteriorly or anteriorly placed loads with a transformer bar. A constant load of 70% of the participant's one-repetition maximum in the straight-bar front squat was used. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected to quantify joint biomechanics at an estimated parallel squat position in the descending and ascending phases. Squats with more anteriorly placed load significantly decreased trunk flexion and pelvis anterior tilt angles with large effect sizes but increased low-back extension moments with medium to large effect sizes. Hip, knee, and ankle extension moments were generally similar among most conditions. Participants adjusted their trunk and pelvis to mediate the effects of load placements on low-back and lower extremity moments. While lower extremity loading was similar among different squats, the different trunk and pelvis angles and low-back moments should be taken into consideration for people with low-back impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Goršič
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | | | - Jacob S. Layer
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Derek T. Smith
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Domen Novak
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Boyi Dai
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Jahn J, Ehlen QT, Huang CY. Finding the Goldilocks Zone of Mechanical Loading: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanical Loading in the Prevention and Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:110. [PMID: 38391596 PMCID: PMC10886318 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the interaction of mechanical factors influencing knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) pathogenesis. Emphasizing the importance of mechanotransduction within inflammatory responses, we discuss its capacity for being utilized and harnessed within the context of prevention and rehabilitation of osteoarthritis (OA). Additionally, we introduce a discussion on the Goldilocks zone, which describes the necessity of maintaining a balance of adequate, but not excessive mechanical loading to maintain proper knee joint health. Expanding beyond these, we synthesize findings from current literature that explore the biomechanical loading of various rehabilitation exercises, in hopes of aiding future recommendations for physicians managing KOA and PTOA and athletic training staff strategically planning athlete loads to mitigate the risk of joint injury. The integration of these concepts provides a multifactorial analysis of the contributing factors of KOA and PTOA, in order to spur further research and illuminate the potential of utilizing the body's own physiological responses to mechanical stimuli in the management of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jahn
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Quinn T Ehlen
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Schiemann S, Keiner M, Wirth K, Lohmann LH, Wagner CM, Behm DG, Warneke K. The magnitude of correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance is sports dependent. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1345213. [PMID: 38299024 PMCID: PMC10825955 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1345213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Based on the assumption of maximal strength as a basic ability, several studies show a high influence of maximum strength on jumping performance in several sport athletes. However, there is a wide range of correlations from r = 0.17-0.9 between squat 1RM and jumping performance in different sports. Additionally, there are only a few studies investigating the influence of deadlift one repetition maximum (1RM) on jumping performance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the correlations between 1RM in the deadlift on jumping performance using the countermovement jump height (CMJ) and squat jump height (SJ) considering different sports. Methods 103 athletes with experience in the deadlift from soccer, basketball, American football, powerlifting as well as participants from different sports without any deadlift experience (control group) were included to this study. Results Overall statistics showed a significant moderate influence of deadlift 1RM (r = 0.301-0.472) on jumping performance. However, subgroup analysis showed no significant correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance in control participants, while moderate correlations could be detected in powerlifters (r = 0.34-0.39), soccer players (r = 0.437-0.46), American football players (0.584-0.62) and high correlations in basketball players (r = 0.809-0.848) showing significant influence of type of sport on correlations between deadlift maximum strength and jumping performance. Discussion Presented results underline movement velocity- and task specificity of strength training routines which is discussed in the light of the respective sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schiemann
- Insitute of Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department for Sport Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Department for Sport Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Lars H. Lohmann
- Institute of Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Dagnese F, Martins EDA, da Silva FS, Mota CB, Copetti F. Joint knee loads during squat with constant or variable resistance in males. A clinical trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 37:392-398. [PMID: 38432835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the squat movement, the use of constant resistance (CR) generates greater compression and shear forces close to 90° of knee flexion, increasing joint overload. However, when used variable resistance (VR) there is no consensus about the effect of knee joint load. The aim of this study was to compare knee torques using constant or variable resistance during the squat exercise. METHODS Twenty-one healthy male subjects (mean age, 24 [SD, 3] years; height, 1.76 [SD, 0.04] m), who practice squats during strength training routine. Were simultaneously record data from the platform force and tridimensional kinematic to obtain torques around knee. 15 repetitions were performed up to maximum knee flexion with the use of variable (RV) or constant (CR) resistance in a single session. RESULTS Significant differences regarding the angles only in the sagittal plane at the end of the ascending phase of the squat, with less knee extension in the VR condition. In the sagittal and frontal planes, lower values of extensor and abductor torque were found in the VR condition at the angles of greater knee flexion. CONCLUSION The use of variable resistance compared to constant resistance seems to be an alternative to be considered when the objective is to minimize the internal loads on the knee joint in exercises such as the squat in amplitudes of greater flexion. This study indicated that VR helps subjects who are learning the squat movement, enabling the application of this knowledge in physical therapy or physical training clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Dagnese
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Stúdio I - Pilates and Body Therapies, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Elisandro de Assis Martins
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Stúdio I - Pilates and Body Therapies, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Santana da Silva
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Bolli Mota
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Copetti
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
de-Oliveira LA, Aragão-Santos JC, Heredia-Elvar JR, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Movement Velocity as an Indicator of Mechanical Fatigue and Resistance Exercise Intensity in Cross Modalities. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1028-1034. [PMID: 36006785 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study analyzed the acute mechanical response to three workouts of the day (WOD) protocols in as many repetitions as possible (AMRAP), every minute on the minute (EMOM), and for time (FT) models by quantifying the degree of mechanical fatigue induced by popular resistance exercises in the Cross modalities, front squat (FS), and shoulder press (SP). We also analyzed whether the exercises' fastest velocity (Vfastest) could be an objective indicator of relative intensity (%1RM). Methods: Nine trained men performed three FS and SP exercises protocols. The degree of fatigue was quantified by the velocity loss (VL) achieved in both exercises and the velocity loss achieved in the WOD (VLWOD). Results: The VLWOD in the AMRAP, EMOM, and FT protocols was 73.2 ± 10.9%, 61.6 ± 15.1%, and 76.1 ± 8.8%, respectively. In the AMRAP and FT protocol, the Vfastest showed very strong relationships with the %1RM for FS and SP (r = -0.83, -0.75, respectively, p < .01); while in the EMOM protocol, there was a strong relationship between these variables, only for the SP (r = -0.61, p < .05). In the FT protocol, we observed an extremely strong relationship for FS (r = -0.91, p < .001) and very strong (r = -0.71, p < .05) for SP between these variables. Conclusion: Therefore, the AMRAP and FT training models induce the highest degrees of mechanical fatigue in the FS and SP exercises, and the Vfastest is a reliable tool for estimating relative intensity in resistance exercises of Cross modalities.
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Bukhary HA, Basha NA, Dobel AA, Alsufyani RM, Alotaibi RA, Almadani SH. Prevalence and Pattern of Injuries Across the Weight-Training Sports. Cureus 2023; 15:e49759. [PMID: 38046743 PMCID: PMC10689975 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence and pattern of injury among weightlifters are insufficiently documented despite these research works. Understanding the injury pattern is crucial for minimizing side effects and maximizing the advantages of weight training. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the frequency and pattern of musculoskeletal injury among weightlifters and to investigate the associations between the prevalence of injury and sociodemographic and training characteristics variables. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted. An online questionnaire was designed by Google Forms to collect the data by using a self-administered questionnaire. From all health clubs in Taif city, Saudi Arabia, one club was chosen by simple random sampling methodology, where all attendant weightlifters during the study period were contacted to participate in the study. Data was entered on the computer using Microsoft Office Excel 2016 for Windows. Qualitative data was expressed as numbers and percentages, and the Chi-squared test (χ2) was used to assess the relationship between variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study included 393 participants, and most respondents fall within the age range of 18-29, accounting for 60.1% of the total. About 27% of participants had a weightlift injury during the last six months. The body parts most injured during weightlifting include the shoulder (7.4%), knee (4.6%), and wrist (3.6%). In terms of the type of injuries sustained, inflammation and pain in the bending of the body (5.9%), torsion (3.6%), ligament tear/muscle tear (3.8%), and stripped-off injuries (2.3%) were reported. Conclusion Musculoskeletal injuries are prevalent among weightlifters due to the nature of the sport and the demands it places on the body. There was no significant association between the injury occurrence with gender, age, or body mass index. However, there was a significant association between the occurrence of injury and weight carried while lifting weights.
Collapse
|
|
15
|
MacLennan M, Ramirez-Campillo R, Byrne PJ. Self-Massage Techniques for the Management of Pain and Mobility With Application to Resistance Training: A Brief Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2314-2323. [PMID: 37883406 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT MacLennan, M, Ramirez-Campillo, R, and Byrne, PJ. Self-massage techniques for the management of pain and mobility with application to resistance training: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2314-2323, 2023-Fascial restrictions that occur in response to myofascial trigger points (MTrP), exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) cause soft tissue to lose extensibility, which contributes to abnormal muscle mechanics, reduced muscle length, and decrements in joint range of motion (ROM) and actively contributes to musculoskeletal pain. Resistance training and in particular, weightlifting movements have unique mobility requirements imperative for movement efficacy and safety with ROM restrictions resulting in ineffective volume and intensity tolerance and dampened force output and power, which may lead to a failed lift or injury. Self-massage (SM) provides an expedient method to promote movement efficiency and reduce injury risk by improving ROM, muscular function, and reducing pain and allows athletes to continue to train at their desired frequency with minimal disruption from MTrPs-associated adverse effects. Thus, the aim of this review was to determine the efficacy of various self-massage tools in managing pain and mobility and to explore the potential benefits of SM on resistance training performance. Many SM devices are available for athletes to manage ROM restrictions and pain, including differing densities of foam rollers, roller massagers, tennis balls, and vibrating devices. To attenuate adverse training effects, a 10-to-20-minute bout consisting of 2-minute bouts of SM on the affected area may be beneficial. When selecting a SM device, athletes should note that foam rollers appear to be more effective than roller massagers, with vibrating foam rollers eliciting an increased reduction to pain perception, and tennis balls and soft massage balls were shown to be efficacious in targeting smaller affected areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minja MacLennan
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University (Kilkenny Road Campus), Carlow, Ireland; and
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul J Byrne
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University (Kilkenny Road Campus), Carlow, Ireland; and
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Bengtsson V, Berglund L, Öhberg F, Aasa U. Thoracolumbar and Lumbopelvic Spinal Alignment During the Barbell Back Squat: A Comparison Between Men and Women. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:820-830. [PMID: 37547841 PMCID: PMC10399085 DOI: 10.26603/001c.83942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining neutral spinal alignment is considered important when performing the barbell back squat exercise. Since male and female lifters may differ in injury location it is important to examine whether they differ in spinal alignment during the back squat. Objectives The study aimed to quantify the spinal alignment in the upper and lower lumbar spine during the barbell back squat exercise in male and female lifters. Secondary aims were to compare alignment during the back squat to standing habitual lumbar spine alignment and determine whether male and female lifters differ in these aspects. Study Design Observational, Cross-sectional. Methods Competitive power- and weightlifters were recruited and performed three repetitions of the barbell back squat exercise using a load equivalent to 70% of their one-repetition maximum. Spinal alignment and range of motion were measured using inertial measurement units placed on the thoracic, lumbar and sacral spine. Data was presented descriptively and comparisons between men and women as well as spinal alignment in four different positions were done with a factorial repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Twenty-three (14 males, 9 females) were included. During execution of the squat, spinal alignment adjustments in the lumbar spine were made in all three planes of movement, compared to the start position, in both male and female lifters. Compared to their standing habitual posture, all lifters adjusted their upper lumbar spine to a less lordotic position when in the start position of the back squat (standing upright with the barbell on their back). Only male lifters assumed a less lordotic alignment in their lower lumbar spine in the start position compared their habitual posture. Conclusions Adjustments of spinal alignment, predominantly in the sagittal plane, are made during execution of the back squat in both male and female lifters. Further, lifters adopt a less lordotic alignment with a heavy barbell on their upper back, more so in male than female lifters. In conclusion, it seems that spinal alignment changes noticeably during the barbell back squat. Level of Evidence 3©The Author(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Berglund
- Community medicine and rehabilitation Umeå university
| | | | - Ulrika Aasa
- Community medicine and rehabilitation Umeå university
| |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Knopfli C, Achermann B, Oberhofer K, Lorenzetti SR. First Insights in the Relationship between Lower Limb Anatomy and Back Squat Performance in Resistance-Trained Males and Females. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:865. [PMID: 37508892 PMCID: PMC10376130 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying key criteria of squat performance is essential to avoiding injuries and optimizing strength training outcomes. To work towards this goal, this study aimed to assess the correlation between lower limb anatomy and back squat performance during a set-to-exhaustion in resistance-trained males and females. Optical motion captures of squat performance and data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lower limbs were acquired in eight healthy participants (average: 28.4 years, four men, four women). It was hypothesized that there is a correlation between subject-specific musculoskeletal and squat-specific parameters. The results of our study indicate a high correlation between the summed volume of the hamstrings and quadriceps and squat depth normalized to thigh length (r = -0.86), and a high correlation between leg size and one-repetition maximum load (r = 0.81), respectively. Thereby, a marked difference was found in muscle volume and one-repetition maximum load between males and females, with a trend of females squatting deeper. The present study offers new insights for trainers and athletes for targeted musculoskeletal conditioning using the squat exercise. It can be inferred that greater muscle volume is essential to achieving enhanced power potential, and, consequently, a higher 1RM value, especially for female athletes that tend to squat deeper than their male counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Knopfli
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (HEST), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Basil Achermann
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (HEST), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Oberhofer
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Silvio R Lorenzetti
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (HEST), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Coburn SL, Crossley KM, Kemp JL, Warden SJ, West TJ, Bruder AM, Mentiplay BF, Culvenor AG. Immediate and Delayed Effects of Joint Loading Activities on Knee and Hip Cartilage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 37450202 PMCID: PMC10348990 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of activity-related joint loading on cartilage is not clear. Abnormal loading is considered to be a mechanical driver of osteoarthritis (OA), yet moderate amounts of physical activity and rehabilitation exercise can have positive effects on articular cartilage. Our aim was to investigate the immediate effects of joint loading activities on knee and hip cartilage in healthy adults, as assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. We also investigated delayed effects of activities on healthy cartilage and the effects of activities on cartilage in adults with, or at risk of, OA. We explored the association of sex, age and loading duration with cartilage changes. METHODS A systematic review of six databases identified studies assessing change in adult hip and knee cartilage using MRI within 48 h before and after application of a joint loading intervention/activity. Studies included adults with healthy cartilage or those with, or at risk of, OA. Joint loading activities included walking, hopping, cycling, weightbearing knee bends and simulated standing within the scanner. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects meta-analysis estimated the percentage change in compartment-specific cartilage thickness or volume and composition (T2 relaxation time) outcomes. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system evaluated certainty of evidence. RESULTS Forty studies of 653 participants were included after screening 5159 retrieved studies. Knee cartilage thickness or volume decreased immediately following all loading activities investigating healthy adults; however, GRADE assessment indicated very low certainty evidence. Patellar cartilage thickness and volume reduced 5.0% (95% CI 3.5, 6.4, I2 = 89.3%) after body weight knee bends, and tibial cartilage composition (T2 relaxation time) decreased 5.1% (95% CI 3.7, 6.5, I2 = 0.0%) after simulated standing within the scanner. Hip cartilage data were insufficient for pooling. Secondary outcomes synthesised narratively suggest knee cartilage recovers within 30 min of walking and 90 min of 100 knee bends. We found contrasting effects of simulated standing and walking in adults with, or at risk of, OA. An increase of 10 knee bend repetitions was associated with 2% greater reduction in patellar thickness or volume. CONCLUSION There is very low certainty evidence that minimal knee cartilage thickness and volume and composition (T2 relaxation time) reductions (0-5%) occur after weightbearing knee bends, simulated standing, walking, hopping/jumping and cycling, and the impact of knee bends may be dose dependent. Our findings provide a framework of cartilage responses to loading in healthy adults which may have utility for clinicians when designing and prescribing rehabilitation programs and providing exercise advice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Coburn
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Kay M. Crossley
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Joanne L. Kemp
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Stuart J. Warden
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Tom J. West
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andrea M. Bruder
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Benjamin F. Mentiplay
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Adam G. Culvenor
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Ross R, Han J, Slover J. Chronic Lower Back Pain in Weight Lifters: Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Management. JBJS Rev 2023; 11:01874474-202306000-00011. [PMID: 37315158 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.22.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
» Chronic lower back pain (LBP) is common in both nonathletes and weight lifters, but the diagnosis and treatment should be approached differently in these 2 populations based on the unique movement patterns causing the pain.» Injury rates of weight lifters are far less than those of contact sports, ranging from 1.0 to 4.4 injuries per 1,000 workout hours. However, the lower back was consistently one of the top 2 injury sites for weight lifters, accounting for anywhere from 23% to 59% of all injuries. LBP was most often associated with the squat or deadlift.» Guidelines for evaluating general LBP are applicable to weight lifters, including a thorough history and physical examination. However, the differential diagnosis will change based on the patient's lifting history. Of the many etiologies of back pain, weight lifters are most likely to be diagnosed with muscle strain or ligamentous sprain, degenerative disk disease, disk herniation, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, or lumbar facet syndrome.» Traditional recommended therapies include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and activity modification, which are often insufficient to resolve pain and prevent injury recurrence. Because most athletes will want to continue to lift weights, lifting-specific behavior modifications focused on improved technique and correcting mobility and muscular imbalances are important aspects of management in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Ross
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Julie Han
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - James Slover
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Lastra-Rodríguez L, Llamas-Ramos I, Rodríguez-Pérez V, Llamas-Ramos R, López-Rodríguez AF. Musculoskeletal Injuries and Risk Factors in Spanish CrossFit ® Practitioners. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091346. [PMID: 37174888 PMCID: PMC10178070 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CrossFit® Training is a physical and sports-conditioning system based on constantly varied functional movements performed at high intensity. CrossFit® has been shown to significantly improve general physical performance and body composition. Although there seems to be an association between the practice of CrossFit® and musculoskeletal injuries, the relationship between CrossFit® and injury risks has been poorly studied. The main objective of this study was to establish the relationship between CrossFit® and musculoskeletal injuries. Secondary objectives were the analysis of various risk factors and injury and the comparison of the incidence of CrossFit® injuries to that of other sports. An online questionnaire was distributed to gyms affiliated with CrossFit®, Inc. in the Principality of Asturias, Spain in order to carry out a retrospective transversal descriptive study. The frequency of injuries in CrossFit® is similar to most sports. Injuries are often minor and of short duration, with the shoulder being the most affected joint complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inés Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Donantes de Sangre s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-Pérez
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Donantes de Sangre s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Donantes de Sangre s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana F López-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, Campus Universitario, AVDA Astorga, s/n, 24401 León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Illmeier G, Rechberger JS. The Limitations of Anterior Knee Displacement during Different Barbell Squat Techniques: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2955. [PMID: 37109294 PMCID: PMC10143703 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on seminal research from the 1970s and 1980s, the myth that the knees should only move as far anterior during the barbell squat until they vertically align with the tips of the feet in the sagittal plane still exists today. However, the role of both the hip joint and the lumbar spine, which are exposed to high peak torques during this deliberate restriction in range of motion, has remained largely unnoticed in the traditional literature. More recent anthropometric and biomechanical studies have found disparate results regarding anterior knee displacement during barbell squatting. For a large number of athletes, it may be favorable or even necessary to allow a certain degree of anterior knee displacement in order to achieve optimal training outcomes and minimize the biomechanical stress imparted on the lumbar spine and hip. Overall, restricting this natural movement is likely not an effective strategy for healthy trained individuals. With the exception of knee rehabilitation patients, the contemporary literature suggests it should not be practiced on a general basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Illmeier
- Department of Strength & Conditioning, Nachwuchsleistungssportzentrum Steiermark, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Julian S. Rechberger
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Kim N, Kim SY, Kim SW, Lee JM, Kim SK, Park MH, Kim KH, Oh M, Son CG, Jung IC, Lee EJ. Efficacy of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens extract on mild knee joint pain: A randomized controlled trial. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1114410. [PMID: 36998613 PMCID: PMC10043449 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of PE extracts developed for the purpose of relieving pain and improving knee joint function on semi-healthy people with mild knee joint pain.Methods: A randomized, double-blind, two-arm, single-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Individuals with knee joint pain and a visual analogue scale (VAS) score < 50 mm were included in the study, and participants with radiological arthritis were excluded. Participants were administered either PFE or a placebo capsule (700 mg, twice a day) orally for eight weeks. The comparisons of the changed VAS score and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) scores between the PFE and placebo groups were primary outcomes, while the five inflammation-related laboratory tests including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, cyclooxygenase-2, neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio, high sensitive C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were secondary outcomes. Also, a safety assessment was done.Results: Eighty participants (mean age, 38.4 ± 14.0, male: female, 28:52) were enrolled; 75 completed the trial (PFE 36 and placebo 39). After eight weeks, both VAS and WOMAC scores were reduced in the PFE and placebo groups. The changed scores were significantly higher in the PFE group compared to the placebo group: 19.6 ± 10.9 vs. 6.8 ± 10.5; VAS scores (p < 0.001), and 20.5 ± 14.7 vs. 9.3 ± 16.5; total WOMAC scores (p < 0.01) including the sub-scores for pain, stiffness, and functions. No significant changes were reported in the five inflammation-related laboratory parameters. All adverse events were considered minor and unlikely to result from the intervention.Conclusion: Eight weeks of PFE intake was more effective than placebo in reducing knee joint pain and improving knee joint function in sub-healthy people with mild knee joint pain, and there were no major safety concerns.Clinical Trial Registration:https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?search_lang=E&focus=reset_12&search_page=M&pageSize=10&page=undefined&seq=23101&status=5&seq_group=19745, identifier CRIS: KCT0007219
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NamHoon Kim
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Yeon Kim
- Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Ki-Hwan Kim
- SFC Bio Co., Ltd, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Oh
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Department of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Chul Jung
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: In Chul Jung, ; Eun-Jung Lee,
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: In Chul Jung, ; Eun-Jung Lee,
| |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
Clustered Associations between Musculoskeletal Fitness Tests and Functional Movement Screen in Physically Active Men. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5942329. [PMID: 36814800 PMCID: PMC9940965 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5942329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a tool used to assess fundamental movement patterns. There are relationships between musculoskeletal fitness (MSF) and a FMS. However, there is limited data regarding the multidimensional associations between these two constructs. This study is aimed at investigating the associations and detailed structures of FMS components and MSF components and identifying a deeper detailed structure of their relations to physical fitness. The study sample included 114 physically active men with an average body height of 1.81 ± 0.07 (cm), body weight of 80.61 ± 9.49 (kg), and a BMI of 24.65 ± 2.46 (kg/m2). Each participant performed a FMS test, sit-and-reach (S&R) test, sit-ups (ABS) evaluation, balance evaluation on an AMTI platform, handgrip strength (HG) testing, and standing broad jump (SBJ) ability. The Kendall's Tau correlation was performed to identify simple associations between FMS and MSF. Cluster analysis was used to determine the multidimensional nature of the relationships. In the vast majority, a positive correlation was observed suggesting that a high level of MSF improved FMS test results. A cluster analysis revealed 4 separate clusters. Shoulder mobility (SM) was identified as a single cluster. A strong similarity was observed between SBJ and trunk stability push-up (TSPU) forming a second cluster. This cluster joined to another consisting of the S&R test and active straight leg raise (ASLR) test. The last cluster consisted of HG and hurdle step (HS). These results confirmed that FMS and MSF tests measure the same constructs-a foundation for an individual's motor coordination, muscle strength, postural stability, and dynamic balance. This knowledge could be helpful in effectively enhancing physical performance based on combining similar constructs to accelerate the achievement of established goals.
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Haque MZ, Virk U, Suhrawardy A, Roberts KC, Magrey MN. Guide to optimizing care for Muslim patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 75:641-642. [PMID: 36268830 DOI: 10.1002/art.42395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahfujul Z Haque
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Usman Virk
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Ameen Suhrawardy
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI
| | - Karl C Roberts
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Marina N Magrey
- Department of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Kukić F, Mrdaković V, Stanković A, Ilić D. Effects of Knee Extension Joint Angle on Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Activation and Exerted Torque in Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101490. [PMID: 36290394 PMCID: PMC9598811 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of knee joint angle on muscle activation, exerted torque, and whether the knee angle affects the muscle activation−torque ratio. Nine healthy adult male participants participated in the study. They performed maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at six (80°, 90°, 100°, 110°, 120°, and 130°) different knee joint angles (i.e., angles between the thigh and shin bones). Their maximal torque was assessed utilizing an isokinetic chair, while their muscle activation (root mean square [RMS]) was assessed using an eight-channel single differential surface EMG sensor. For the purposes of the torque−knee angle relationship and muscle activation−knee angle relationship, the torque and RMS were normalized relative to the maximal value obtained by each participant. To evaluate the muscle activation−torque ratio in function of knee angle, RMS was normalized relative to the corresponding torque obtained at each knee angle. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to investigate the effects of knee angle on muscle activation, torque, and muscle activation−torque ratio. There was a significant effect of knee joint angle on normalized torque (F = 27.521, p < 0.001), while the activation of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis remained unchanged. The changes in knee angle affected the muscle activation−torque ratio of vastus lateralis (Chi-square = 16.246, p = 0.006) but not the vastus medialis. These results suggest that knee joint angles from 80° to 130° provide a stable milieu for muscle electrification, while mechanical factor such as knee joint angle (i.e., lever arm length) affect the torque output when one needs to contract quadriceps maximally during the isometric contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kukić
- Police Sports Education Center, Abu Dhabi Police, Abu Dhabi 253, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Mrdaković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Stanković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Ilić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Ferná Ortega JA, Mendoza Romero D, Sarmento H, Prieto Mondragón L, Rodríguez Buitrago JA. Relationship between Dynamic and Isometric Strength, Power, Speed, and Average Propulsive Speed of Recreational Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040079. [PMID: 36278740 PMCID: PMC9589991 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the type of relationship between measures of maximal force (dynamic and isometric), maximal power, and mean propulsive velocity. In total, 355 recreational athletes, 96 women (age 20.5 ± 2.5 years; height 158.2 ± 17.3 cm; weight 61.8 ± 48.4 kg) and 259 men (age 21.0 ± 2.6 years; height 170.5 ± 12.6 cm; weight 65.9 ± 9.2 kg) were evaluated in three sessions separated by 72 h each in isometric midthigh pull exercise (ISOS) (kg), bench press maximum strength (1RM MSBP) (kg), jump height (CMJ) (m), and maximum pedaling power (WT) the maximum squat strength (1RM MSS) (kg), the mean propulsive velocity in the bench press (MPVBP) (m·s-1), and the peak power (PPBP) (w), mean propulsive squat velocity (MPVS) (m·s-1), peak power (PP) (w), maximum handgrip force (ISOHG) (kg), and 30 m movement speed (V30) (s). Significant correlations (p ≤ 0.01) were identified between 95% of the various manifestations of force, and only 5% presented a significance of p ≤ 0.05; however, when the magnitude of these correlations is observed, there is great heterogeneity. In this sense, the dynamic strength tests present the best correlations with the other strength and power tests used in the present study, followed by PPBP and PP. The results of this study complement what is reported in the literature regarding the correlation between different types of force manifestations being heterogeneous and contradictory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Alejandro Ferná Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Street 222 #55-17, Bogotá 668470, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Educación Física, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Street 72 #11-86, Bogotá 110321, Colombia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +571-300-207-9453
| | - Dario Mendoza Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Street 69 #15-40, Bogotá 110211, Colombia
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Prieto Mondragón
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Street 222 #55-17, Bogotá 668470, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
27
|
Li TJ, Sun JY, Du YQ, Shen JM, Zhang BH, Zhou YG. Different squatting positions after total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective study. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:8107-8114. [PMID: 36159530 PMCID: PMC9403702 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i23.8107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been shown to improve quality of life and reduce pain. High-flexion activities such as squatting, kneeling, and floor transfers are mainly listed as demanding tasks. Among them, squatting is an important position.
AIM To provide a new squat position classification and evaluate the different squatting positions of a series of patients after primary TKA.
METHODS From May 2018 to October 2019, we retrospectively reviewed 154 video recordings of the squatting-related motions of patients after TKA. Among the included patients, 119 were women and 35 were men. Their mean age at the index surgery was 61.4 years (range, 30 to 77).
RESULTS The median follow-up was 12 mo (range, 6 to 156 mo). We classified those squatting-related motions into three major variations according to squatting depth: Half squat, parallel squat, and deep squat. The angles of hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion were measured in the screenshots captured from the videos at the moment of squatting nadir. A total of 26 patients were classified as half squats, 75 as parallel squats, and 53 as deep squats. The angles of hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion all differed significantly among the three squatting positions (P < 0.001). In the parallel squat group, the mean knee flexion angle (°) was 116.5 (SD, 8.1; range, 97 to 137). In the deep squat group, the mean knee flexion angle (°) was 132.5 (SD, 9.3; range, 116 to 158).
CONCLUSION Among the three squatting positions, deep squat showed the highest hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, followed by the parallel squat. With the improvement of squatting ability, the patient's postoperative satisfaction rate was also significantly enhanced. However, the different squatting abilities of the patients cannot be effectively distinguished from the scoring results (P > 0.05). Our squatting position classification offers a pragmatic approach to evaluating patients’ squatting ability after TKA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing-Yang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yin-Qiao Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jun-Min Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo-Han Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yong-Gang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
Fernandez Ortega JA, Mendoza Romero D, Sarmento H, Prieto Mondragón L. Bar Load-Velocity Profile of Full Squat and Bench Press Exercises in Young Recreational Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116756. [PMID: 35682339 PMCID: PMC9180020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the mean propulsive velocity (MVP) at various percentages of one repetition maximum (1RM) in the full squat and chest press exercises. A total of 96 young women and 256 young men (recreational athletes) performed an incremental test (50−60−70−80% 1RM) comprising the bench press and full squat exercises in two different sessions. The individual load and velocity ratios were established through the MPV. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25.0, with the significance level set at 5%. The following findings were revealed: highly linear load-velocity relationships in the group of women (r = 0.806 in the squat, and r = 0.872 in the bench press) and in the group of men (r = 0.832 and r = 0.880, respectively); significant differences (p < 0.001) in the MPV at 50−70−80% 1RM between the bench press and the full squat in men and at 70−80% 1RM in women; and a high variability in the MPV (11.49% to 22.63) in the bench press and full squat (11.58% to 25.15%) was observed in women and men (11.31% to 21.06%, and 9.26% to 24.2%) at the different percentages of 1RM evaluated. These results suggest that the load-velocity ratio in non-strength-trained subjects should be determined individually to more precisely establish the relative load to be used in a full squat and bench press training program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Alejandro Fernandez Ortega
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Street 222 #55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, National Pedagogical University, Street 7 #11-86, Bogotá 480100, Colombia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +57-3002079453
| | - Dario Mendoza Romero
- Universidad Santo Tomas, North Highway 205 Street, Via Arrayanes km 1.6, Bogotá 110141, Colombia;
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Laura Prieto Mondragón
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Street 222 #55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Haglo H, Berg OK, Hoff J, Helgerud J, Wang E. Maximal strength training in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: implications for physical function and quality of life. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1671-1681. [PMID: 35438424 PMCID: PMC9197881 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD) have attenuated muscle strength in the lower extremities, resulting in impaired physical function and quality of life. Although maximal strength training (MST), applying heavy resistance, is documented to be a potent countermeasure for such attenuation, it is uncertain if it is feasible in IRD given the pain, stiffness, and joint swelling that characterize the population. METHODS 23 patients with IRD (49 ± 13 years; 20 females/3 males), diagnosed with spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus, were randomized to MST or a control group (CG). The MST group performed four × four repetitions dynamic leg press two times per week for 10 weeks at ~ 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Before and after training 1RM, rate of force development (RFD), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured. RESULTS Session attendance in the MST group was 95%, of which 95% conducted according to MST protocol. Furthermore, MST increased 1RM (29 ± 12%, p = 0.001) and early and late phase RFD (33-76%, p < 0.05). All improvements were different from the CG (p < 0.05). MST also resulted in HRQoL improvements in the dimensions; physical functioning, general health, and vitality (p < 0.05). Physical functioning was associated with 1RM (rho = 0.55, p < 0.01) and early phase RFD (rho = 0.53-0.71, p < 0.01; different from CG p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite being characterized by pain, stiffness, and joint swelling, patients with IRD appear to tolerate MST well. Given the improvements in 1RM, RFD, and HRQoL MST should be considered as a treatment strategy to counteract attenuated muscle strength, physical function, and HRQoL. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04998955, retrospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Haglo
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway.
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Ingvald Ystgaards veg 23, 7047, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ole Kristian Berg
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Jan Hoff
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Ingvald Ystgaards veg 23, 7047, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Ingvald Ystgaards veg 23, 7047, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Knodel N, Lawson B, Bywater E, Lamia J, Patel S, Nauman EA. An EMG-Based Constitutive Law for Force Generation in Skeletal Muscle - Part II: Model Validation On the Ankle Joint Complex. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1140055. [PMID: 35388404 DOI: 10.1115/1.4054275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the predictive ability of the skeletal muscle force model derived previously within the ankle joint complex. The model is founded in dimensional analysis, using electromyography and the muscle force-length, force-velocity, and force-frequency curves as inputs. Seventeen subjects (8 males, 9 females) performed five different exercises that activated the primary muscles crossing the ankle joint. Motion capture, force plate, and electromyography data were collected during these exercises. A constant, Km, was calculated for each muscle of each subject using four of the five exercises. The fifth exercise was used to validate the results by treating the moments due to muscle forces as known and all other components in Euler's second law as unknown. While muscle forces cannot be directly validated in vivo, methods can be developed to test these values with reasonable confidence. This study compared moments about the ankle joint due to the calculated muscle forces to the sum of the moments due to all other sources and the kinematic terms in the second Newton-Euler equation of rigid body motion. Average percent errors for each subject ranged from 4.2% to 15.5% with an average percent error across all subjects of 8.2% while maximum percent errors for each subject ranged from 33.3% to 78.0% with an overall average maximum of 52.4%. Future work will examine sensitivity analyses to identify potential simplifications to the model and solution process and will validate the model on a more complex joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Knodel
- Purdue University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Brie Lawson
- Purdue University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Emily Bywater
- Purdue University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Joseph Lamia
- Purdue University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Shiv Patel
- Purdue University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Eric A Nauman
- Purdue University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906; Purdue University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906; Purdue University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Ángel Rodríguez M, García-Calleja P, Terrados N, Crespo I, Del Valle M, Olmedillas H. Injury in CrossFit®: A Systematic Review of Epidemiology and Risk Factors. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:3-10. [PMID: 33322981 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1864675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the characteristics of the injuries among CrossFit® practitioners, including prevalence and incidence, nature, location, and risk factors. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception through August 2020, and English-language articles reporting on CrossFit®-related injuries were included. Data including sample (sex, age, and demographics) and injuries' characteristics (prevalence, incidence rate, nature, location, percentage of injuries requiring surgery and risk factors) were extracted. RESULTS Overall, twenty-five studies involving a total of 12,079 CrossFit® practitioners met the inclusion criteria. The mean prevalence of injuries among the included studies was 35.3%, with an incidence rate varying between 0.2 and 18.9 per 1000 hours of training. The most injured areas were shoulder (26%), spine (24%), and knee (18%). Among the studies that reported the injuries requiring surgery, the mean percentage was 8.7%. Regarding the risk factors associated with injuries, older age, male sex, a greater body mass index, the existence of previous injuries, the lack of coach supervision, the experience on CrossFit® and the participation in competitions were reported by the studies. CONCLUSIONS CrossFit® training has an injury incidence rate similar to weightlifting and powerlifting. Findings from the studies suggest that the most affected areas are shoulder, spine, and knee. The limited quality of the studies prevents us from drawing solid conclusions about injury risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolás Terrados
- Unidad Regional de Medicina Deportiva, Avilés, Asturias.,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Irene Crespo
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Valle
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, University de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
|
32
|
Li Z, Xu G, Wang C, Wang Q, Liu C, Guo T, Wu L, Cao D. Variation characteristics of stress distribution in the subchondral bone of the knee joint of judo athletes with long-term stress changes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1082799. [PMID: 36778597 PMCID: PMC9909959 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1082799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of bone density in the subchondral bone tissue of the knee joint due to the mechanical stress load generated by judo, the bone tissue volume of different densities and the bone remodeling characteristics of the subchondral bone of the knee joint. METHODS CT imaging data of the knee joint were collected from 15 healthy individuals as controls and 15 elite judo athletes. Firstly, they were processed by the CTOAM technique, and secondly, the distribution pattern of high-density areas of the knee joint was localized using nine anatomical regions. In addition, three tomographic images were selected in the sagittal, coronal, and axial 2D image windows to observe the distribution of different densities of bone tissue. Finally, the percentage of bone tissue volume (%BTV) and bone remodeling trend of bone tissues with different densities were determined. RESULTS In this study, high-density areas were found in the 4th, 5th, and 6th regions of the articular surface of the distal femur and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th regions of the tibial plateau in judo athletes; the distribution of high-density areas on the articular surface of the distal femur in control subjects was similar with judo athletes, and high-density areas were mainly found in the 4th and 5th regions of the tibial plateau. The %BTV of low (401-500HU in the distal femur; 301-400 HU and 401-500HU in the tibial plateau), moderate, and high bone density was higher in judo athletes than in controls in the subchondral bone of the distal femur and tibial plateau (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION The history of compressive stresses, struck stresses, soft tissue tension and pull, self-gravity and intra-articular stress loading generated by the lower limb exercise technique of judo leads to specific forms of stress distribution and bone tissue remodeling in the subchondral bone tissue within the distal femur and tibia plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guanghua Xu
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Orthopedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiuyuan Wang
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Caiping Liu
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Ergonomics and Functional Clothing Laboratory, School of Textiles and Fashion, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Diankang Cao, ; Lijun Wu,
| | - Diankang Cao
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Diankang Cao, ; Lijun Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
|
33
|
Abelleira-Lamela T, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, González-Gálvez N, Esparza-Ros F, Espeso-García A, Marcos-Pardo PJ. Sagittal spine disposition and pelvic tilt during outdoor fitness equipment use and their associations with kinanthropometry proportions in middle-aged and older adults. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12657. [PMID: 35036145 PMCID: PMC8697770 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outdoor fitness training has become popular as a tool for improving the health, especially middle-aged and older adults. For this purpose, outdoor fitness equipment (OFE) have been installed in public areas. However, their safety and effectiveness are still unknown. The aim of the present research was to analyze the sagittal disposition of the spine and pelvic tilt during the use of OFE, and to determine the influence of anthropometric variables on these factors in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS Seventy healthy volunteers, 56 women and 14 men (age: 63.14 ± 8.19 years) participated in the study. Sagittal spine disposition and pelvic tilt were measured using a Spinal Mouse®, in the relaxed standing position, and during the use of the OFE. In addition, kinanthropometry variables were also measured according to the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. RESULTS Regarding thoracic kyphosis, a significant decrease was found in thoracic kyphosis in the initial position (IP) in single bonny rider (SBR) (p = 0.006) and row (p = 0.046), and a significant increase in the final position (FP) in the row (p = 0.011), surfboard (p < 0.001) and air walker (p = 0.027) machines. In relation to the lumbar curvature and pelvic tilt, a significant decrease in lumbar lordosis and a decrease in pelvic anteversion were observed in the IP and FP in SBR and row; and in the bike (p < 0.001) machine. In the surfboard machine, a significant decrease in lumbar lordosis was found (p = 0.002), with no changes in pelvic tilt. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, the subjects with a higher cormic index and height were more at risk of increasing their thoracic kyphosis, decreasing lumbar lordosis and/or decreasing pelvic anteversion towards pelvic retroversion. CONCLUSIONS Middle-aged and older adults show spinal misalignments when using the OFE with respect to the standing position, showing a decrease in the thoracic kyphosis in IP of SBR and ROW, and a significant increase in the surfboard and air walker, and in the FP of Row, in the lumbar lordosis in all the OFE in sitting and some in standing, and in the pelvic anteversion in all the OFE in sitting. The variables height and the cormic index explained most of the changes in sagittal spine disposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Abelleira-Lamela
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group. Faculty of Sport Science, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group. Faculty of Sport Science, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group. International Chair of Kinanthropometry, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia González-Gálvez
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group. Faculty of Sport Science, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group. International Chair of Kinanthropometry, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Espeso-García
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group. Faculty of Sport Science, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024). Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
|
34
|
Li T, Sun J, Du Y, Gao Z, Ma H, Zhou Y. Factors Affecting Squatting Ability in Total Knee Arthroplasty Using High Flexion Prosthesis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17:1249-1256. [PMID: 34880618 PMCID: PMC8646838 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s343460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is widely used as a treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Few studies have analysed the factors affecting the squatting ability of patients after TKA. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively analyse the factors affecting squatting ability after TKA and to determine which ones are important. Patients and Methods Three hundred primary TKA cases with a minimum 3-year follow-up were retrospectively analysed. All patients received a conventional posterior-stabilized TKA implant and underwent a standard perioperative care pathway. The patients were divided into two groups according to the squatting position and knee flexion angle while weight-bearing (Group I – inability to squat group, Group II – ability to squat group). Demographic, operative, and clinical data were collected. Radiographic assessment included joint line elevation, patellar position, posterior condylar offset (PCO), etc. Statistical analysis of the effect of all the above factors on squatting ability was performed. Results The preoperative range of motion and joint line of Group I were 82.9±12.6 and 3.24±1.07, respectively, and those of Group II were 107±9.6 and 1.83±0.89 respectively. The univariate analysis showed that age, prosthesis size, preoperative ROM and joint line position were correlated with squatting ability. But in the final multivariate analysis, joint line position and preoperative ROM were independent influencing factors that affected squatting ability after TKA (p value < 0.01). Conclusion Preoperative ROM and joint line position were independent influencing factors affecting squatting ability after TKA. Patients should be counseled accordingly and be made to understand these factors. To ensure that patients can squat postoperatively, we should improve surgical techniques to control joint line elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiejian Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyang Sun
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinqiao Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.,Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisen Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.,Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.,Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.,Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
|
35
|
Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111184. [PMID: 34827177 PMCID: PMC8614653 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study adapted a customized OpenSim model aiming to analyze the loadings difference between full-squat and half-squat in novice females. The joint moment and joint angle of the hip, knee, and ankle increase significantly in the full-squat, which might increase the risks of potential injury. In the case of training, the cohort of young females could perform half-squat practice when muscle strength is insufficient. This study may present implications for the design of novice strength training programs and the formulation of rehabilitation plans. Abstract Background: Females with different practice experience may show different body postures and movement patterns while squatting in different depths, which may lead to changes of biomechanical loadings and increase the risks of injuries. Methods: Sixteen novice female participants without squat training experience participated in this study. A 3D motion capture system was used to collect the marker trajectory and ground reaction force data during bodyweight squatting in different depths. The participants’ kinematic data and joint moment were calculated using OpenSim’s inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics algorithm. In this study, authors adapted a model especially developed for squatting and customized the knee joint with extra Degree-of-Freedom (DoF) in the coronal and horizontal plane with adduction/abduction and internal/external rotation. A paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the difference of joint range of motions (ROM) and peak moments between full-squat (F-SQ) and half-squat (H-SQ). One-Dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1D) is used to analyze the difference of joint angle and moment between the process of squatting F-SQ and H-SQ. Results: (1) Compared with H-SQ, F-SQ showed larger ROM in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes (p < 0.05). (2) SPM1D found that the difference in joint angles and joint moments between F-SQ and H-SQ was mainly concentrated in the mid-stance during squatting, which suggested the difference is greatly pronounced during deeper squat. (3) Peak hip extension moment, knee extension moment, hip adduction moment, and plantar flexion moment of F-SQ were significantly higher than H-SQ (p < 0.05). (4) Difference of hip and knee extension moments and rotation moments between the F-SQ and H-SQ were exhibited during descending and ascending. Conclusions: The study found that novice women had larger range of joint motion during the F-SQ than H-SQ group, and knee valgus was observed during squatting to the deepest point. Greater joint moment was found during F-SQ and reached a peak during ascending after squatting to the deepest point. Novice women may have better movement control during H-SQ. The findings may provide implications for the selection of lower limb strength training programs, assist the scientific development of training movements, and provide reference for squat movement correction, thus reducing the risk of injury for novice women in squatting practice.
Collapse
|
|
36
|
Jarraya M, Roemer FW, Engebretsen L, Kompel AJ, Small KM, Smith SE, Guermazi A. Association of markers of patellofemoral maltracking to cartilage damage and bone marrow lesions on MRI: Data from the 2016 Olympic Games of Rio De Janeiro. Eur J Radiol Open 2021; 8:100381. [PMID: 34660850 PMCID: PMC8502704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2021.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patellofemoral joint (PFJ) disease is a common ailment in elite athletes. Our aim is to report the frequency of superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad (SHFP) edema, and PFJ cartilage damage and bone marrow lesions (BML), among Olympian athletes, and to study the association between measurements of trochlear morphology and vertical patellar position and a) PFJ cartilage damage or BML, and b) SHFP edema. Methods All knee MRI, performed in the Olympic Village and polyclinics, of participating athletes in the 2016 Olympic Games of Rio de Janeiro were included. MRI were scored for PFJ cartilage damage and BML, and SHFP edema. Trochlear morphology measurements included sulcus angle, trochlear angle, lateral trochlear inclination, and medial trochlear inclination. Insall-Salvati ratio was also assessed. Results One hundred twenty-one knee MRIs were included (62 female, 51.2 %). The highest frequencies of PFJ cartilage damage, combination of PFJ cartilage damage and BML, and SHFP edema were found among Beach Volleyball and Volleyball athletes. SHFP edema was more common among female compared to male Olympian athletes. We found no statistically significant associations between different measurements of trochlear morphology/vertical patellar position, and 1. SHFP edema, and 2. PFJ cartilage damage/BML. Conclusion SHFP edema and the combination of PFJ cartilage damage and BML are highly frequent among Olympic athletes especially those competing in Beach volleyball and Volleyball. SHFP edema is more common among female athletes. Further studies are needed to determine whether PFJ cartilage damage has a stronger association to sports disciplines rather than trochlear morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jarraya
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Frank W Roemer
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) & Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew J Kompel
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kirstin M Small
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stacy E Smith
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Radiology, VA Boston Health System, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
37
|
Sjöberg M, Berg HE, Norrbrand L, Andersen MS, Gutierrez-Farewik EM, Sundblad P, Eiken O. Comparison of Joint and Muscle Biomechanics in Maximal Flywheel Squat and Leg Press. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:686335. [PMID: 34423289 PMCID: PMC8374053 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.686335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to compare the musculoskeletal load distribution and muscle activity in two types of maximal flywheel leg-extension resistance exercises: horizontal leg press, during which the entire load is external, and squat, during which part of the load comprises the body weight. Nine healthy adult habitually strength-training individuals were investigated. Motion analysis and inverse dynamics-based musculoskeletal modelling were used to compute joint loads, muscle forces, and muscle activities. Total exercise load (resultant ground reaction force; rGRF) and the knee-extension net joint moment (NJM) were slightly and considerably greater, respectively, in squat than in leg press (p ≤ 0.04), whereas the hip-extension NJM was moderately greater in leg press than in squat (p = 0.03). Leg press was performed at 11° deeper knee-flexion angle than squat (p = 0.01). Quadriceps muscle activity was similar in squat and leg press. Both exercise modalities showed slightly to moderately greater force in the vastii muscles during the eccentric than concentric phase of a repetition (p ≤ 0.05), indicating eccentric overload. That the quadriceps muscle activity was similar in squat and leg press, while rGRF and NJM about the knee were greater in squat than leg press, may, together with the finding of a propensity to perform leg press at deeper knee angle than squat, suggest that leg press is the preferable leg-extension resistance exercise, both from a training efficacy and injury risk perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sjöberg
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans E Berg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Division for Orthopaedics and Biotechnology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Norrbrand
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael S Andersen
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Elena M Gutierrez-Farewik
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Deptartment of Engineering Mechanics, KTH BioMEx Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Sundblad
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
|
38
|
Pallarés JG, Hernández-Belmonte A, Martínez-Cava A, Vetrovsky T, Steffl M, Courel-Ibáñez J. Effects of range of motion on resistance training adaptations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1866-1881. [PMID: 34170576 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, there is a lack of consensus and high controversy about the most effective range of motion (ROM) to minimize the risk of injury and maximize the resistance training adaptations. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific evidence examining the effects of full and partial ROM resistance training interventions on neuromuscular, functional, and structural adaptations. METHODS The original protocol (CRD42020160976) was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database. Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant articles from the earliest record up to and including March 2021. The RoB 2 and GRADE tools were used to judge the level of bias and quality of evidence. Meta-analyses were performed using robust variance estimation with small-sample corrections. RESULTS Sixteen studies were finally included in the systematic review and meta-analyses. Full ROM training produced significantly greater adaptations than partial ROM on muscle strength (ES = 0.56, p = 0.004) and lower-limb hypertrophy (ES = 0.88, p = 0.027). Furthermore, although not statistically significant, changes in functional performance were maximized by the full ROM training (ES = 0.44, p = 0.186). Finally, no significant superiority of either ROM was found to produce changes in muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length (ES = 0.28, p = 0.226). CONCLUSION Full ROM resistance training is more effective than partial ROM to maximize muscle strength and lower-limb muscle hypertrophy. Likewise, functional performance appears to be favored by the use of full ROM exercises. On the contrary, there are no large differences between the full and partial ROM interventions to generate changes in muscle architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomas Vetrovsky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Steffl
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
|
39
|
Dudagoitia E, García-de-Alcaraz A, Andersen L. Safety of powerlifting: A literature review. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
|
40
|
Falk J, Aasa U, Berglund L. How accurate are visual assessments by physical therapists of lumbo-pelvic movements during the squat and deadlift? Phys Ther Sport 2021; 50:195-200. [PMID: 34098325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the accuracy of visual assessments made by physical therapists of lumbo-pelvic movements during the squat and deadlift and how much movement is considered injurious. DESIGN Quantitative Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS 14 powerlifters, 10 Olympic weightlifters and six physical therapists. SETTING The lifters were recorded simultaneously by video and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) system while performing squats and deadlifts. The physical therapists assessed the videos and rated whether specific lumbo-pelvic movements were visible during the lifts and whether the movement amplitude was considered injurious. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The nominal visual assessments, if there was a movement and if it was considered injurious, were compared to the degrees of movement attained from the IMU system. RESULTS During the squat, a posterior pelvic tilt of ≥34° was required to visually detect the movement. For other lumbo-pelvic movements, there was no significant difference in the amount of movement between those who were assessed as moving or not moving their lumbo-pelvic area, nor was there a difference in movement amplitude between those who were assessed as having an increased risk of injury or not. CONCLUSIONS Physical therapists did not consistently detect lumbo-pelvic movements during squats and deadlifts when performed by competitive lifters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Falk
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Aasa
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
|
41
|
Assessment of Back-Squat Performance at Submaximal Loads: Is the Reliability Affected by the Variable, Exercise Technique, or Repetition Criterion? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094626. [PMID: 33925379 PMCID: PMC8123869 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the between-session reliability of different performance variables during 2 variants of the Smith machine back-squat exercise. Twenty-six male wrestlers performed 5 testing sessions (a 1-repetition maximum [1RM] session, and 4 experimental sessions [2 with the pause and 2 with the rebound technique]). Each experimental session consisted of performing 3 repetitions against 5 loads (45-55-65-75-85% of the 1RM). Mean velocity (MV), mean power (MP), peak velocity (PV), and peak power (PP) variables were recorded by a linear position transducer (GymAware PowerTool). The best and average scores of the 3 repetitions were considered for statistical analyses. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 3.89% (best PV score at 55% 1 RM using the pause technique) to 10.29% (average PP score at 85% 1 RM using the rebound technique). PP showed a lower reliability than MV, MP, and PV (CVratio ≥ 1.26). The reliability was comparable between the exercise techniques (CVratio = 1.08) and between the best and average scores (CVratio = 1.04). These results discourage the use of PP to assess back-squat performance at submaximal loads. The remaining variables (MV, MP, or PV), exercise techniques (pause or rebound), and repetition criteria (best score or average score) can be indistinctly used due to their acceptable and comparable reliability.
Collapse
|
|
42
|
Bini R, Lock M, Hommelhoff G. Lower limb muscle and joint forces during front and back squats performed on a Smith machine. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-202168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Comparison of knee loads on a Smith machine, which is utilised for maintenance of health and rehabilitation, has not been attempted. OBJECTIVE: This study compared lower limb muscle and knee joint forces during front and back squats performed on a Smith Machine. METHODS: Eleven participants performed front and back squats with loads at 40%, 60% and 80% of their back squat 1-RMs. Ground reaction forces and three-dimensional full body motion were collected and used for modelling lower limb muscle and knee joint forces. RESULTS: Larger loads increased tibiofemoral compressive force during back squat at 80% compared to 40% (p< 0.01; d= 1.58) and to 60% (p< 0.01; d= 1.37). Patellofemoral compressive (p= 0.96) and tibiofemoral shear forces (p= 0.55) were not influenced by external load or type of squat. Gluteus medius and minimus produced more force at 80% compared to 60% (p= 0.01; d= 1.10) and to 40% (p< 0.01; d= 1.87) without differences for other muscles (p= 0.09–0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Greater external load was associated with increase in gluteus medius and minimus force and with increased tibiofemoral compressive force without effects on tibiofemoral shear force, patellofemoral compressive force or other lower limb muscle forces.
Collapse
|
|
43
|
Ribeiro AS, Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ. Selection of Resistance Exercises for Older Individuals: The Forgotten Variable. Sports Med 2021; 50:1051-1057. [PMID: 32008175 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training has been widely recommended as a strategy to enhance the functional autonomy and quality of life in older individuals. Among the variables that comprise a training session, the selection of exercises stands out as an important consideration for the elderly. Although a wide range of resistance exercise options exists, current guidelines generally do not indicate which exercises should be included and which muscles should be prioritized when prescribing training for older individuals. Therefore, given the lack of evidence-based information on the topic, this paper endeavors to establish recommendations to help guide the prescription of resistance exercises for older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Ribeiro
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
44
|
Möck S, Hartmann R, Wirth K, Rosenkranz G, Mickel C. Relationship Between Maximal Dynamic Force in the Deep Back Squat and Sprinting Performance in Consecutive Segments Up to 30 m. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1039-1043. [PMID: 30273292 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Möck, S, Hartmann, R, Wirth, K, Rosenkranz, G, and Mickel, C. Relationship between maximal dynamic force in the deep back squat and sprinting performance in consecutive segments up to 30 m. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1039-1043, 2021-The sprint (in track and field athletics) is characterized by a fluent transition from predominantly knee extending musculature during the initial acceleration phase toward dominance of the hamstring muscle group thereafter. Because of this change in technique, it can be assumed that there is a decrease of correlation of the maximal dynamic force of the deep back squat and sprinting performance with increasing distance. Therefore, sprinting performance for consecutive intervals (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30 m) as well as the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) were determined. Our results show statistically significant (p < 0.01) correlations for both the relationships with the absolute 1RM (r = -0.614 to -0.808) and the relative 1RM (r = -0.646 to -0.749). However, the expected decrease in correlation over distance was not found. The results show that the maximal dynamic force of hip and knee extensors are a basic performance requirement in short-distance sprinting and should be considered in training recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Möck
- Department of Exercise Science, Olympic Training and Testing Center of Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - René Hartmann
- Department of Human Movement Science and Athletic Training, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; and
| | - Gregor Rosenkranz
- Department of Sport, Health and Science, St. Marys University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Mickel
- Department of Human Movement Science and Athletic Training, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
45
|
Fritz J, Stallegger J, Fessl I, Schwameder H, Kröll J. Jumping with barbell load: Assessment of lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics during landing. J Biomech 2021; 120:110354. [PMID: 33711599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Loaded jumps are commonly used to improve leg muscle power. However, the additional load during jump-landing might increase the potential for overuse injury. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effect that barbell load has on lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics during jump-landing and to evaluate the effect of arresting the barbell load at flight apex prior to landing on joint kinematic and kinetic variables. Barbell-loaded squat jumps (20, 40, and 60 kg) were investigated during two jump-landing conditions: 1) barbell-loaded (landing with barbell load) and 2) barbell-arrested (barbell load arrested at flight apex prior to jump-landing). Lower body kinematics and joint kinetics were assessed during jump-landing. In the barbell-loaded jump-landing condition, joint angles at initial contact decreased with increasing barbell load. Knee and hip peak power decreased (knee: -38%; hip: -46%), while ankle joint work increased with increasing barbell load. Joint moments, powers and work were decreased in the barbell-arrested condition compared to the barbell-loaded condition. Barbell-loaded jump-landings do not pose increased demands on the knee and the hip joint compared to bodyweight only jump-landings, due to the load-based reductions in jump height and joint kinematic adaptions. However, ankle joint contribution in energy dissipation is increased, possibly resulting in an increased overuse injury risk at this joint. Arresting the barbell load at flight apex prior to jump-landing substantially reduces the joint kinetics, hence serving as valuable training tool for athletes returning to sport after injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Fritz
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria.
| | - Julian Stallegger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Isabella Fessl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Hermann Schwameder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Josef Kröll
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
|
46
|
Effect of Pause Versus Rebound Techniques on Neuromuscular and Functional Performance After a Prolonged Velocity-Based Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:927-933. [PMID: 33561819 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A variation of the traditional squat (SQ) rebound technique (REBOUND) including a momentary pause ∼2 seconds (PAUSE) between eccentric and concentric phases has been proposed. Although there is a consensus about the lower acute effects on performance of this PAUSE variant compared with traditional REBOUND technique, no information exists about the differences in longitudinal adaptations of these SQ executions. METHODS A total of 26 men were randomly assigned into the PAUSE (n = 13) or REBOUND (n = 13) groups and completed a 10-week velocity-based training using the SQ exercise, only differing in the technique. Neuromuscular adaptations were assessed by the changes in the 1-repetition maximum strength and mean propulsive velocity achieved against the absolute loads (in kilograms) common to pretest and posttest. Functional performance was evaluated by the following tests: countermovement jump, Wingate, and sprint time at 0 to 10, 10 to 20, and 0 to 20 m. RESULTS Whereas both groups showed significant increases in most of the neuromuscular tests (P < .05), the PAUSE (effect size [ES] = 0.76-1.12) presented greater enhancements than REBOUND (ES = 0.45-0.92). Although not significant, improvements in Wingate and sprint time at 0 to 10 and 0 to 20 m were higher for PAUSE (ES = 0.31-0.46) compared with REBOUND (ES = 0.10-0.29). Conversely, changes on countermovement jump and sprint time at 10 to 20 m were superior for REBOUND (ES = 0.17-0.88) than for PAUSE (ES = 0.09-0.75). CONCLUSION Imposing a pause between eccentric and concentric phases in the SQ exercise could be an interesting strategy to increase neuromuscular and functional adaptations in sport actions that mainly depend on concentric contractions. Moreover, sport abilities highly dependent on the stretch-shortening cycle could benefit from the REBOUND or a combination of the 2 techniques.
Collapse
|
|
47
|
Yanagisawa O, Oshikawa T, Adachi G, Matsunaga N, Kaneoka K. Acute effects of varying squat depths on lumbar intervertebral disks during high‐load barbell back squat exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:350-357. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yanagisawa
- Faculty of Business Information Sciences Jobu University Isesaki Japan
| | - Tomoki Oshikawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Gen Adachi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan
- Baseball & Sports Clininc Kawasaki Japan
| | - Naoto Matsunaga
- General Education Core Curriculum Division Seigakuin University Ageo Japan
| | - Koji Kaneoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
|
48
|
Ołowiana E, Selkow N, Laudner K, Puciato D, Bączkowicz D. Vibroarthrographic analysis of patellofemoral joint arthrokinematics during squats with increasing external loads. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:51. [PMID: 32874592 PMCID: PMC7457288 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The patellofemoral joint (PFJ) provides extremely low kinetic friction, which results in optimal arthrokinematic motion quality. Previous research showed that these friction-reducing properties may be diminished due to the increase in articular contact forces. However, this phenomenon has not been analyzed in vivo during functional daily-living activities. The aim of this study was the vibroarthrographic assessment of changes in PFJ arthrokinematics during squats with variated loads. Methods 114 knees from 57 asymptomatic subjects (23 females and 34 males) whose ages ranged from 19 to 26 years were enrolled in this study. Participants were asked to perform 3 trials: 4 repetitions of bodyweight squats (L0), 4 repetitions of 10 kg barbell back loaded squats (L10), 4 repetitions of 20 kg barbell back loaded squats (L20). During the unloaded and loaded (L10, L20) squats, vibroarthrographic signals were collected using an accelerometer placed on the patella and were described by the following parameters: variation of mean square (VMS), mean range (R4), and power spectral density for frequency of 50–250 Hz (P1) and 250–450 Hz (P2). Results Obtained results showed that the lowest values were noted in the unloaded condition and that the increased applied loads had a significant concomitant increase in all the aforementioned parameters bilaterally (p < 0.05). Conclusion This phenomenon indicates that the application of increasing knee loads during squats corresponds to higher intensity of vibroacoustic emission, which might be related to higher contact stress and kinetic friction as well as diminished arthrokinematic motion quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Ołowiana
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76, PL-45-578 Opole, Poland
| | - Noelle Selkow
- Illinois State University, School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Normal, IL USA
| | - Kevin Laudner
- Beth El College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO USA
| | - Daniel Puciato
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76, PL-45-578 Opole, Poland
| | - Dawid Bączkowicz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76, PL-45-578 Opole, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
|
49
|
Zavala L, Flores V, Cotter JA, Becker J. Patellofemoral joint kinetics in females when using different depths and loads during the barbell back squat. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:976-984. [PMID: 32781938 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1806935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Back squats are a common strengthening exercise for knee and hip musculature. However, repetitive loaded movements like backs squats result in high patellofemoral joint loading and therefore may contribute to the development of common overuse injuries. Thus, it is important to understand how changing parameters such as squat depth or load influences patellofemoral loading. This study investigated differences in patellofemoral loading when experienced female lifters squatted to three depths (above parallel, parallel, and below parallel) and with three loads (unloaded, 50%, and 85% of depth-specific one repetition maximums). Patellofemoral joint reaction forces (pfJRF) and stresses (pfJS) were calculated from biomechanical models incorporating knee extensor moments (KEM) and joint angles. Peak KEMs displayed a depth-by-load interaction such that within each depth, as load increased so did peak KEM. However, within each load, the effects of depth were different. Peak pfJRF also increased with load and was higher at below parallel than above or parallel depths. Peak pfJS also displayed a depth-by-load interaction, increasing with load within a given depth, and being greatest at the below parallel depths within a given load. If patellofemoral joint loading is a concern, clinicians or coaches should carefully monitor the depth and load combinations being used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Zavala
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Victoria Flores
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Joshua A Cotter
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - James Becker
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
50
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two resistance training programs including either a deadlift or a parallel squat on lower body maximal strength and power in resistance trained males. Twenty-five resistance trained men were randomly assigned to a deadlift group (DE; n = 14; age = 24.3 ± 4.1 y; body mass = 84.8 ± 14.2 kg; body height = 180.3 ± 6.8 cm) or to a squat group (SQ; n = 11; age = 22.3 ± 1.6 y; body mass = 83.0 ± 13.6 kg; body height 179.9 ± 6.1 cm). Both groups trained 3 times per week for 6 weeks. The deadlift and the squat were the only lower body maximal strength exercises performed by DE and SQ groups, respectively, while both training programs included jumps. A significantly (p = 0.017) greater increase in deadlift 1RM was observed in the DE compared to the SQ group, while the SQ group obtained a significantly (p = 0.049) greater increase in squat 1RM. A significant increase in jump performance (p = 0.010), without significant interactions between groups (p = 0.552), was observed in both groups. Three participants of the DE group developed lower back pain and were excluded from the study. Results indicate that both the squat and the deadlift can result in similar improvement in lower body maximal strength and jump performance and can be successfully included in strength training programs. The incidence of back pain in the DE group may suggest a marked stress of this exercise on the lower back. Proper technique should be used to minimize the risk of injury, especially when the deadlift is performed.
Collapse
|