• DNA‐HPV test
• Pap smear
• cancer screening
• cervix cancer
• cytological techniques
• human papillomavirus

• Erviegas Group

• Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia
• Conization
• Dual stain cytology
• LLETZ
• Recurrence

• Humans
• Female
• Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology
• Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology
• Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/surgery
• Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/metabolism
• Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
• Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/analysis
• Adult
• Retrospective Studies
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/metabolism
• Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
• Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
• Middle Aged
• Follow-Up Studies
• Papillomavirus Infections/virology
• Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis
• Colposcopy
• Vaginal Smears
• Cytodiagnosis

• SurePath
• cervical cytology
• cytological techniques
• early detection of cancer
• equipment and supplies
• reproducibility of results
• uterine cervical neoplasms

• Becton, Dickinson and Company

• HPV genotyping
• gynecology private practice
• p16/Ki67 biomarkers
• uterine cervical cancer screening

• Humans
• Female
• Mexico
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
• Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis
• Papillomavirus Infections/virology
• Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
• Papanicolaou Test/methods
• Biomarkers, Tumor
• Papillomaviridae/genetics
• Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification
• Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
• Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
• Vaginal Smears
• Colposcopy
• Gynecology
• Adult
• Middle Aged
• Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
• Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
• Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
• Early Detection of Cancer/methods
• Private Practice

• cell fixative
• cytopathology
• diagnosis
• gynecological sample
• morphology
• non-gynecological sample
• pre-analytical procedures

• Atypical squamous cells of the cervix
• cytodiagnosis
• cytological techniques
• cytology
• early detection of cancer
• squamous intraepithelial lesions

• cervix
• contraception
• cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
• female reproductive tract
• fertility
• primates using hormone receptors
• reprogramming

• Animals
• Cervix Uteri/metabolism
• Cystic Fibrosis/genetics
• Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism
• Cystic Fibrosis/therapy
• Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics
• Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism
• Epithelial Cells/metabolism
• Female
• Macaca mulatta

• K12 HD000849 NICHD NIH HHS
• P51 OD011092 NIH HHS
• U54 HD055744 NICHD NIH HHS
• R01 - HL146736P NIH HHS
• ONPRC
• NIH
• NICHD

• COVID-19
• Mucormycosis
• liquid-based cytology

Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is routinely used in gynecology but is rarely applied in head and neck oncology though many suspicious lesions are easily accessible. While several studies have evaluated the potential use of LBC for early detection and molecular characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), no study investigated its potential role in surgical management and therapy planning so far.

Twenty-five patients with cT1-2 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx were prospectively enrolled in this study and were randomized to two treatment arms: in the control arm, a diagnostic panendoscopy with incisional biopsy was followed by a second operation with transoral tumor resection ± neck dissection and tracheostomy. In the intervention arm, patients underwent LBC diagnostics and in case of a positive result received one single operation with panendoscopy and incisional biopsy for confirmation of LBC result by rapid section histology followed by transoral tumor resection ± neck dissection and tracheostomy in the same session.

Time between clinical diagnosis and definitive surgical treatment was significantly shorter in the intervention group compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). Additionally, time of hospitalization (p < 0.0001) and cumulative operation time (p = 0.062) were shorter in the intervention group. No significant differences in overall, progression-free, and disease-specific survival were observed.

Cytology-based cancer surgery is a promising therapeutic strategy that can potentially be considered for a well-defined group of early-stage HNSCC patients and help to avoid repetitive general anesthesia, shorten the diagnosis-to-treatment interval and spare operation as well as hospitalization time.

• Clinical trial
• Head and neck cancer
• Liquid-based cytology
• Oral cancer
• Tumor resection

Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death in women, seriously threatening their physical and mental health. It is an easily preventable cancer with early screening and diagnosis. Although technical advancements have significantly improved the early diagnosis of cervical cancer, accurate diagnosis remains difficult owing to various factors. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI)-based medical diagnostic applications have been on the rise and have excellent applicability in the screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer. Their benefits include reduced time consumption, reduced need for professional and technical personnel, and no bias owing to subjective factors. We, thus, aimed to discuss how AI can be used in cervical cancer screening and diagnosis, particularly to improve the accuracy of early diagnosis. The application and challenges of using AI in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer are also discussed.

• National Key Research and Development Program of China

• DNA primers
• HPV genotyping
• human papillomavirus
• molecular detection
• polymerase chain reaction

• HPV test
• HSIL
• SurePath
• ThinPrep
• cervical cancer
• reporting rates

• Conventional direct smear
• Gastric-type mucinous carcinoma
• Human papillomavirus
• Liquid-based cytology
• Usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma

• Adenocarcinoma in Situ/pathology
• Adenocarcinoma in Situ/surgery
• Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
• Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/surgery
• Adult
• Aged
• Female
• Humans
• Liquid Biopsy
• Middle Aged
• Papanicolaou Test
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Reproducibility of Results
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery
• Vaginal Smears
• Young Adult

• Cervex-Brush® Combi
• Qi brush
• cervical cancer
• cervical cytology
• screening

The cytomorphological changes associated with atrophic cellular pattern (ACP) in cervical cytology smears may mimic high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Due to this, there may be higher chances of cytomorphological overinterpretation in cases with ACP. Estrogen therapy (ET) (topical or systemic) would reverse the changes related to atrophy and repeat Pap smear after ET should correct the false positives. This approach would minimize the unindicated invasive interventions. However, performing immediate biopsies following “higher than low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude HSIL, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions-cannot exclude HSIL, and HSIL) interpretations” in such cases, is a general trend. Pap smears with “higher than LSIL interpretations” in association with ACP over a period of 10 years were selected.

A total of 657,871 cases over 10 years were reviewed, of which 188 Pap smears interpreted as higher than LSIL interpretations with ACP were selected randomly for this study.

Of these 188 cases, 67 underwent biopsies which were reviewed and compared with 67 biopsies performed for “higher than LSIL interpretation” cases without ACP. The follow-up biopsy material was reviewed including elective p16 immunohistochemistry with other clinical details including high-risk HPV test results as indicated.

The findings demonstrated that Pap smears with ACP have higher false positives due to tendency for cytomorphologic overinterpretation as compared to non-ACP group.

• Atrophic cellular pattern
• High-risk HPV test
• Hyperchromatic crowded groups

• cervical intraepithelial Neoplasia
• cervix uteri
• cytological techniques
• early detection of cancer
• uterine cervical neoplasms

In recent years, various biomarkers have been gradually applied on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). The objective of this study is to assess the value of the liquid-based cytopathology test (LCT) for improving the identification of IPA in BAL fluid from possible IPA patients, following special staining with periodic acid-Schiff staining (PAS) or Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS). A total of 47 consecutive possible IPA patients who underwent bronchoscopy with BAL fluid from January 2017 to December 2018 were included. 45 people had a pair of BAL fluid specimens and 2 patients had two BAL fluid specimens. The 49 pairs of BAL fluid specimens were processed for culture, tuberculosis acid fast staining smear, direct microbial smear, and LCT with special staining (PAS and GMS), respectively. Then, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of PAS and GMS in BAL fluid in high-risk patients. Among 47 possible IPA patients, 25 patients had proven/probable IPA, and 11 patients had other invasive fungal diseases. The sensitivity of GMS was higher than that of PAS (92.11% versus 81.58%; P = 0.175). The specificity of GMS was 81.82%, which was higher than that of PAS (81.82% versus 72.73%; P = 0.611). The negative predictive value (NPV) for PAS and GMS were 53.33% and 75.00%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) for PAS and GMS were 91.18% and 94.59%, respectively. This study showed that special staining of LCT in BAL fluid may be a novel method for the diagnosis of IPA, and the GMS of LCT had higher sensitivity and specificity, which was superior to PAS.

• endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
• liquid-based cytology
• lung cancer
• mediastinal lymphadenopathy
• transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA)

• Atypical glandular cells
• Cervical cancer
• HPV
• SurePath
• ThinPrep

• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Carcinoma/pathology
• Epithelial Cells/pathology
• Female
• Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests/standards
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Papanicolaou Test/standards
• Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
• Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions/pathology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology

Background: Pulmonary mucormycosis, a relatively rare but severe pulmonary fungal disease with a high mortality rate, is difficult to diagnose in immunocompromised patients. Conventional cytopathology (CCP) examination of respiratory samples can help detect Mucorales, but its diagnostic sensitivity is poor. The aim of this study was to assess the first application of liquid-based cytopathology test (LCT) to detect Mucorales.

Methods: A total of 33 pairs of bronchial brushing samples from 27 patients diagnosed as pulmonary mucormycosis by fiberoptic bronchoscopy biopsy were prepared as slides using both CCP and LCT. LCT and CCP used the same cytology brush to obtain samples at the same site during the same time as the fiberoptic bronchoscopy biopsy. All samples were stained with Papanicolaou, GMS and PAS. CCP and LCT slides were evaluated from the rate of positive detection, 8 cytomorphological features and 7 background features.

Results: LCT-prepared slides showed a higher positive rate of Mucorales detection than CCP-prepared slides for Papanicolaou’s staining [28/33 (84.85%) vs. 15/33 (45.45%), p = 0.001] and for “special staining” with GMS and PAS [29/33 (87.88%) vs. 18/33 (54.55%), p = 0.003]. Clearer smear background and more distinct stereoscopic cytopathological features were observed in LCT. Messy yarn-like necrosis observed in conventionally prepared 75.76% (25/33) samples was cytomorphological suggestive for the diagnosis of mucormycosis.

Conclusion: This retrospective study suggests that LCT may be better than CCP to detect Mucorales in bronchial brushing samples from patients with pulmonary mucormycosis.

• Mucorales
• bronchial brushing sample
• conventional cytopathology
• liquid-based cytopathology test
• mucormycosis

• Dilatation and curettage
• Endometrial aspiration cytology
• Endometrial cytology

• Curriculum
• Cytopathology
• Fellowship training
• Laboratory management
• Pathology

• Micronucleus
• cancer risk
• genome instability

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 mRNA test demonstrated high specificity in detecting HPV infections, but studies assessing its efficacy in terms of cancer risk stratification are lacking. Follow-up studies are arduous and expensive. Biobank would be the answer to the problem, although data investigating the effects of long-term storage on RNA preservation are still needed. We addressed these issues by retrieving 202 residual liquid-based cervical specimens, collected from 149 women attending cervical cancer screening during the years 2001–2012. Samples were stored in Adriatic Biobank at room temperature and without any handing. After calculation of RNA yield and purity, E6/E7 mRNA test was retrospectively performed on each samples, to assess analytic and diagnostic performances. Using automated extraction procedures, RNA of good quantity and quality was obtained. The mean value of RNA concentration was 27.5 ng/μL. The mean A260/A280 ratio was 2.1. An invalid mRNA test result was found in 11.9% of the specimens. Neither RNA integrity, nor analytic performances of mRNA test were influenced by the year of sample collection. In total, 62.4% of the specimens tested as mRNA positive; among these, 89.2% were CIN2+. E6/E7 mRNA was detected in all Squamous Cervical Cancer (SCC) cases. Percentage of positive samples increased with the severity of histological diagnosis. mRNA testing, showing specificity and predictive values of 75.6% and 84.4%, respectively, significantly improved the corresponding values for DNA testing. Thus, the reflex mRNA test was demonstrated to be suitable to triage women with persistent cervical lesions. A “one sample for all” approach is possible, with practical benefits for Biobank-based long-term longitudinal studies, diseases prevention, prediction, diagnosis and treatment.

• E6/E7 mRNA testing
• RNA stability
• cervical cytology biobank
• personalised medicine
• retrospective longitudinal study
• triage test

• Cervical cytology
• Conventional smear
• Liquid-based cytology
• Papanicolaou test
• Unsatisfactory

• Cervical cytology
• Conventional smear
• Liquid-based cytology
• Papanicolaou test
• Unsatisfactory

• Aptima HPV assay
• HPV
• cervical cancer screening
• cytology
• liquid-based cytology

The goal of this study was to calculate the sensitivity and false negative (FN) rate of ThinPrep Pap Test (TPPT) and carefully analyze missed cases for educational purposes.

Patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma in-situ (AIS) or invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma (EAC) over a 17-year-period (1998-2015) were identified. The TPPT immediately preceding the histological diagnosis of AIS/ECA was designated as index Pap (IP). Paps up to 122 months before histologic diagnosis of AIS/ECA were considered for this study. All available negative and unsatisfactory TPPT were re-reviewed.

There were 78 patients with histologically-proven AIS (56) or ECA (22) with 184 TPPTs, and 95 of these TPPTs were abnormal. Of the abnormal cases, 55.7% TPPTs were diagnosed as endocervical cell abnormality (atypical endocervical cells/AIS/ECA). Notably, 44.2% of abnormal TPPTs were diagnosed as squamous cell abnormality (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion/high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). Including the diagnoses of squamous cell abnormality, the sensitivity of index TPPT for histologically-confirmed AIS/ECA was 88%. Eighty-eight of 184 TPPT, including 10 IP, were negative = 87, or unsatisfactory = 1. Forty-two of these slides were available for re-review. Upon review, 21 TPPT (50%) were confirmed negative and 21 TPPT (50%) were reclassified as abnormal = 20, or unsatisfactory = 1. Of the FN cases, the main difficulty in correct diagnosis was the presence of few diagnostic cell clusters which had less feathering, and consisted of smaller, rounder cells in small and tighter clusters, with nuclear overlap. In particular, nuclear overlap in three-dimensional groups precluded the accurate diagnosis. Rare FN cases showed squamous cell abnormality on re-review, and rare cases showed obscuring blood or inflammation.

A significant proportion of AIS/EAC is discovered after Pap showing squamous cell abnormality. FN cases were most commonly related to nuclear overlap in tight three-dimensional clusters.

• Atypical glandular cells
• ThinPrep Pap test
• cervical adenocarcinoma
• false negative error
• sensitivity

• Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis
• Adenocarcinoma/pathology
• Adult
• Aged
• Area Under Curve
• Biopsy
• Carcinoma/diagnosis
• Carcinoma/pathology
• Cervix Uteri/pathology
• Colposcopy
• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• ROC Curve
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Specimen Handling/instrumentation
• Specimen Handling/methods
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology

With the term “oncological screening”, we define the overall performances made to detect early onset of tumors. These tests are conducted on a population that does not have any signs or symptoms related to a neoplasm. The whole population above a certain age, only one sex, only subjects with a high risk of developing cancer due to genetic, professional, discretionary reasons may be involved. Screening campaigns should be associated, when risk factors that can be avoided are known, with campaigns for the prevention of cancer by means of suitable behavior. The goal of cancer screening cannot however be limited to the diagnosis of a greater number of neoplasms. Screening will be useful only if it leads to a reduction in overall mortality or at least in mortality related to the tumor. Screening should then allow the diagnosis of the disease at a stage when there is a possibility of healing, possibility that is instead difficult when the disease is diagnosed at the appearance of signs or symptoms. This is the reason why not all campaigns of cancer screening have the same effectiveness. In Italy, every year there are about 150000 deaths due to cancer. Some of these tumors can be cured with a very high percentage of success if diagnosed in time. Cervical cancer can be diagnosed with non-invasive tests. The screening test used all over the world is Papanicolaou (Pap) test. This test may be carried out over the entire healthy population potentially exposed to the risk of contracting cancer. Public health has begun the screening campaigns in the hope of saving many of the approximately 270000 new cases of cancer reported each year. Screening is done following protocols that guarantee quality at the national level: these protocols are subject to change over time to reflect new realities or to correct any errors in the system. A simplified sketch of a possible route of cancer screening is as follows: (1) after selecting the target population, for example all women between 25 and 64 years (in the case of monitoring of cervical cancer), an invitation letter with the date and time of the appointment, planned according to the acceptance capacity of the hospital, is sent to all individuals; (2) an examination, which depending on the individual and the type of cancer to be monitored, for example, can be a Pap smear, is performed and the patient can go home; (3) once available the results of examinations, if negative, they shall be communicated to the person concerned that will be notified by mail and will be recalled for a second test at a few years of distance, in the case of non-negativity, instead, the patient is contacted by telephone and informed of the need to carry out further examinations: it is said that the patient is in the “phase two” of the screening pathway; (4) in phase two, reached by only a small portion of the interested parties (usually less than 3%-5%), more in-depth tests are carried out, which, depending on the individual and the type of cancer, can be: cytological and colposcopic examinations, the removal of a fragment of tissue (biopsy) and subsequent histological examination, additional tests such as ultrasound, radiography, or others such as computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, etc., in case of negativity, the concerned person will be called for new control tests at a a few years of distance, in case of non-negativity, it will be proposed instead an oncologic therapeutic plan and/or surgery to treat the diagnosed tumor; and (5) once the treatment plan is completed, the individual enters the follow-up protocol, which is monitored over time to see if the tumor has been completely removed or if instead it is still developing. Cervical cancer is undoubtedly the most successful example of a cancer screening campaign. Paradoxically, its effectiveness is one of the strongest reasons to criticize the usefulness of vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) in countries where the screening service with Pap test is organized in an efficient manner. Cervical cancer screening protocols are directed to sexually active women aged 25-64 years: they provide the Pap test performed by examining under a microscope or by staining with a specific “thin prep” the material taken from the cervix with a small spatula and a brush. It is recommended to repeat the test every two or three years. It is important to emphasize that women vaccinated against HPV must continue the screening with Pap test. Although some screening programs (e.g., Pap smears) have had remarkable success in reducing mortality from a specific cancer, any kind of screening is free from inherent limitations. The screening methods are in fact applied to large parts of the apparently healthy population. In particular, the limits for certain cancers may be as obvious as to prohibit the introduction of an organized screening program. Potential limitations of organized screenings are basically of two types: organizational and medical. The limits of organizational type relate to the ability of a program to recruit the whole target population. Although well organized, a screening program will hardly be able to exceed a coverage of 70%-80% of the target population, and in fact the results of the current programs are often much smaller. The limits of medical type are represented by the possibility of reducing the overall mortality, or specific mortality, using a specific screening campaign.

• Cervical cancer
• Screening
• Papanicolaou test
• Human papillomavirus test
• Vaccination

• Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
• Developing Countries
• Early Detection of Cancer/standards
• Evidence-Based Medicine
• Female
• Humans
• India/epidemiology
• Lip/pathology
• Male
• Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Mouth Neoplasms/prevention & control
• Practice Guidelines as Topic
• Prevalence
• Risk Assessment
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control

• 001 World Health Organization
• 084674 Wellcome Trust

• papillomavirus infections
• risk
• uterine cervical neoplasms

• Cancer
• Cytological Techniques
• Dog
• Lymphoma

• Papanicolaou smears
• cervical smears
• cytology
• proficiency testing

• Biopsy, Fine-Needle
• Breast/pathology
• Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Breast Neoplasms/pathology
• Female
• Humans
• Papanicolaou Test
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Prognosis
• Reproducibility of Results
• Staining and Labeling

• Cytodiagnosis
• Cytologic techniques
• Diagnosis
• Differential
• Hemangiosarcoma
• Liquid based preparation

• Cervix
• human papilloma virus
• management
• preinvasive lesions

• anal canal cancer
• anal intraepithelial lesions
• conventional cytology
• human papilloma virus
• liquid-based cytology
• screening