Efficacy of duodenoscope with disposable distal cap in reducing microbial contamination: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Comparison	Disposable cap (n)	Standard (n)
Ridtitid et al[16], 2020	Disposable distal cap vs standard duodenoscope	54	54
Ridtitid et al[6], 2022	Disposable distal cap vs standard duodenoscope	200	200
Forbes et al[7], 2023	Disposable distal cap vs standard duodenoscope	208	214
Ridtitid et al[17], 2025	Disposable distal cap vs standard duodenoscope	81	81

Table 2 Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (Rob 2) analysis of included studies

Ref.	Bias from randomization process	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing outcome data	Bias in measurement of the outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported result	Overall risk of bias
Ridtitid et al[16], 2020	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Ridtitid et al[6], 2022	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Forbes et al[7], 2023	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Ridtitid et al[17], 2025	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low