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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Methodol. Dec 20, 2025; 15(4): 105386
Published online Dec 20, 2025. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v15.i4.105386
Published online Dec 20, 2025. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v15.i4.105386
Table 1 Patient demographics, baseline lung function, block characteristics, and peri-operative drugs used in the study groups, mean ± SD
Parameter | ESB (n = 34) | TEA (n = 34) | P value |
Age (year) | 46.1 ± 11.28 | 47.08 ± 12.07 | 0.750 |
Gender (male:female) | 20/14 | 24/10 | 0.310 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 1.6 | 25.1 ± 1.8 | 0.520 |
ASA physical status (II/III) | 28/6 | 31/3 | 0.280 |
Balls lifted in spirometry preoperatively (1/2/3) | 15/14/5 | 10/18/6 | 0.450 |
BHT (seconds) | 20.4 ± 2.04 | 20.35 ± 2.41 | 0.910 |
Time taken to perform the block (minutes) | 16.58 ± 3.66 | 13.84 ± 2.88 | 0.001a |
Type of surgery (lobectomy/ decortication/ pneumonectomy) | 12/14/8 | 12/15/7 | 0.100 |
Intraoperative fentanyl consumed (mcg) | 196.41 ± 5.68 | 195.07 ± 6.74 | 0.370 |
Intraoperative fluid administered (mL) | 1469.35 ± 28.64 | 1481.05 ± 29.64 | 0.100 |
Intraoperative phenylephrine used (mcg) | 0.950 ± 0.3985 | 1.139 ± 1.1853 | 0.380 |
Postoperative nor-adrenaline used (mg) | 3.49 ± 1.51 | 3.61 ± 0.96 | 0.680 |
Table 2 Comparison of resting numerical rating scale, dynamic numerical rating scale, and number of balls lifted in spirometry after surgery between the two study groups, mean ± SD
Time post-extubation (hours) | ESB (n = 34) | TEA (n = 34) | P value |
Resting NRS | |||
0 | 1.70 ± 1.03 | 1.05 ± 0.77 | 0.004a |
6 | 1.64 ± 0.98 | 1.2 ± 0.88 | 0.055 |
12 | 2.17 ± 0.93 | 2.0 ± 1.10 | 0.480 |
24 | 2.76 ± 1.32 | 2.20 ± 1.32 | 0.080 |
36 | 2.64 ± 1.43 | 2.52 ± 1.18 | 0.710 |
48 | 3.29 ± 1.19 | 2.88 ± 1.25 | 0.170 |
72 | 3.2 ± 1.07 | 2.61 ± 0.92 | 0.010a |
Dynamic NRS | |||
0 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 0.0001a |
6 | 3.23 ± 1.23 | 1.9 ± 1.05 | 0.0001a |
12 | 3.7 ± 1.08 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 0.003a |
24 | 4.29 ± 1.46 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 0.0001a |
36 | 4.23 ± 1.53 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 0.0045a |
48 | 4.64 ± 1.34 | 3.58 ± 1.30 | 0.0015a |
72 | 4.52 ± 1.16 | 3.5 ± 0.99 | 0.0002a |
Number of balls lifted in spirometry after surgery (1/2/3) | |||
0 | 10/22/2 | 2/25/7 | 0.015a |
6 | 8/16/10 | 1/11/22 | 0.002a |
12 | 10/10/14 | 1/7/26 | 0.003a |
24 | 6/16/12 | 1/9/24 | 0.008a |
36 | 4/18/12 | 1/12/21 | 0.060 |
48 | 4/18/12 | 1/9/24 | 0.020a |
72 | 4/16/14 | 1/6/27 | 0.005a |
Table 3 Comparison of mean arterial pressure and postoperative inotropic requirement between the two study groups
Time post-extubation (hours) | ESB (n = 34) | TEA (n = 34) | P value |
MAP | |||
0 | 68.4 ± 3.15 | 58.8 ± 5.02 | < 0.0001a |
6 | 68.4 ± 6.16 | 60.2 ± 6.04 | < 0.0001a |
12 | 70.4 ± 5.58 | 61.2 ± 4.11 | < 0.0001a |
24 | 69.5 ± 5.08 | 63.14 ± 3.4 | < 0.0001a |
36 | 71.7 ± 4.8 | 64.7 ± 2.0 | < 0.0001a |
48 | 72.4 ± 4.36 | 64.58 ± 2.68 | < 0.0001a |
72 | 72.0 ± 4.36 | 65.8 ± 2.78 | < 0.0001a |
Proportion of patients with postoperative inotropic requirement | |||
0 | 0/34 | 14/34 | 0.001a |
6 | 2/34 | 14/34 | 0.0012a |
12 | 2/34 | 8/34 | 0.08 |
24 | 2/34 | 6/34 | 0.260 |
36 | 0/34 | 0/34 | 1.00 |
48 | 0/34 | 0/34 | 1.00 |
72 | 0/34 | 0/34 | 1.00 |
- Citation: Jain A, Kaushal A, Kumar H, Karna ST, Ahmad Z, Trivedi S. Analgesic efficacy of continuous ultrasound-guided unilateral erector spinae block and thoracic epidural analgesia in patients undergoing antero-lateral thoracotomy. World J Methodol 2025; 15(4): 105386
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v15/i4/105386.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v15.i4.105386