Novel agents and new therapeutic approaches for treatment of multiple myeloma

Table 1 Bortezomib-based induction, immunomodulatory-based induction, bortezomib-based and immunomodulatory-based regimens for transplant-elegible patients

Regimen	Drugs	Ref.
Bortezomib-based induction
VD	Bortezomib/dexamethasone	[12,13]
VTD	Bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone	[12,13]
CyBorD or VCD	Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone	[14-16]
VCRD	Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[14-16]
VRD	Bortezomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[14-16]
Immunomodulatory-based induction
TD	Thalidomide/dexamethasone	[19,20]
VTD	Bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone	[12,13]
Rd	Lenalidomide/low-dose dexamethasone	[23]
VCRD	Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[14-16]
VRD	Bortezomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[14-16]
Bortezomib-based
VMP	Bortezomib/melphalan/prednisone	[29-31]
VMPT	Bortezomib/melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide	[30]
Immunomodulatory-based
TD	Thalidomide/dexamethasone	[32]
MPT	Melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide	[40,41]
Rd	Lenalidomide/low-dose dexamethasone	[44]
RD	Lenalidomide/high-dose dexamethasone	[43]
MPR	Melphalan/prednisone/lenalidomide	[45]

Table 2 Combinations of more new drugs for elderly or transplant-inelegible patients

Regimen	Drugs	Ref.
VDT-PACE	Bortezomib/dexamethasone/thalidomide/cisplatin/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide/etoposide	[46]
VCRD	Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[15,16]
VRD	Bortezomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[15,16]

Table 3 Combinations for relapsed/refractory patients

Regimen	Drugs	Ref.
MEL	High-dose melphalan	[54,55]
PDN	High-dose methylprednisolone	[56,57]
DEX	High-dose dexamethasone	[57]
VAD	Vincristine/ doxorubicin/prednisone	[58]
VMPC	Vincristine/melphalan/cyclophosphamide/prednisone	[58]
VBAP	Vincristine/carmustine/doxorubicin/prednisone	[58]
CEVAD	Doxorubicin/vincristine/dexamethasone/etoposide/cyclophosphamide	[59]
DCEP	Dexamethasone/cyclophosphamide/etoposide/cisplatin	[60]
DT-PACE	Cisplatin/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide/etoposide	[61]
AlloSCT	Allogeneic transplant	[62,63]
ASCT	Second autologous transplant	[64,65]
THAL	Thalidomide monotherapy	[66,67]
TD	Thalidomide/dexamethasone	[68]
TC	Thalidomide/cyclophosphamide	[69]
TCD	Thalidomide/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone	[70]
MPT	Melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide	[71]
MTD	Melphalan/thalidomide/dexamethasone	[72]
TAD	Thalidomide/pegylated liposomal doxorubicinxorubicin/dexamethasone	[73]
TAVD	Thalidomide/pegylated liposomal doxorubicinoxorubicin/vincristine/dexamethasone	[74]
TCED	Thalidomide/cyclophosphamide/etoposide/dexamethasone	[75]
BOR	Bortezomib monotherapy	[76-78]
VD	Bortezomib/dexametasone	[78]
VA	Bortezomib/pegylated liposomal doxorubicin	[79]
PAD	Bortezomib/low-dose dexamethasone/pegylated liposomal doxorubicin	[80]
VM	Bortezomib/melphalan	[81]
VCD	Bortezomib/low-dose cyclophosphamide/prednisone/	[82]
LEN	Lenalidomide monotherapy	[83]
RD	Lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[84-87]
RAD	Lenalidomide/doxorubicin/dexamethasone	[88,89]
REP	Lenalidomide/low-dose cyclophosphamide/prednisone	[90]
RCD	Lenalidomide/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone	[91]
RAVD	Lenalidomide/pegylated liposomal doxorubicin/vincristine/dexamethasone	[1]
PATD	Bortezomib/ pegylated liposomal doxorubicin/thalidomide/dexamethasone	[92]
VMDT	Bortezomib/melphalan/dexamethasone/thalidomide	[93]
VMPT	Bortezomib/melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide	[94]
VTD	Bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone	[95]
PAD	Bortezomib/pegylated liposomal doxorubicin/dexamethasone	[1]
VCTD	Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/thalidomide/dexamethasone	[1]
VCRD	Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[1]
VRD	Bortezomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone	[1]

Table 4 Monoclonal antibodies evaluated in multiple myeloma therapy[147]

Monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor cells specific antigens
Antigen	MoAb
CD20	Rituximab, Tositumomab, 20-C2-2b Veltuzumab
CS1	Elotuzumab
CD138	B-B4, BC/B-B4, DL-101, 1D4, 1.BB.210, MI15, 2Q1484, 5F7, 104-9, 281-2, nBT062-SMCL-DM1, BT062-SPDM4, nBT062-SPP-DM1
CD38	Doratumumab, MOR202
CD40	Lucatuzumab, Lorvotuzumab
IGF-1	AVE1642, AMG479 IMCA12, R15507, Figitumumab, Dalotuzumab
CD317	AHM, Defucosylated AHM, XmAb 5592
CD48	Anti-CD48 MoAb
b2 m	IgG anti-b2m, IgM anti-b2m
CD70	SGN-70
CD74	Milatuzumab
HLADR	ID09C3, 2D7-DB
CD229	Anti-CD229
GM2 ganglioside	BIW-8962
ICAM-1	BI-505
Ku	5E2
Monoclonal antibodies targeting components of bone marrow microenvironment and plasma cellr–bone marrow stromalcell interaction
IL-6	Siltuximab, Tocilizumab, NRI, Elsilimomab, Azintrel, SANT-7
VEGF	Bevacizumab
EGFR	Cetuximab
FGFR-3	MFGR1877A
RANKL	Denosumab
Dickkopf	Anti-DKK1, BrlQ880
Activin	RAP-011, ACE-011
BAFF	Atacicept, SG1
Other potential targets
TRAIL-R1	Mapatuzumab
TRAIL-R2	Lexatuzumab
PD-L1	CD-011
VLA-4	Natalizumab
Kininogen	C11C1