Eco-corona: A new frontier in understanding micro- and nanoplastic-gut interactions

Table 1 Adsorbed compounds on micro- and nanoplastics biomolecules

Compound	Environmental occurrence	Environmental relevance
Proteins	All environments	Facilitate cellular uptake mechanisms
Lipids	All environments	Enhance hydrophobic interactions
Polysaccharides	Aquatic systems	Promote biofilm development
Nucleic acids	All environments	Support intercellular communication and adhesion
Humic acids	Soil, freshwater	Major organic fraction of soil and freshwater; influences sorption processes
Fulvic acids	Soil	Modulate redox reactions and metal mobility
Amino acids	Soil	Adsorb onto plastic surfaces in terrestrial systems
Nucleotides	Soil	Fundamental building blocks of genetic and metabolic materials
Phenylpropanoids	Soil	Derived from plant degradation; may affect microbial and enzymatic interactions
Pollutants
Heavy metals	All environments	Represent vectors for metal toxicity via surface binding
PAHs	All environments	Enhance pollutant sorption and increase toxicological risks
PCBs	All environments	Persistent organic pollutants; accumulate and biomagnify in ecosystems
Pesticides	All environments	Agricultural contaminants transported via plastic vectors
Microbiological components
Microbial EPS	Marine systems	Contribute to biofilm formation and microbial colonization on plastics

PAHs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls; EPS: Extracellular polymeric substances.