Potential long-term neurological and gastrointestinal effects of COVID-19: A review of adult cohorts

Table 1 Baseline demographics of post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 study cohorts

Ref.	[22]	[23]	[24]	[25]	[26]	Aggregate	%
Female	236	174	16177	104	71	16762	61.21%
Male	294	190	9940	85	112	10621	38.79%
Mean age (SD), year	59.2	61.0	51.6	50.0	57.0	54.3	-
African American	62	76	2551	20	16	2725	9.97%
European American	155	74	17752	148	99	18228	66.54%
Asian American	79	6	704	14	16	819	3.00%
Hispanic	132	0	0	0	0	132	0.48%
Unknown	102	208	5110	7	52	5479	19.98%

Table 2 Gastrointestinal and neurological post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 symptoms

Symptom	Number of studies	Minimum number	Maximum number	Total of 5 studies
Anxiety	2	11	6738	6749
Depression	3	6	6268	6292
Dysphagia	2	3	6111	6114
Headache	5	6	5223	5295
Nausea and/or vomiting	3	3	5197	5223
Myalgia	4	11	4962	5076
Gastroesophageal reflux	1	4858	4858	4858
Fatigue	5	29	3839	4038
Abdominal pain	3	2	3682	3718
Dizziness or vertigo	2	7	3656	3663
Constipation	2	8	3108	3116
Stress	1	2925	2925	2925
Neuropathy	2	27	2794	2821
Paresthesia	2	2	2794	2796
Diarrhea	4	2	2690	2711
Abnormal gait	2	18	1540	1558
Brain fog	5	16	1410	1489
Smell & taste problems	4	8	1305	1356
General GI	1	1280	1280	1280
Anorexia	2	5	1254	1259
Dyspepsia	1	5	5	5

GI: Gastrointestinal.

Table 3 Gastrointestinal post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 symptoms

Symptom1	Number of studies	Minimum number	Maximum number	Total of 5 studies
Dysphagia	2	3	6111	6114
Nausea and/or vomiting	3	3	5197	5223
Gastroesophageal reflux	1	4858	4858	4858
Abdominal pain	3	2	3682	3718
Constipation	2	8	3108	3116
Diarrhea	4	2	2690	2711
General GI	1	1280	1280	1280
Anorexia	2	5	1254	1259
Dyspepsia	1	5	5	5

¹Patients may harbor more than one symptom.

GI: Gastrointestinal.

Table 4 Neurological post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 symptoms

Symptom1	Number of studies	Minimum number	Maximum number	Total of 5 studies
Anxiety	2	11	6738	6749
Depression	3	6	6268	6292
Headache	5	6	5223	5295
Myalgia	4	11	4962	5076
Fatigue	5	29	3839	4038
Dizziness or vertigo	2	7	3656	3663
Stress	1	2925	2925	2925
Neuropathy	2	27	2794	2821
Paresthesia	2	2	2794	2796
Abnormal gait	2	18	1540	1558
Fever	3	2	1463	1478
Brain fog	5	16	1410	1489
Smell & taste problems	4	8	1305	1356

¹Patients may harbor more than one symptom.

Table 5 Comorbidities in post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 patients

Ref.1	[22]	[23]	[25]	[26]	Aggregate sum
Total (n)	530	364	189	183	1266
Hypertension	266	225	39	87	617
Diabetes	146	134	11	52	343
Obesity	158	-	72	90	320
Asthma	55	74	24	19	172
Hyperlipidemia	-	125	-	20	145
CAD	52	41	3	21	117
Heart failure	23	41	-	5	69
Anxiety disorder	-	-	54	-	54
Mood disorder	-	-	43	8	51
CVA	28	21	-	-	49
Cancer	15	32	-	-	47
Chronic kidney disease	-	29	-	-	29
Smoking	18	-	9	-	27
COPD	19	-	-	7	26
Other	-	-	15	-	15
HIV	10	-	4	-	14
Atrial fibrillation	-	-	2	9	11
Valvular heart disease	-	-	3	-	3

¹Patients may harbor more than one symptom.

CAD: Coronary artery disease; CVA: Cerebral vascular accident; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Table 6 Other general symptoms associated with post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Ref.	[22]	[23]	[24]	[25]	[26]	Aggregate sum
Total number	530	364	26117	189	183	27383
Weight gain	-	-	11256	-	-	11256
Dyspnea	55	58	5432	35	58	5638
Joint pain	-	-	5484	6	29	5519
Cough	10	37	4570	-	46	4663
Chills	-	-	3839	-	-	3839
Edema	-	-	3839	-	-	3839
Bleeding	-	-	3708	-	-	3708
Tachycardia	-	-	3264	16	-	3280
Pain	-	-	3212	-	-	3212
Wheezing	-	-	3108	-	-	3108
High BP	-	-	3108	-	-	3108
Skin lesion	-	-	2977	-	-	2977
Sleep disturbances	-	-	2925	17	-	2942
Swelling	-	-	2742	-	-	2742
Chest pain	7	30	2690	10	-	2737
Rash	-	-	2455	-	-	2455
Erythema	-	-	2403	-	-	2403
Urinary tract symptoms	-	-	2272	-	-	2272
Weakness	-	34	2167	1	-	2202
Peripheral edema	-	22	2063	-	-	2085
Weight loss	-	-	1906	-	-	1906
Erectile dysfunction	-	-	1854	-	-	1854
Sinonasal congestion	-	-	1671	-	-	1671
Respiratory distress	-	-	1515	-	-	1515
Sleep apnea	-	-	1410	-	-	1410
Throat pain	-	-	-	11	-	11
Tinnitus	-	-	5.2	-	-	5.2
Nasal congestion	-	-	-	3	-	3
Hearing loss	-	-	-	2	-	2
Sore throat	-	-	-	-	-	0
Alopecia	-	-	-	-	-	0

BP: Blood pressure.