Calycosin (CA) is a flavonoid natural product that may effectively treats acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but its mechanism is unclear.

Targets related to AMI and CA were identified using the GEO database, SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper and literature searches. Protein-protein interactions analysis and Cytoscape were used to screen the core targets of CA for AMI treatment. Enrichment analysis identified biological pathways linked to AMI and potential mechanisms of CA. Immune infiltration analysis was used to explore the role of immune cells in AMI and the correlation between core targets and immune cells. And further validated in AMI rats with ligated left anterior descending.

Bioinformatics identified relevant targets and biological mechanisms of AMI, and network pharmacology revealed 31 potential targets affected by CA, with NLRP3, IL-18, IL-1β, MMP9, and TLR4 as core targets. Enrichment analysis demonstrated the biological roles of these potential targets and NLRP3, IL1β and IL18 were selected for further analysis. Immune infiltration analysis showed that both NLRP3 and IL-1β were closely associated with monocytes, mast cells activated and neutrophils, and IL-18 was closely associated with monocytes. CA exerted cardioprotective effects in AMI rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reducing IL-18 and IL-1β levels, improving cardiac function and attenuating myocardial injury and fibrosis.

CA effectively protects cardiac function and mitigates myocardial injury in post-AMI rats, probably through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.

Epidemiological evidence has shown that the regular ingestion of vegetables and fruits is associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases. The introduction of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) principle into animal experiments has led to the use of valid, cost-effective, and efficient alternative and complementary invertebrate animal models which are simpler and lower in the phylogenetic hierarchy. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a nematode with a much simpler anatomy and physiology compared to mammals, share similarities with humans at the cellular and molecular levels, thus making it a valid model organism in neurotoxicology. This review explores the versatility of C. elegans in elucidating the neuroprotective mechanisms elicited by food bioactive compounds against neurotoxic effects of food- and environmental-related contaminants. Several signaling pathways linked to the molecular basis of neuroprotection exerted by bioactive compounds in chemically induced or transgenic C. elegans models of neurodegenerative diseases are also discussed. Specifically, the modulatory effects of bioactive compounds on the DAF-16/FoxO and SKN-1/Nrf2 signaling pathways, stress resistance- and autophagy-related genes, and antioxidant defense enzyme activities were highlighted. Altogether, C. elegans represent a valuable model in nutritional neuroscience for the identification of promising neuroprotective agents and neurotherapeutic targets which could help in overcoming the limitations of current therapeutic agents for neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases.

As living standards rise, health has become a top concern, and the issue of obesity has drawn extensive attention. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), the key active component of Astragalus, have emerged as a promising subject in weight-loss research. Recent breakthroughs in APS studies-such as its dual regulatory effects on gut microbiota and metabolic pathways, novel insights into its anti-inflammatory mechanisms via TLR4/NF-κB signaling, and synergistic interactions with other herbal compounds-warrant an updated synthesis of current knowledge. Previous reviews on APS and obesity have predominantly focused on isolated mechanisms (e.g., lipid metabolism or inflammation), yet a comprehensive analysis integrating its multi-target effects, comparative advantages over conventional anti-obesity drugs, and clinical translation challenges remains lacking. This review uniquely consolidates advances in APS research over the past five years, emphasizing its holistic action on inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and gut dysbiosis. By systematically comparing APS with pharmacological and nutritional interventions, we highlight its potential as a natural, low-toxicity alternative with multi-organ regulatory capabilities. Furthermore, we address critical gaps in bioavailability optimization and clinical validation, providing a roadmap for future research and therapeutic development.

Shengxuebao Mixture (SXB) is a traditional Chinese medicine which has been widely used on treating Chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and multiple anemia. It remains unclear whether SXB has a role in chemotherapeutic-induced anemia (CIA).

Our aim was to investigate whether SXB has a therapeutic effect on anemia caused by chemotherapy drug Carboplatin (CBP) and to explore its possible mechanisms.

Anemia was established by tail vein injection of carboplatin. SXB (5.85 mL/kg, 11.7 mL/kg and 23.45 mL/kg) were administered by intragastric gavage. The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of SXB on carboplatin -induced anemia were clarified by blood routine test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, histopathology staining, proteomics analysis and Western blot analyses.

This study demonstrated that SXB restored the hematological parameters (RBC, PLT, HGB, and HCT) and alleviated carboplatin-induced anemia through amelioration of bone marrow pathological alterations, expansion of hematopoietic area, elevation of nucleated cell count, modulation of hematopoietic regulatory factors, and enhancement of hematopoietic stem cell proportion. The mechanism that SXB ameliorated carboplatin-induced anemia was related to its effects on regulating bone marrow cell apoptosis and ferroptosis.

In summary, our findings suggested that SXB had a significant protective effect against carboplatin-induced anemia in mice. Further investigations concerning constituent-specific effects and comprehensive mechanistic elucidation are required in the future study.

Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases are pathophysiologically interconnected. In the past, researchers have mainly focused on developing one herbal medicine treatment. Single herb often fails to address the multifactorial pathology of these diseases. The pathogenesis and progression of the disease are complex, making the therapeutic effect of a single herb potentially limiting. Traditional Chinese medicine emphasizes herb pairs, which enhance therapeutic efficacy through synergistic interactions.

This review focused on the mechanisms and potential clinical applications of Chinese herb pairs such as Astragali Radix-Carthami Flos, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Notoginseng Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Carthami Flos, Astragali Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Notoginseng Radix-Carthami Flos, and Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, as well as provided a scientific basis for clinical applications of Chinese herb pairs.

A systematic search and collection of studies on Chinese herb pairs in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was carried out using electronic databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Wan Fang Database, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science. The keywords searched included Chinese herb pairs, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, Astragali Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Carthami Flos, Notoginseng Radix, and so on.

Studies revealed that the Chinese herb pairs had more beneficial effects than single herb and demonstrated a variety of roles in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Preclinical studies indicated that Chinese herb pairs are more effective than single herb in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by modulating disease-related pathways and molecular targets. Further research is needed to fully explore their potential. The review also outlined the potential clinical applications of these Chinese herb pairs, highlighting their safety and efficacy.

Chinese herb pairs showed good promise as an alternative therapy for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases due to their multi-component and multi-target characteristics. Consequently, further research was necessary to fully explore the potential of Chinese herb pairs in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, based on the current data.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss, and there is a lack of ideal treatment options. The damage and shedding of hair follicles are closely associated with niche dysregulation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, microvascular damage, and persistent inflammation. In this study, a biocomposite microneedle system comprising hypoxic extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated selenium nanozyme (Se-HEVs-AMN) was designed to create a favorable perifollicular microenvironment. The novel Se-HEVs-AMN biocomposite patch features microneedles with sufficient mechanical strength, tailored dissolution properties, and a convenient detachable backing layer. The microneedles are modified with Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) and loaded with hypoxia-induced EVs containing selenium nanozyme. When applied to the dorsal skin of AGA mice, the microneedles rapidly dissolve, releasing active ingredients that increase hair density and enlarge hair follicle diameter through regulating inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, scavenging ROS, and resisting androgen.

To address the identification challenges caused by morphological similarities in Root and Rhizome Chinese Herbal (RRCH), this study developed a discrimination system integrating Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) with multimodal machine learning. 53 kinds of RRCH collected from China were analyzed using ATR-FTIR to acquire spectral fingerprints. An innovative analytical framework was established, combining chemometric Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) with optimized machine learning models: t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), optimized decision trees, optimized discriminant analysis, naive Bayes, optimized SVM, optimized KNN, SVM kernels, and optimized ensemble learning. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct spatial distribution patterns of chemical characteristics among the 53 RRCH species. t-SNE projections demonstrated significant cluster separation in two-dimensional feature space, confirming strong correlations between spectral fingerprints and phytochemical compositions. The SVM model outperformed others, achieving 100 % classification accuracy on both training and validation sets, with a markedly shorter identification time compared to PLS-DA. This ATR-FTIR-machine learning hybrid system enables high-throughput authentication of RRCH and establishes a scalable technical framework for herbal quality standardization. The methodology provides critical insights into chemical marker discovery through vibrational spectrum-feature relationship mapping, advancing intelligent discrimination of botanically similar medicinal materials.

Abnormal tumor blood vessels can significantly promote the malignant progression of tumors, prompting researchers to focus on drugs that normalize these vessels for clinical treatment. The combination of the Qi-tonifying drug Astragali Radix and the blood-activating drug Curcumae Rhizoma, referred to as AC, exhibited significant anti-tumor metastasis effects. However, the association between the anti-tumor metastasis effect of AC and its potential role in regulating tumor vascular remodeling warrants further exploration.

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism through which AC induces tumor blood vessel normalization in colon cancer (CC).

The potential active components of AC were identified through UPLC-MS/MS. An orthotopic transplantation model of CC was established in BALB/c mice using the CT26-Lucifer cell line, and the effects of AC were evaluated using IVIS imaging, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and immunohistochemistry. Network pharmacology and molecular biology analyses were employed to identify the potential direct targets of AC. Subsequently, RT-PCR and Western blotting techniques were utilized to validate the findings obtained from network pharmacology. Furthermore, ELISA and other methodologies were used to investigate glycolysis-related indicators, along with immunofluorescence technology to demonstrate changes in vascular leakage and perfusion characteristics associated with blood vessel normalization.

We identified HIF-1α as a potential direct target of AC. This interaction influences the glycolytic processes in both tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) by directly binding to HIF-1α and modulating its nuclear translocation, thereby determining the integrity of TEC junctions. Mechanistically, AC directly regulates the key enzyme PFKFB3 in glycolysis by modulating HIF-1α expression and inhibiting its nuclear translocation. This action reduces tumor glycolytic flux, decreases the internalization of VE-cad, and influences the expression of downstream matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby strengthening the adherens and tight junctions between TECs and restoring vascular integrity.

This study presents novel findings that AC can regulate glycolysis through the inhibition of HIF-1α nuclear translocation, thereby promoting the normalization of tumor blood vessels and effectively inhibiting tumor metastasis. These results suggested that AC may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for normalizing tumor blood vessels.

Occupational and unintentional exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) raises concerns regarding their neurotoxic potential and there is an urgent need for the development of effective agents to protect against the toxic effects of ZnONPs. Astragalus memeranaceus (AM), a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine, as well as its bioactive components, showing a potential neuroprotective function. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of bioactive components of AM against ZnONPs-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and its underlying mechanisms. The cell apoptosis, ROS generation, MMP changes, mitochondrial fission/fusion, biogenesis, and mitophagy were assessed. In this study, AM treatment inhibited ZnONPs-induced cell apoptosis and ROS overproduction in SH-SY5Y cells. And astragaloside IV (ASIV) played a dominant role in the attenuation of cytotoxicity after ZnONPs exposure, rather than flavonoids and polysaccharides. ASIV treatment significantly reduced ROS generation and MMP collapse in ZnONPs-exposed cells. Furthermore, the protein expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α), fusion (Mfn1 and Mfn2), and fission (Drp1) were markedly increased. Meanwhile, the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was activated after ASIV administration, which ameliorated ZnONPs-induced SH-SY5Y cell death. Collectively, ASIV administration mitigated ZnONPs-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through restoring mitochondrial quality control process, which hinted the protective role of ASIV in ZnONPs-induced neurotoxicity.

Fangji Huangqi Tang (FHT) is a traditional prescription frequently utilized in clinical practice, with a wide range of clinical applications and good therapeutic effects. Quality control of FHT is difficult because Chinese medicine compounds usually contain a vast array of components characterized by significant structural diversity. A quick and accurate method to determine the content of active constituents in FHT was essential, by which the purpose of quality control and efficacy assessment could be achieved. A method utilizing UHPLC-QqQ-MS technology in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was established to quantify 14 bioactive components in FHT simultaneously. These analytes included tetrandrine, fangchinoline, calycosin, calycosin-7-glucoside, medicarpin, formononetin, atractylenolide I, atractylenolide II, atractylenolide III, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid. And to our knowledge, the content of calycosin, medicarpin, formononetin, and atractylenolide II in FHT was reported for the first time in this paper. The method was thoroughly validated for stable and reliable application regarding specificity, linearity, precision, stability, repeatability, and accuracy. The established method allowed the simultaneous determination of 14 bioactive components with diverse structures and trace amounts in FHT, ultimately achieving the quality control and assessment of FHT for its safe and appropriate clinical use.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Astragalus root extract on nurses suffering from post-COVID-19 chronic fatigue syndrome.

The study was designed as a triple-blind, randomised, controlled trial in Iran in 2023. 64 chronic fatigue syndrome nurses were randomly assigned to one of two groups: an intervention group (n=32) that received Astragalus root extract (500 mg two times per day) or a control group (n=32) that received a placebo. Changes in chronic fatigue syndrome scores were measured before to, at the end of and 1 month after the intervention. Data were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics (T-tests, χ2, analysis of variances, Cochran's Q tests, McNemar and generalised estimating equations).

In comparison to before, chronic fatigue prevalence decreased statistically significantly at the end of the intervention group (13.8%) and 1 month later (17.2%). Further, the frequency differed between before and after (p=0.0001) and 1 month later (p=0.0001). In the control group, chronic fatigue was statistically significantly different before and after the intervention (72.2%; p=0.003). Having an underlying disease (B=0.84, OR=2.33; p=0.04) and being in the control group (B=2.15, OR=12.36; p=0.01) increased the risk of chronic fatigue, whereas increasing the length of time decreased it (B=-0.67, OR=0.50; p=0.0001).

Astragalus root extract has been shown to reduce chronic fatigue in nurses. Therefore, this herbal extract can be used to reduce the incidence and treatment of chronic fatigue in nurses.

The present study investigates the anti-skin-aging properties and bioactive compounds of the aerial parts of Astragalus membranaceus, which are typically discarded as agricultural waste. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified flavonoid glycosides as the major constituents of the aerial parts of A. membranaceus extract. Two principal flavonoids, astraflavonoid A (1) and astraside C (2), were isolated using repetitive chromatography. Compounds 1 and 2 demonstrated antioxidative properties, reducing reactive oxygen species and matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels in human dermal fibroblasts upon stimulation with TNF-α. Specifically, astraside C (2) inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, whereas astraflavonoid A (1) did not affect their expression. Additionally, the expression of inflammatory mediators such as nuclear factor kappa B and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was increased by 1, whereas it was suppressed by 2. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking experiments confirmed that compound 2 effectively binds to COX-2. These findings suggest that the aerial parts of A. membranaceus contain bioactive flavonol glycosides with promising anti-skin-aging properties, offering valuable use as agricultural byproducts.

Astragalus membranaceus, a plant that has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, is widely regarded as one of the most valuable herbs in this medicinal tradition. It is commonly referred to as the "yellow leader", a designation that stems from the yellow hue of its most significant organ, the root, and its adaptogenic properties. The plant Astragalus is renowned for its abundance of active components, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, saponins, and an array of trace elements. It has been demonstrated that the administration of Astragalus can prevent cellular aging, owing to its diverse range of actions that provide protection to the body from both external and internal factors. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties of this plant contribute to the maintenance of good skin condition, preventing atrophy of subcutaneous tissue and degeneration of facial bones. Systemic actions encompass the maintenance of function and protection of the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, digestive, excretory, immune, and endocrine systems. This article reviews the composition of Astragalus membranaceus and the beneficial effects of its root extract and its active substances on the whole body, with a particular focus on the anti-aging effects on the skin.

Radiotherapy can damage hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in bone marrow, leading to impaired hematopoietic function. Current treatments mainly target differentiated hematopoietic progenitor cells, which may accelerate their depletion. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), derived from Astragalus membranaceus, shows potential in hematopoiesis, but its direct effects on HSC remain unclear.

The study employed both in vitro and in vivo approaches. In vitro experiments utilized K562 cells and mouse bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNCs) to evaluate AS-IV's effects on cell proliferation and mitochondrial function. In vivo studies involved a 4.0 Gy total body irradiation mouse model treated with different doses of AS-IV (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The mechanism of action was investigated through Western blot, flow cytometry, and metabolomics analyses. The AMPK/PGC1α pathway regulation was verified using AMPK inhibitors and mutant plasmid, with molecular docking confirming AS-IV's direct binding to AMPK.

In vitro studies demonstrated that AS-IV significantly promoted the proliferation of K562 cells and BMNC while enhancing their mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and ATP production. In the irradiated mouse model, AS-IV treatment led to significant improvements in peripheral blood cell counts, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and hemoglobin levels. Further investigation revealed that AS-IV increased the proportion of HSC in both bone marrow and spleen while improving their mitochondrial function. Transcriptomic sequencing and Western blot analysis identified the AMPK/PGC1α signaling pathway as the key mechanism underlying AS-IV-mediated mitochondrial enhancement. These findings were validated through pharmacological inhibition of AMPK and AMPKK45R mutation experiments.

AS-IV accelerates hematopoietic reconstruction following radiation injury via activation of the AMPK/PGC1α signaling pathway, which enhances HSC mitochondrial function.

House dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) is a significant global health issue, leading to considerable illness and disability worldwide. In traditional Chinese medicine, Modified Yupingfeng Nasal Spray (MYN) is believed to support defense systems, and regulate immune defense systems.

Previous research has shown that both MYN and mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFN) can alleviate symptoms of HDM-induced AR. However, the safety and onset time of MYN compared to MFN for treating HDM-induced AR remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the onset time, safety, and potential mechanisms of MYN and MFN in the treatment of HDM-induced AR.

In a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-arm trial, 207 patients with AR who tested positive for HDMs allergens (≥2+) were randomly assigned to receive either MYN or MFN treatment. The primary endpoint was the onset time of AR remission. Additionally, 9 patients were randomly selected from each group to investigate potential mechanisms.

Compared to MFN (12.05 ± 1.07 days), MYN (21.56 ± 1.92 days) had a slower onset time in controlling AR symptoms. However, there was no significant difference in cumulative remission of AR between MYN and MFN after 77 days of treatment. At the end of the study, no significant difference in disease control rates was observed between MYN (89.00%) and MFN (96.04%) (P > 0.05). MYN treatment significantly increased PTEN mRNA levels in nasal mucosal epithelial cells and serum IL-10, while reducing NF-κΒ and TSLP levels in nasal lavage fluid, as well as serum IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05).

Both MYN and MFN effectively reduce AR symptoms; however, MFN acts more quickly than MYN in relieving these symptoms, while MYN is associated with fewer side effects. The therapeutic effects of MYN may be linked to the regulation of the PTEN/NF-κB/TSLP signaling pathway.

Qiwenghuangbo powder (QP), composed of Astragalus, Phellodendron chinensis, and Radix pulsatilla, is a traditional Chinese herbal formula, but its effects on weaned piglets remained unclear.

Weaned piglets fed with 0.5 kg/t QP (QP1), 1 kg/t QP (QP2), low-zinc oxide (ZnO; negative control), and high-ZnO (positive control) diets in two phases, respectively, and the growth performance, intestinal morphology, cytokines, and microbial communities were profiled. The mouse models of colitis induced by Citrobacter rodentium and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were employed to elucidate the potential role of QP-fed enriched key species.

Dietary 1.0 kg/t QP alleviated diarrhea and inflammation and improved intestinal development and growth performance of weaned piglets. Moreover, this dietary intervention notably altered microbiota composition, characterized by the enrichment of Limosilactobacillus reuteri. Furthermore, out of three isolated L. reuteri, two strains could alleviate pathogen infection and intestinal inflammation, respectively. Specifically, the anti-inflammatory effect of one strain was achieved by promoting the colonization resistance of C. rodentium as significantly reduced pathogen loads. The other strain mitigated DSS-induced colitis by enhancing the goblet cell function and inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-1β (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).

Dietary QP improved the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets by promoting the colonization of L. reuteri. The isolated commensal L. reuteri control colitis in a strain-specific mechanism, highlighting the potential of QP and L. reuteri in providing evidence for gut health promotion.

We studied the protective effects of Radix Astragali (RA) on gastric ulcer (GU). A literature search was conducted using databases from Web of Science, PubMed, Springer, ScienceDirect, Science Direct Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang. The inclusion criteria for this study were limited to reports on the effects of RA, AS-IV, cycloastragenol, astragalus polysaccharide (APS), and astragalosides (AST) in the treatment of gastric ulcers. Any studies involving gastric lesions that were precancerous or cancerous were eliminated. The search period was from database inception through June 2024. The results suggested RA hold promiseas potential novel therapeutics for the therapy of GU.

Astragali radix (HQ) is a herb with rich medicinal and edible value. Wild-simulated HQ (FYS) and Transplanted HQ (PZ) are its currently two primary forms available in the market. Metabolomics was employed to investigate their intricate metabolic variations under various cultivation methods and growth years. Notable similarities were observed in their metabolic changes across various growth years. Specifically, saponins was higher in the early growth phase, while flavonoids increased in the later. Additionally, comparative analysis of HQ samples from different cultivation methods indicated that FYS generally exhibited different chemical characteristics compared to PZ within the same market circulation period, and Calycosin-7-O-Glc-6"-O-acetate and Cycloastragenol-H2O might be used to discriminant them (the content of Calycosin-7-O-Glc-6"-O-acetate and Cycloastragenol-H2O was higher in FYS than in PZ). This approach elucidates the dynamic change pattern of characteristic metabolites and pinpoints potential biomarkers for both FYS and PZ, thereby enhancing our understanding of these medicinal materials.

Astragali Radix (AR), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is derived from the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao (A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, AMM) or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge (A. membranaceus, AM). According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, AR is believed to tonify qi, elevate yang, consolidate the body's surface to reduce sweating, promote diuresis and reduce swelling, generate body fluids, and nourish the blood. It has been widely used to treat general weakness and chronic illnesses and to improve overall vitality. Extensive research has identified various medicinal properties of AR, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, cardiovascular-protective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects. With advancements in technology, methods such as computer-aided drug design (CADD) and artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly being applied to the development of TCM. This review summarizes the progress of research on AR over the past decades, providing a comprehensive overview of its traditional efficacy, botanical characteristics, drug design and distribution, chemical constituents, and phytochemistry. This review aims to enhance researchers' understanding of AR and its pharmaceutical potential, thereby facilitating further development and utilization.

Diabetic wounds are a significant clinical challenge due to impaired healing processes often exacerbated by elevated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Cinnamomum zeylanicum, known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has shown potential in promoting wound healing. This study investigates the molecular docking and experimental validation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum's effects on diabetic wound healing, focusing on its interaction with matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) and 9 (MMP-9).

Molecular docking studies were performed to predict the binding affinity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum compounds to MMP-8 and MMP-9. Diabetic wound healing was evaluated using in vivo models where wounds were induced and treated with Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract. Various parameters were measured, including wound contraction, hydroxyproline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Biochemical analyses included glucose levels, fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and histomorphological examination of skin tissues.

Molecular docking results indicated a high binding affinity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum's bioactive compounds with MMP-8 and MMP-9, suggesting potential inhibition. Experimental validation showed significant improvement in wound contraction and increased hydroxyproline content, indicating enhanced collagen synthesis. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPx, CAT) were significantly elevated, while MDA levels were reduced, reflecting decreased oxidative stress. Biochemical analysis demonstrated improved glucose homeostasis with reduced FBG and enhanced OGTT responses. Histomorphological studies revealed improved tissue architecture and re-epithelialization in treated wounds.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum exhibits promising potential in diabetic wound healing by modulating MMP-8 and MMP-9 activities, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and improving glucose regulation. These findings support its therapeutic application for diabetic wounds, providing a foundation for further clinical investigations.

Traditional knowledge has long provided natural solutions for disease prevention and treatment, complementing modern medicine. Mosla japonica (Korean mint) has been traditionally valued for its pesticidal, dehumidifying, anti-swelling, and detoxifying properties. This study explores its anti-inflammatory potential using M. japonica extract (MJE) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and evaluates its safety for human skin applications. MJE significantly reduced inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and key cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner. It also suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2, enzymes crucial for inflammation. Mechanistically, MJE inhibited NF-κB activation by stabilizing IκBα, thereby reducing inflammation-related gene expression. Additionally, it downregulated ERK, JNK, and p38 in the MAPK signaling pathway, further contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects. A primary skin irritation test confirmed MJE's safety, showing no significant skin reactions at 100 μg/mL. These findings highlight MJE's strong anti-inflammatory properties and potential for dermatological applications. This study underscores the pharmacological value of M. japonica and its integration into modern scientific research, aligning with global biodiversity frameworks such as the Nagoya Protocol. Future research may further expand its applications in medicine and skincare.

In recent years, viral pneumonia has become a significant challenge to global public health, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Viral pneumonia can be caused by various viruses, including influenza virus, RSV, and adenovirus. These viruses trigger inflammatory responses by invading the respiratory epithelial cells, leading to lung damage. Existing antiviral drugs such as ribavirin, adobiravir, and oseltamivir exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting different stages of the viral life cycle but face issues such as increasing drug resistance. Natural components like astragalus saponins, Houttuynia cordata flavonoids, and tea theaflavin-gallates have demonstrated supportive roles in antiviral treatments, capable of not only enhancing immune responses but also potentially inhibiting viral replication through multiple pathways, thereby alleviating lung damage. Although natural components cannot entirely replace traditional antiviral drugs, their role in comprehensive treatment regimens is becoming increasingly important. This review summarizes the current applications and limitations of antiviral drugs and explores the research progress and potential mechanisms of natural components in the treatment of viral pneumonia.

Fermentation of Astragalus by Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus coagulans can increase the release of active components and degrade its macromolecular substances. This study investigated the effect of fermentation products (Astragalus + L. plantarum + B. coagulans, ALB) on largemouth bass. We specifically focused on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal microbial diversity, intestinal enzyme activity, immune gene expression and resistance to infections by Aeromonas hydrophila and largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBRaV). The largemouth bass were divided into five groups based on the amount of ALB added to the feed as following, (1) ALB0 (no ALB, ALB0.5 [0.5% addition of ALB], ALB1 [1% addition of ALB], ALB3 [3% addition of ALB], ALB5 [5% addition of ALB]). The feeding trial spanned 28 days. Comprehensively comparing the feeding results of different ALB concentration, the ALB0.5 group showed the best effect. The ALB0.5 group had significantly increased weight gain rate, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, digestive enzymes activities of lipase, trypsin and increased intestinal villi and thickness of muscularis propria. And it decreased feed conversion ratio, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of largemouth bass. Furthermore, the ALB0.5 group improved the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Increased abundance of dominant phylum and genus in the intestine of largemouth bass included Fusobacteria and Cetobacterium, which promoted the growth and immune performance of largemouth bass. After infection with A. hydrophila and LMBRaV, the survival rates were higher in ALB addition experimental groups than in the ALB0 group, respectively. And the survival rate of ALB0.5 group was higher than other groups. Meanwhile, the ALB added to the feed could regulated the immune gene expression (Mx, IRF-3, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10), which also promoted the largemouth bass resistance to disease. In summary, adding 0.5% ALB to the diet of largemouth bass can boost its growth performance, immune genes expression, intestinal health and disease resistance.

Astragalus extract plays a dual role in gut microbiome regulation and ammonia (NH3) emission mitigation in laying hens. This study explored its effects through feeding experiments, with a focus on gut microbial metabolic pathways and NH3 reduction mechanisms. To achieve this, both in vitro fermentation experiments and in vivo feeding trials were conducted. In the in vitro study, cecal contents from laying hens were incubated with different concentrations of AE and Yucca extract (YE) to evaluate NH3 production, while in the feeding trial, 58-week-old Lohmann Pink laying hens were allocated into three groups (control, 0.1% YE, and 0.1% AE) and housed in controlled-environment respiration chambers for 21 days. Measurements included NH3 emissions, serum biochemical indices, immune parameters, gut physicochemical properties, and 16S rRNA-based microbiota analysis. Results showed that Astragalus extract reduced NH3 emissions by 29.3%, achieved by lowering urease and uricase activities and promoting the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. Additionally, it significantly enhanced gut immune function by increasing intestinal immunoglobulin levels. Microbial community analysis revealed an increased relative abundance of Bacteroides, Muribaculaceae, and Faecalibacterium, which are negatively correlated with NH3 emissions. These microbial shifts improved ammonium nitrogen utilization via the upregulation of CTP synthase and GMP synthase activities, contributing to higher NH3 reduction efficiency. This study highlights Astragalus extract as a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to regulate gut microbiota, optimize nitrogen metabolism, and mitigate NH3 emissions in laying hens.

Astragali Radix (AR), a traditional food and medicinal herb used for thousands of years, is widely recognized for its role in enhancing immunity, particularly when combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. The two primary types of AR available in the market are imitation wild AR (grown for seven years) and cultivated AR (grown for two years). However, whether differences exist in their immune-enhancing effects and chemical constituents remains unclear. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the immune activity and chemical composition of cultivated and imitation wild AR. Immune activity was assessed through in vivo animal studies, while metabolomic analysis was used to characterize their chemical profiles. The results demonstrate that AR possesses significant antitumor and immune-enhancing activities, with imitation wild AR showing superior efficacy compared with cultivated AR. Following 16 days of daily AR treatment, both the thymus and spleen coefficients were significantly increased, effectively reversing the immune dysfunction induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Moreover, the administration of AR showed no significant toxicity, as evidenced by the stable liver and kidney function indicators, including ALT, UREA, and CRE levels. To investigate chemical differences, a customized chemotaxonomic-based in-house library containing 215 compounds was developed and integrated with the Progenesis QI informatics platform for metabolite annotation. Using multivariate analysis, 48 constituents were identified in total: 46 unique to the imitation wild AR and 45 specific to the cultivated AR. The correlation between chemical constituents and the pharmacological effects of AR was evaluated. Based on orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and S-plot analysis, five potential biomarkers were identified, including Calycosin-7-glucoside, Rhamnocitrin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Ononin, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, and Acetylastragaloside I. These biomarkers likely account for the differences in immune-enhancing effects between the two AR types. This study provides a scientific foundation for the rational use of Astragali Radix.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents a significant and serious complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), often resulting in considerable visual impairment or even blindness. The intricate pathological processes underlying DR complicate the effectiveness of current treatment modalities. Studies have highlighted the potential of natural products in the treatment of DR via several beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neovascular, and anti-apoptotic properties. Flavonoids, saponins, saccharides, and alkaloids exhibited various beneficial effects in DR in in vivo and in vitro studies. However, the clinical utilization of these natural compounds is hindered by issues such as inadequate specificity, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Therefore, there is a pressing need for rigorous clinical studies to confirm the efficacy of natural products in preventing or mitigating the progression of DR.

Background:Astragali radix is a traditional Chinese medicine with potential therapeutic effects on periodontitis; however, its underlying mechanisms require further investigation. Methods: We employed network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and in vitro experiments to explore the potential actions and mechanisms of Astragali radix in treating periodontitis. Results: A total of 17 compounds (including the most prevalent one, Kaempferol) from Astragali radix and 464 corresponding targets were identified, from which five major active ingredients were selected based on the drug-active ingredient and periodontitis gene network. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified the top ten core potential targets, seven of which possess suitable crystal structures for molecular docking. These include interleukin-6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), interleukin-1β (IL1β), prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PTGS2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and caspase-3 (CASP3). Additionally, 58 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 146 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were identified. The five major active ingredients and seven core targets mentioned above were subjected to molecular docking analysis using Discovery Studio 2019 software. Molecular dynamic simulations confirmed a stable interaction between the CASP3 and the Kaempferol ligand system. In vitro experiments indicated that Kaempferol significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis in human periodontal ligament stem cells and reduced the expression levels of IL6, CASP3 and MMP9. Conclusions: This study systematically elucidates that the primary active ingredients derived from Astragali radix exert their pharmacological effects (including anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis) primarily by interacting with multiple targets. These findings establish a promising foundation for the targeted application of Astragali radix in the treatment of periodontitis.

Wen-Shen-Tong-Luo-Zhi-Tong-Decoction (WSTLZTD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, and its effectiveness in the treatment of senile osteoporosis(SOP) has been confirmed by clinical studies. However, the underlying mechanism of WSTLZTD in SOP is unclear.

This study aimed to clarify the unique effects of Wen-Shen-Tong-Luo-Zhi-Tong-Decoction(WSTLZTD) on senile osteoporosis(SOP) and its underlying mechanisms.

SAMP6 mice were treated with varying doses of WSTLZTD as the SOP model. Bone loss was evaluated by micro-CT, HE, OCN immunohistochemistry staining, and serum Trap level. Metabolomics studies serum metabolites. ELISA, qPCR, and immunofluorescence were utilized to measure testosterone levels in mouse testis. The effect of testosterone on the mitochondrial energy metabolism of BMSCs was investigated using ROS generation, NAD+/NADH ratio, and WB. Cell senescence was examined by β-galactosidase staining and WB. The effect of TM3 cell conditioned media (CM) on mitochondrial energy metabolism and BMSCs osteogenesis were studied using ALP, ARS, ROS staining, the NAD+/NADH, and WB.

WSTLZTD effectively reversed bone loss in SOP model mice, resulting in better bone microstructure, increased BMD, BV/TV, Tb.n, Tb.Th and, and decreased Tb.Sp. WSTLZTD can increase OCN expression and decrease Trap levels. Network pharmacology data suggest that WSTLZTD regulates steroid hormone production, cellular senescence, inflammation. Metabolomic data indicate that WSTLZTD increases testosterone production or metabolism-related metabolites. WSTLZTD enhanced testosterone production and the mRNA expression of genes involved in testosterone synthesis. Testosterone inhibited the decline in osteogenic differentiation and mitochondrial energy metabolism of senescent BMSCs. The decreased testosterone production in senescent TM3 is reversed by WSTLZTD. CM derived from WSTLZTD-treated TM3 cells promoted osteogenic differentiation and mitochondrial energy metabolism of BMSCs.

By increasing testosterone production, WSTLZTD may promote mitochondrial energy metabolism and osteogenic differentiation of senescent BMSCs, thereby exerting its anti-SOP effect.

Whether Astragalus membranaceus is an effective drug in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) is unknown and how it exhibits activity in UC is unclear.

TCMSP, GeneCards, String, and DAVID databases were used to screen target genes in PPI network and we performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking and animal experiments were performed. The body weight and disease activity index (DAI) of mice were recorded. ELISA kits were used to detect the levels of CAT, SOD, MDA and IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α in the blood of mice. Western blot kits were utilized to measure the expression of MAPK14, RB1, MAPK1, JUN, ATK1, and IL2 proteins.

The active components of Astragalus membranaceus mainly include 7-O-methylisomucronulatol, quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin and isrhamnetin. Astragalus membranaceus may inhibit the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, while promoting the expression of CAT, SOD, and IL-10. The expression levels of MAPK14, RB1, MAPK1, JUN and ATK1 proteins were significantly decreased while IL2 protein increased after administration of Astragalus membranaceus.

Astragalus membranaceus may be an effective drug in the treatment of UC by acting on targets with anti-UC effect via its antioxidant action and by regulating the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.

Astragalus species are ubiquitous in the pharmacopeia of numerous countries, signifying their widespread medicinal applications. Türkiye is esteemed as one of the principal epicenters of diversity for this genus with 483 taxa, and many of these plants have been traditionally utilized for diseases including coughing, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and aches. Although there is a considerable body of chemical and biological research available on several Astragalus species, studies focusing on Astragalus brachystachys DC are exceedingly rare. In this context, This study provides the first comprehensive report on this medicinal plant the chemical constituents and biological activities of an important medicinal plant, Astragalus brachystachys DC. The aerial part samples were collected from Adana, Türkiye, and an ethanol extract was prepared with these parts. The secondary metabolites of the extract were determined by an LC-HRMS analysis. The LC-HRMS analysis showed the presence of 39 different constituents, hyperoside (303.419±10.50 μg/g extract), p-coumaric acid (256.975±8.51 μg/g extract), and rutin (72.684±2.23 μg/g extract) were determined as major compounds in the aerial parts ethanol extract. Attributed to its high total phenolic (58.53±1.30 μg PEs/mg extract) and total flavonoid content (29.98±0.83 μg QEs/mg extract), the extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity according to three different assays namely DPPH free (IC50: 33.08±0.61 μg/mL), and ABTS cation radical scavenging (IC50: 15.39±0.72 μg/mL) and CUPRAC activity (A0.5: 36.25±0.28 μg/mL) methods. In vitro assays showed that cholinesterase inhibitory activity results were found to be exceptional with 85.95±0.52 % inhibition on acetylcholinesterase and 66.32±1.33 % inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase at 200 μg/mL. Regarding antimicrobial properties, Astragalus brachystachys DC extract was found to be effective against Enterococcus faecalis with a MIC value of 39.06 μg/mL.

In this study, an online antioxidant assay based on HPLC-ABTS was mainly developed for screening the antioxidants of flavonoids from Astragali Radix (AR), and comparing the antioxidant capacity between traditional decoction pieces (TDP) of AR and cell wall-broken decoction pieces (CDP) of AR. The experimental results showed that the overall antioxidant capacity of CDP of AR was about twice as much as that of TDP of AR, which was specifically expressed as the antioxidant capacity of the screened antioxidants extracted from CDP was equivalent to 1.9-5.1 times that of those extracted from TDP, and three antioxidants were successfully screened, which were calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, calycosin, and formononetin. The method established in this study is characterized by high efficiency and accuracy, which can simultaneously accomplish the screening of antioxidant components and the comparison of antioxidant capacity between samples, and provides a new method for the quality evaluation of AR from the perspective of antioxidant activity.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a leading form of non-small cell lung cancer characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that influences disease progression and therapeutic response. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the TME promote tumorigenesis and evasion of immune surveillance, though their heterogeneity poses challenges in understanding their roles and therapeutic targeting. Additionally, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers potential anti-cancer agents that could modulate the immune landscape.

We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on LUAD samples, performing an in-depth analysis of macrophage populations and their expression signatures. Network pharmacology was used to identify TCM components with potential TAM-modulatory effects, focusing on Astragalus membranaceus. Pseudotime trajectory analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and in vitro assays examined the functional roles of TAMs and the effects of selected compounds on macrophage polarization.

Our scRNA-seq analysis identified notable heterogeneity among macrophages, revealing predominant M2-like phenotypes within TAMs. Network pharmacology highlighted active TCM ingredients, including quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol, targeting genes related to macrophage function. Survival analysis implicated AHSA1, CYP1B1, SPP1, and STAT1 as prognostically significant factors. Further experiments demonstrated kaempferol's efficacy in inhibiting M2 polarization, underlining a selective influence on TAM functionality.

This study delineates the diverse macrophage landscape in LUAD and suggests a pivotal role for STAT1 in TAM-mediated immunosuppression. Kaempferol, identified from TCM, emerges as an influential agent capable of altering TAM polarization, potentially enhancing anti-tumoral immunity. These findings underscore the translational potential of integrating TCM-derived compounds into immunotherapeutic strategies for LUAD.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is one of the classic prescriptions for the treatment of ischemic stroke in clinical practice. It has the effects of tonifying qi, activating blood circulation, and promoting meridian circulation. However, its chemical analysis has not been clarified, which greatly hinders its further clinical application. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the chemical constituents and metabolites profile of BYHWD in vivo.

Characterizing the chemical basis of BYHWD in vitro, and combing studies of related metabolism in vivo to screen out the potential active components of BYHWD with pharmacological effects in vivo.

Twelve male rats weighed 200 ± 20 each were selected for the experiments. According to the fragmentation of different structural types of components and diagnostic ions, UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was used to classify and clarify the unknown components of BYHWD and identify the material basis of BYHWD in vitro. Then, rat plasma, tissues, feces, and urine were collected for analysis. Based on the similarity of MS responses (accurate molecular weight and secondary fragmentation) and chromatographic behavior (retention time), the in vivo prototype and metabolites were analyzed. Through the phase I and phase II metabolism law, a metabolite library was established to analyze the prototype-matched metabolites.

A total of 121 in vitro compounds and 55 in vivo prototypes of BYHWD were identified, corresponding to 123 matched prototypes. It was mainly composed of flavonoids, triterpene saponins, nucleosides and lactones both in vitro and in vivo. Quercetin, ligustilide, astragaloside IV, calycosin, paeoniflorin and ferulic acid were the main prototypes and metabolites in plasma and urine.

Quercetin, ligustilide, astragaloside IV, calycosin, paeoniflorin and ferulic acid were the main active ingredients of BYHWD.

The chemical composition and biological activity of A. glycyphylos and A. cicer are scarcely investigated. In this study, the nutritional and chemical profiles of A. cicer and A. glycyphyllos, considering their different morphological parts (leaves, fruits and roots), were assessed together with their antioxidant and antibacterial potential. Our results showed that carbohydrates are the major macronutrients in both Astragalus species (above 62 g/100 g dry weight-DW). High amounts of ash (above 4.6 g/100 g DW) and protein (above 13.0 g/100 g DW) were also identified, particularly in leaves and fruits of A. cicer and A. glycyphyllos. Moreover, A. cicer was richer in sugars than A. glycyphyllos, while roots of both Astragalus species were the richest of fatty acids. Ten phenolic compounds were identified, with gallic acid and quercetin being predominant, above 49.84 and 37.27 μg/g DW, respectively. The mineral analysis revealed zinc and iron as the major constituents. Regarding the plants' antioxidant and antibacterial activity, both Astragalus species had antioxidant potential, and their water extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Altogether, these results provide insight into the potential of A. glycyphyllos and A. cicer as a source of nutritional benefits and active phytochemicals for many people, and they can be applied in the food sector as foods and as promising sources of natural ingredients.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined as "bone bi" disease based on clinical symptoms in Chinese medicine. Soufeng sanjie formula (SF) is a traditional formula for treating "bone bi" disease, which consists of Scolopendra (dried body of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch) (0.5 g), Scorpions (dried body of Buthus martensii Karsch) (0.5 g), Astragali radix (dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge) (20 g) and Black soybean seed coats (seed coats of Glycine max (L.) Merr) (30 g), and it can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Nonetheless, the potential of SF to postpone the advancement of OA and its underlying mechanisms remain unexplored.

This study investigated whether SF could alleviate OA and the underlying mechanisms.

Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) was performed to establish an OA mice model. Mechanical pain and cold pain were assessed to evaluate changes in pain sensitivity in OA mice. Micro-CT was used to observe the microstructure and quantify the bone morphological parameters of knee joints. Safranin O-fast green staining was used to evaluate cartilage damage, and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores were calculated. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of inflammatory factors in the synovium of OA mice following SF administration. Immunofluorescence analyzed the fraction of CD80 and iNOS positive regions in the synovium of knee joints. The effect of SF on macrophage M1 polarization was investigated using flow cytometry, western blot and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in vitro. Untargeted metabolomics was used to identify the differential metabolites associated with OA.

SF-treatment markedly reduced the cartilage damage, lowered the OARSI score and downregulated the pain sensitivity in the OA mice. Secondly, SF decreased the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the OA synovium. SF also reduced the percentage of CD80 and iNOS in the synovium of the knee joint after ACLT surgery by immunofluorescence. Thirdly, SF inhibited the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2, decreased the percentage of CD80, and reduced the mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in BMDM cells. Furthermore, SF inhibited the macrophage M1 polarization-related AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, untargeted metabolomics showed that SF effectively reduced the levels of intestinal metabolite 18-hydroxyoleic acid in OA mice.

Our results suggested that SF reduced pain symptoms and joint inflammation in mice with OA. Furthermore, SF inhibited synovial macrophage M1 polarization and modified the levels of the pro-inflammatory intestinal metabolite 18-hydroxyoleic acid in OA mice. Therefore, SF may be act as a potential Chinese medicine for the treatment of OA.

Ischemic stroke, caused by blocked cerebral blood flow, requires prompt intervention to prevent severe motor and cognitive impairments. Despite extensive drug development efforts, the failure rate of clinical trials remains high, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of a natural herbal extract mixture of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (AM) and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SB), traditionally used in Eastern Asian herbal medicine (EAHM) for ischemic stroke treatment. Using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and photothrombotic (PTB) mouse models, oral administration of the AM-SB mixture was evaluated during both acute and chronic phases. Results showed that AM-SB significantly reduced infarction volume, inflammation (IL-1β, TNF-α), and pyroptosis-related markers (NLRP3, GSDMD, ASC, Caspase-1), while decreasing gliosis and improving cerebral metabolites. Behavioral assessments revealed that early and sustained AM-SB intervention enhanced motor and cognitive functions, as measured by mNSS, Rotarod, Novel Object Recognition, and Passive Avoidance tests. These findings suggest that AM-SB extract is a promising alternative therapy for ischemic stroke management.