• UK biobank
• gallstone disease
• insulin resistance
• triglyceride‐glucose index

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Gallstones/epidemiology
• Gallstones/etiology
• Gallstones/blood
• Middle Aged
• Triglycerides/blood
• Prospective Studies
• Blood Glucose/analysis
• Risk Factors
• Adult
• Aged
• Biomarkers/blood
• Longitudinal Studies
• Insulin Resistance
• Body Mass Index
• United Kingdom/epidemiology
• Risk Assessment
• Follow-Up Studies
• Incidence

• 81903398 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• YJ2021112 The research start-up fund for the introduction of talents of Sichuan University
• Q21016 Medical Youth Innovation research project of Sichuan Province
• 2023NSFSC1927 Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan
• 2023SCUH0026 "From 0 to 1" Innovation Project, Sichuan University
• 2023ZYD0097 Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Department 2023 Central Guide Local Project
• National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan

• CHOLECYSTECTOMY
• GALLSTONE DISEASE
• GALLSTONES
• OBESITY

• Humans
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Male
• Gallstones/epidemiology
• Prospective Studies
• Adult
• Aged
• Incidence
• Prevalence
• Risk Factors
• Sex Factors
• Spain/epidemiology
• Cholecystectomy/statistics & numerical data
• Ultrasonography

• Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias
• Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico

• Humans
• Gallstones/complications
• Gallstones/surgery
• Gallstones/epidemiology
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Recurrence
• Pancreatitis, Alcoholic/complications
• Pancreatitis, Alcoholic/epidemiology
• Aged
• Incidence
• Prospective Studies
• Adult
• Cholecystectomy
• Follow-Up Studies

• HMGCR inhibitors
• Mendelian randomization analysis
• NPC1L1 inhibitors
• PCSK9 inhibitors
• cholelithiasis
• lipid-lowering drugs

• Female
• Humans
• Gallstones/chemically induced
• Gallstones/epidemiology
• Cohort Studies
• Gallbladder Neoplasms
• Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects
• Retrospective Studies
• Estrogens/adverse effects
• Progestins/adverse effects
• Menopause
• Insurance, Health

• Estimated annual percentage changes
• Gallbladder and biliary diseases, incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability
• The Global Burden of Diseases study

• Cholangiopancreatography
• Cholangiopancreatography magnetic resonance
• Choledocholithiasis
• Endoscopic retrograde
• Gallstones

• Blood pressure
• Central obesity
• Cholelithiasis
• Fasting blood glucose
• GB stone
• HDL cholesterol
• Low HDL cholesterol
• Metabolic components
• Metabolic syndrome
• Triglycerides

• Gallstone
• cholecystectomy
• cholecystitis
• complications
• population density
• regional differences

• Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
• Cholecystectomy
• Cholecystitis, Acute/surgery
• Gallstones/epidemiology
• Gallstones/surgery
• Humans
• Registries
• Sweden/epidemiology
• Treatment Outcome

• benign biliary strictures
• biliary stones
• interventional radiology
• malignant biliary strictures
• percutaneous endoscopy

• gastroenterology
• motility disorders
• public health

• Biomarkers
• C-Reactive Protein/analysis
• China/epidemiology
• Cholelithiasis
• Cohort Studies
• Humans
• Prospective Studies
• Risk Factors

• complement C4
• cross-sectional study
• epidemiology
• gallstone
• risk factors
• ultrasonography

• biliary
• gastrointestinal
• genitourinary
• interventional radiology
• percutaneous endoscopy

Gallbladder disease is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Various studies have shown an association between gallstones and an alteration in the serum lipids. The objective of this study was to compare serum lipid profile of gallstone patients with the controls.

This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Surgical Department of the Services Institute of Medical Sciences from August 2017 to August 2018. A total of 50 patients were included in the study after screening through the inclusion criteria. A control group of 50 inpatients with no personal or family history of gallstones were also recruited for comparison. Results were expressed as mean with standard deviation. Students t-test was used to compare the data between the patients and the control groups (p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). SPSS software, version 20 was used for statistical analysis.

The mean age of the patients was 40.90 years and that of controls was 34.74 years. 46 patients were females and 44 controls were females. The serum cholesterol levels were high in the patients as compared to the controls but the comparison was not statistically significant. Serum triglycerides levels were high in the patients as compared to the controls and the analysis was statistically significant. Furthermore, the serum HDL levels were low in the patients as compared to the controls with a statistically significant p-value. However, the serum LDL levels were low in the patients as compared to the control group.

It was concluded that serum triglyceride levels and serum HDL levels were statistically significant in gallstone patients and there was a positive correlation between these parameters and gallstone disease.

•

Gallbladder disease is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in Pakistan.

• Comparison
• Gallstone disease
• Serum lipid profile

The sub hepatic drain is often placed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered to affect post operative infection, pain and sub hepatic collections. The objective of this study was to compare the degree of postoperative pain in patients with routine drainage with those without it after elective, uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

This randomized control trial (RCT) was done over six months from 9^th June 2015 to 8^th December 2015 at Military Hospital Rawalpindi. Sample calculated with WHO calculator and consecutive non probability random sampling used to divide 170 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in two groups. One group had routine sub hepatic drain and other didn’t. Degree of postoperative pain was assessed according to VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE by duty doctor at 24 hours. Data was collected and analyzed applying chi square test and p value was <.05 considered statistically significant.

Our results demonstrated that intensity of post operative pain in routine drainage group is higher as compared to non drainage group after elective, uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Routine placement of sub hepatic drain in elective uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be avoided to reduce post-operative pain.

• Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
• Mean pain score
• Sub hepatic drain
• Visual analogue scale

• Gallstone
• microtomography
• novel technology
• synchrotron radiation µCT
• three-dimensional imaging
• ultrastructure.

Gallstone disease (GSD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder. Clinical epidemiological studies revealed that alcohol consumption has a preventive effect on the development of GSD. This study aimed to evaluate the relative risks of drinking for GSD development and investigate the dose-response relationships.

A systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for studies published up to 2018 was performed. All studies that satisfied the following eligibility criteria were included: patients with GSD with or without cholecystitis; and cohort or case-control studies investigating the association between alcohol consumption and GSD development.

Sixteen case-control studies including 24,401 gallstone cases and 76,185 controls, and eight cohort studies with 14,693 GSD cases among 2,432,471 person-years were enrolled. Alcohol consumption presented a decreased overall risk of GSD (pooled relative ratio [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 0.89; p=0.02). Subgroup analyses according to drinking levels indicated a gradual risk reduction for GSD compared to nondrinkers (light: RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94 to 0.99; p=0.75; moderate: RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.85; p=0.27; high: RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79; p<0.01). A nonlinear risk reduction was observed in a dose-response meta-analysis of all the studies (n=14, p<0.01 for nonlinearity).

In this systematic review with meta-analysis, alcohol consumption could decrease the risk of GSD, and the dose-response analysis revealed a dose-dependent linear risk reduction and a weakened linear trend between alcohol consumption levels less than and greater than 28 g/day.

• Alcohol drinking
• Dose-response relationship
• Gallstone disease
• Meta-analysis
• Review

• Case–control study
• demographic
• dietary and behavioral risk factors
• gallstone disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and gallstone disease (GD) are often found to coexist but the sequential relationship of NAFLD and GD to each other remains controversial. We prospectively evaluated the bidirectional relationship of NAFLD with GD. A cohort study was performed on Korean adults who underwent a health checkup and were followed annually or biennially for a mean of 6.0 years. Fatty liver and gallstones were diagnosed by ultrasound. NAFLD was defined as hepatic steatosis on ultrasonography in the absence of excessive alcohol use or other identifiable causes. The NAFLD severity was determined by non-invasive fibrosis markers. Among 283,446 participants without either gallstones or cholecystectomy at baseline, 6440 participants developed gallstones. Among 219,641 participants without NAFLD at baseline, 49,301 participants developed NAFLD. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident gallstone comparing the NAFLD group vs. the non-NAFLD group was 1.26 (1.17–1.35). Increased non-invasive fibrosis markers of NAFLD were positively associated with an increased incidence of gallstones in a graded and dose-responsive manner (p-trend < 0.01). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident NAFLD comparing gallstone and cholecystectomy to no GD were 1.14 (1.07–1.22) and 1.17 (1.03–1.33), respectively. This large-scale cohort study of young and middle-aged individuals demonstrated a bidirectional association between NAFLD and GD. NAFLD and its severity were independently associated with an increased incidence of gallstones, while GD and cholecystectomy were also associated with incident NAFLD. Our findings indicate that the conditions may affect each other, requiring further studies to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying this association.

• bidirectional relationship
• cohort study
• gallstones
• insulin resistance
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major infectious diseases worldwide. Adverse reactions are common during TB treatment. Few reports, however, are available on treatment-related acute biliary events (ABEs), such as cholelithiasis, biliary obstruction, acute cholecystitis, and cholangitis.

We first report four pulmonary TB patients who developed ABEs during anti-TB treatment. Abdominal sonography revealed multiple gall stones with dilated intrahepatic ducts in three patients and cholecystitis in one patient. To investigate the incidence of and risk factors for ABEs during anti-TB treatment, we subsequently conducted a nationwide cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan.

A total of 159,566 pulmonary TB patients were identified from the database between 1996 and 2010, and among them, 195 (0.12%) developed ABEs within 180 days after beginning anti-TB treatment. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors associated with ABEs are older age (relative risk [RR]: 1.32 [1.21–1.44] per 10-year increment) and diabetes mellitus (RR: 1.59 [1.19–2.13]).

Although infrequently encountered, ABEs should be considered among patients with TB who experience abdominal discomfort with hyperbilirubinemia, especially patients who have older age or diabetes.

• Biliary event
• Cholangitis
• Cholecystitis
• Cholelithiasis
• National Health Insurance Research Database
• Tuberculosis

• Alcohol drinking
• Alcohol-related disorders
• Alcoholic
• Alcoholism
• Cholecystectomy
• Cholelithiasis
• Chronic
• Gallbladder diseases
• Gallstones
• Laparoscopic
• Pancreatitis
• Smoking

• Alcohol consumption
• BMI
• case-control study
• gallbladder stone
• risk factor

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Cholecystectomy
• Cohort Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Female
• Gallstones/complications
• Gallstones/mortality
• Gallstones/surgery
• Humans
• Incidence
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasms/complications
• Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Risk Factors
• Taiwan/epidemiology
• Treatment Outcome

Although the vermiform appendix is commonly considered a vestigial organ, adverse health consequences after an appendectomy have garnered increasing attention. In this study, we investigated the risks of gallstone occurrence during a 5-year follow-up period after an appendectomy, using a population-based dataset. We used data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005. The exposed cohort included 4916 patients who underwent an appendectomy. The unexposed cohort was retrieved by randomly selecting 4916 patients matched with the exposed cohort in terms of sex, age, and year. We individually tracked each patient for a 5-year period to identify those who received a diagnosis of gallstones during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed for the analysis. During the 5-year follow-up period, the incidence rate per 1000 person-years was 4.71 for patients who had undergone an appendectomy, compared to a rate of 2.59 for patients in the unexposed cohort (p<0.001). Patients who had undergone an appendectomy were independently associated with a 1.79 (95% CI = 1.29~2.48)-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with gallstones during the 5-year follow-up period. We found that among female patients, the adjusted hazard ratio of gallstones was 2.25 (95% CI = 1.41~3.59) for patients who underwent an appendectomy compared to unexposed patients. However, for male patients, we failed to observe an increased hazard for gallstones among patients who underwent an appendectomy compared to unexposed patients. We found an increased risk of a subsequent gallstone diagnosis within 5 years after an appendectomy.

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Appendectomy/adverse effects
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Gallstones/epidemiology
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Risk Factors
• Young Adult

• Cholelithiasis
• cohort studies
• epidemiology
• follow-up studies
• gallbladder diseases
• longitudinal studies
• ultrasonography

Common bile duct stone (CBDS) as a result of gallstone is one of the gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, the incidence of CBDS and symptomatic gallstone in Shiraz were investigated, and their management suggested.

This is a retrospective study that enrolled among 560 patients. The incidence of gallstone together with CBDS was evaluated using an ultrasonography studyand clinical data in the period between March 2014 and 2014 in Shiraz. Comparison between data was done using Student’s t-test or Chi-square test.

Of these patients, 18.6% were male, and 81.4% were female with a mean age of 47.67 ± 0.74 years. The concomitant rate of gallstone and CBDS was 8.6%. 6.8% of patients with concomitant of gallstone and CBDS showed symptoms while 1.8% had not been diagnosed before the operation. The mean of serum alkaline phosphatase level in patients with the only gallstone was 255.80 IU/L and patients with concomitant gallstone, and CBDS was 580.88 IU/L with a significant difference between two groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, liver function tests (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase) showed a significant difference between two groups of patients (P < 0.01, P < 0.001).

Clinical variables such as tenderness, fever, and Morphy sign were more severein patients with concomitant gallstone and CBDS. The concomitant rate of gallstone and CBDS in our society is less that Western countries and asymptomatic patients showed fewer ratios than other countries. We think the approach for asymptomatic CBDS patients with gallstone can be affected by our results.

• Cholecystectomy
• common bile duct stone
• gallstone

• Diabetes mellitus
• Gallbladder disease
• Gallstones
• Meta-analysis
• Systematic review

• Diabetes Complications/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology
• Gallbladder Diseases/complications
• Gallbladder Diseases/epidemiology
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Prospective Studies
• Risk Factors

• Cholecystectomy
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
• Endoscopic sphincterotomy
• Gallstones
• Pancreatitis

• anti-cholelithogenic effect
• cholesterol gallstones
• cholesterol saturation index
• garlic
• hypocholesterolaemic effect
• tender cluster beans

• Animals
• Antioxidants/administration & dosage
• Bile/drug effects
• Bile/metabolism
• Cholesterol/metabolism
• Cyamopsis
• Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
• Dietary Supplements
• Disease Models, Animal
• Gallstones/diet therapy
• Gallstones/metabolism
• Gallstones/pathology
• Garlic
• Humans
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/pathology
• Mice

• Body mass index
• Cohort studies
• Gallbladder disease
• Gallstones
• Meta-analysis
• Systematic review
• Waist circumference
• Waist-to-hip ratio

• Economic evaluation
• Epidemiology
• Gallstone disease
• Management
• Type 2 diabetes

Gallstone disease (GSD) and its complications are major public health issues globally. Although many community-based studies had addressed the risk factors for GSD, little is known about GSD prevalence and risk factors among Taiwanese vegetarians.

This study included 1721 vegetarians who completed a questionnaire detailing their demographics, medical history, and life-styles. GSD was ascertained by ultrasonography or surgical history of cholecystectomy for GSD. The predictive probability of GSD for male and female vegetarians was estimated from the fitted model.

The prevalence of GSD was 8.2% for both male and female vegetarians. The risk of GSD is similar in men and women across all age groups, and increases steadily with increasing age. For male vegetarians, age (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00–1.08) and serum total bilirubin level (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.31–4.22) predict risk for GSD. For female vegetarians, age (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), BMI (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01–1.13), and alcohol consumption (OR: 7.85; 95% CI: 1.83–33.73) are associated with GSD. GSD is not associated with type of vegetarian diet, duration of vegetarianism, low education level, physical inactivity, diabetes, coronary artery disease, cerebral vascular accident, chronic renal failure, hepatitis C virus infection, and lipid abnormalities. GSD is also not associated with age at menarche, postmenopausal status, and multiparity in female vegetarians.

Risk factors useful for predicting GSD in vegetarians are (1) age and total bilirubin level in men, and (2) age, BMI, and alcohol consumption in women. Many previously identified risk factors for general population does not seem to apply to Taiwanese vegetarians.

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Alcohol Drinking
• Bilirubin/blood
• Body Weight
• Diet, Vegetarian/statistics & numerical data
• Female
• Gallstones/epidemiology
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prevalence
• Risk Factors
• Taiwan

There are numerous reports describing the efficacy of fenofibrate in combination with ezetimibe for treating dyslipidemia. In contrast, a study combining bezafibrate and ezetimibe has not yet been conducted. In this study, we examined the safety, including the risk of gallstone formation, and the efficacy of long-term combination therapy with bezafibrate and ezetimibe for treating dyslipidemia.

Dyslipidemic patients treated with 400 mg/day bezafibrate in combination with 10 mg/day ezetimibe for the first time were eligible. We selected 157 institutions in Japan and conducted a 12-month prospective observational study, with patients enrolled on the day they started combination therapy. Safety of the combination was examined in terms of the type, onset, and severity of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Efficacy was evaluated in terms of the changes in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels from the start of combination therapy (baseline) to the last observation carried forward (LOCF). Lipid levels were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after starting combination therapy.

We enrolled 665 patients in this observational study. Safety was evaluated in 659, and ADRs occurred in 42 patients (6.4%). The most frequent ADRs were blood creatine phosphokinase increase (1.5%) and myalgia (0.8%). Asymptomatic gallstones were observed in four patients (0.6%). Effectiveness was evaluated in 622 patients. LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and non-HDL-C levels improved significantly from baseline to LOCF by −17.4%, 8.8%, –40.5%, and −21.6%, respectively (all, p < 0.001). Lipid levels also improved from baseline to each evaluation time-point.

Bezafibrate in combination with ezetimibe is safe and effective, and is potentially useful for comprehensive management of dyslipidemia.

• Cholesterol
• Gallstone
• HDL
• LDL